Comparative ASL/English Language Continuum American Sign Language English (principle is operational for (principle is operational for other signed languages) SSS (Sign Supported Speech) other signed languages) Voicing spoken English and signing an MCE. Sometimes called Simultaneous Communication (SimCom) or Total Communication (TC). “Contact sign(ing)” Not a language. (Cokely, 1983; Lucas & Valli, 1989; Woodward, 1973) ➏ ➊ ➐ ➑ ➒ Con E) tact S sh (M➎C ign / Manually Coded Engli ← m → ➌ CASE (Conceptually ore like ASL more like English ➍ Accurate Signed English) ➋ Popular alternative to Signed English, sometimes called PSE (Pidgin Signed English). Combines ASL signs and concepts in an MCE form. Not a language.

➊ ➋ ➌ ➍ ➎ ➏ ➐ ASL (American SE (Signed SEE (Seeing SEE (Signing LOVE (Linguistics Rochester Cued Speech Sign Language) English) Essential English) Exact English) of Visual English) Method Not a signed language. Visio-gestural language, pre- Simplified English-based (Formerly ‘SEE ’); (Formerly ‘SEE’); similar Visual recording system Each lexical unit pro- Combines eight arbitrary ferred and connate language of code; only fourteen added intended to reinforce to SEE but: based on Seeing Essential duced using the manual handshapes and four American Deaf people. Roots: grammatical markers. basic English morphemic • compound words English (SEE ). Used alphabet. Extensively locations to visually and phonetically represent • British/Vineyard SLVs (Groce, 1985; et al) (Developed mid-1970s, structure: are conceptually Stokoe Notation System used in schools for the • Black SLVs (McCaskill, Hill, 2011; et al) Harry Bornstein, Gallaudet • compound words are accurate (‘butterfly,’ (tab-dez-sig; Stokoe, 1960; deaf in the late 19th English. (Developed 1966, • Mexican SLVs (Quinto-Pozos, 2008; et al) College; 1983, Bornstein, formed with separate not ‘butter’+ ‘fly’) Stokoe, Casterline, & century. Sometimes used Dr. Robert Cornett, • Native American SLVs (Davis, 2010; et al) Gallaudet College) • French SLVs (Lane, 1984; et al) Saulnier, & Hamilton) signs (‘butter’+‘fly’) • more ASL signs Croneberg, 1965) to codify. in tactile/deaf-blind • Indigenous/regional/unknown SLVs • same/one sign used (one sounded word = Defunct. (Developed 1972, signing situations; some ➑ First documented by Brown for homonyms (‘bear’ one sign) Dennis Wampler) Deaf adults still use this (1856, 1860). Topic-comment and ‘bare’) • at least 70 artificial/in- method. (Developed 1878, Written English grammatical structure and • heavy use of vented signs and aixes Zenas Westervelt, Western approach (cf. Baker & Cokely, initialization (haVe) added to this system bear(s) New York Institute for ➒ 1980); utilizes code-borrowing • aixes, articles, and (Developed 1972, Deaf-Mutes, later from majority spoken ‘to be’ verb added Gerilee Gustason) Rochester School for Spoken English language. Also, ‘the sign (Developed 1966, father the Deaf) language’ (Veditz, 1913) and David Anthony, ‘Ameslan’ (Fant, 1972). Gallaudet College)

All relationships relative; overlapping approaches drawn for distinction and not for accuracy. Additional credit to authors DParvaz, Garrrett, Jguk, Adrignola, and other unnamed contributors at https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Visual_Language_Interpreting/Tools_of_the_Trade. ©2019 Doug Stringham, Utah Valley University; revised 2018, 2012, 2011, 2008, 2006.