429

Subject Index a absorption 278 b absorption-pressure number 153f. bead-and-necklace 358 acrylamide (AAm) 40 bending energy 281 adhesion 206f., 210, 214, 216 bifluid 277f., 301 adsorbed amount 366ff., 372ff. bilayer 285 adsorption 159, 412 bimorph force sensor 175 – energy 263 bioaffinity 52 – isotherm 366ff., 378 bioavailability 409 – length 157 biodegradability 411 – parameters 255 biopolymers 131 – specific 268, 272 bioprobe 52 aggregation 84f., 93f. biotinylation 419 – diffusion-limited (DLA) 96ff., 105ff. Bjerrum length 327 – number 346ff., 356ff. black spots 405 – reaction-limited (RLA) 96, 106ff. blob 328 alkali metal n-dodecyl sulfates 247 block copoly(oxyalylene) 66ff. alkanethiol 16 – critical micelle temperature 66ff. alloy 1, 10, 38f., 48 – gelation of micellar solutions 74f. alumina 106f., 115 – micellar properties 66ff. amphoteric surfaces 272 – mixed micellar systems 75 angle hysteresis 288 – molecular characterization 65f. anionic micelles 245 – relative hydrophobicity 67 anionic monolayers 245 – sequential oxyanionic polymerisation anionic polymerization 413 64 annealing 34, 46 – solubilization of griseofulvin 68ff. antibodies 420 – solubilization of poorly soluble drugs apolipoproteins 416 61ff. aqueous phase 279 blood-brain barrier (BBB) 417 arrays, two-dimensional 283f. – in vitro model 418 asphaltene aggregates 138, 144 – permeability 418 asphaltenes 136 Boltzmann equation 251 atomic force microscopy (AFM) 107, 112, Boltzmann weights 256 125, 134, 173, 179ff., 313, 315ff., 329ff. bottle test 124, 136, 141 – contact mode 181 Bragg-Williams approximation 241, – non-contact mode 181 253, 258, 264, 343 – tapping mode 181 Brewster angle microscopy 129 – tip 180 bridging 277, 281, 287, 360, 388ff. avidin-biotin 420 – forces 215f. azidothymidine (AZT) 423

Colloids and Interface Science Series, Vol. 3 Colloid Stability and Application in Pharmacy. Edited by Tharwat F. Tadros Copyright © 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN: 978-3-527-31463-8 430 Subject Index

c complement system 415 cantilever 180, 187, 315 complex salt 363f. capillary complexation 87 – balance 400f., 407 compressibility constraint 253 – electrophoresis 417 compressibility relation 249 – force 155, 212f. confinement effect 318 – pressure 310, 400, 403ff. confocal laser scanning microscopy – surface waves 158, 164 (CLSM) 125 carbon content 21 conformational constraints 257 carbon nanotubes 180f. CoNi 39 b-casein 134 constant-compliance region 180, 183, caspase-3 inhibitor 422 191f., 202 cell design 399 contact angle 280, 288, 407 cell separation 47 contrast agent 2 cellulose derivative 374, 376 cooperative binding 342ff., 353, 374 ceramics 92 copolymers 64ff., 412 cetyltrimethylammonium bromide – amphiphilic diblock 323 (CTAB) 10 – silicone 140 charge-coupled device (CCD) 400 core-shell 30ff., 48ff. charge-determining 235 counterion attraction 264 charge-potential curve 264 covalent grafting 412 charge regulation 199 critical aggregation concentration 343, charge reversal 199ff., 356, 360 347ff., 377, 390 chemical demulsifiers 140 critical micelle concentration 66ff., 245, chemical force microscope (CFM) 210 247, 339, 348, 351, 354, 358, 380, 382, chemical potential 252 386 – standard-state 252 – shift 273 chitosan 380f., 385, 389f. critical wavelength 164, 166, 170 citric acid (CA) 4, 21, 27, 29, 52 cross-linking reaction 419 citrate see citric acid crude oil viscosity 139 clays 138 Curie temperature 4, 54 Cleveland method 188 cyclodextrins (CD) 62, 79ff. coacervate 353 – effect on liposome stability 87ff. co-adsorption 373ff. cylinder-to-lamella transition 63 coagulation 91ff. – concentration 234 d – critical 233 dark dot 405 – electrolyte-induced 105ff. Debye-Hückel theory 327 cobalt acetylacetonate 30 Debye-Scherrer calculation 23 coercivity 30, 34, 39 deflocculation 288 collision efficiency 99 dendrimers 62 collision frequency 96 depletion 218 colloidal carriers 409 – attraction 218f. – conventional 410 – forces 194f., 322 colloidal delivery systems 79 – interaction 218, 2210 colloidal forces 194 – zone 218 colloidal parameter 9 Derjaguin approximation 102f., 184, colloidal probe (CP) 179, 185f., 215, 198, 209, 211 315ff., 330ff. Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek colloidal suspensions 91 (DLVO) colloidal systems 231, 307, 397 – forces 162ff., 309 common black film (CBF) 309, 312, 314, – theory 105, 107f., 115, 151, 198, 199, 331f. 202, 223 Subject Index 431

Derjaguin-Muller-Toporov (DMT) theory electron magnetic resonance 52 209, 223 electron microscopy 125 Derjaguin-Scheludko force balance 158f. – high-resolution (HRTEM) 13, 38, 45, 53 desorption 368, 376ff., 386ff. – scanning (SEM) 20, 43, 125 dialyses 339 – transmission lectron microscopy (TEM) dielectric constant 259, 262, 271 13ff., 22f., 26ff., 36ff., 46ff., 125 dielectric displacement 250 electrostatic correlation forces 359 dielectric permittivity 249ff., 268 electrostatic interaction 164, 167 differential capacitance 237f. – double-layer 213 diffuse double-layer 198 electrostatic potential 250 – interaction 198 electrostatics 327 dimple 155ff. ellipsometry 365ff., 376ff. dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) emulsification-solvent evaporation 414 80ff. emulsion 121, 151, 277f., 287, 299, 303, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) 400 80ff. – characterization 124ff. direct microcalorimetry 244 – coalescence 123, 131ff., 139, 277f., disjoining pressure 154, 157, 159ff., 175, 281f., 288 198, 309ff., 400, 407 – creaming 122, 133, 288 – isotherms 308, 323ff., 330 – crystallization 126 disjoining force 155 – destabilization 149 dispersion, oil-in-water see emulsion – droplet size distribution 126, 132, 137 dissimilar surfaces 199 – food 130ff. DNA 27, 316, 346, 377ff. – mass transfer 123 DNA self-assembly 27 – microgravity 123 Donnan expulsion 240 – mixed 121 double-layer capacitance – multiple 121, 300 double-layer charge 241 – oil-in-water 43, 279, 307 double-layer force 386, 390 – particle-stabilized 278, 300, 304 doxorubicin 423 – polymerization 39ff., 413 drainage curves 325 – sedimentation 122 dressed micelle 355 – simple 121 drop size 287 – stability 119, 122, 133, 137, 141 droplet 307, 400 see also Ostwald ripening, flocculation drug delivery 47 – stabilization 299 drug solubilization 68 – water-in-oil 136f., 279, 279, 307 – by block copolymer gels 74 endocytosis 418 dual polarization interferometry (DPI) enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) 379ff. effects 411 Dupré equation 209 environmental remediation 2 dynamic light scattering (DLS) 8f., 24, Esin-Markov coefficient 239 43, 366, 372 excess film energy 404 excluded volume 253, 272 e experimental allergic encephalomyelitis electric double layer (EDL) 106ff., 239 417 – forces 101, 106 – interactions 197, 219 f – repulsion 104, 108 FePt 1, 30ff. electrified interfaces 231 ferric hydroxide 5, 24, 49, 53 – solid/liquid 248 ferric salts 23 electron diffraction (ED) 17f., 27f., 36, 52 ferrihydrite (FHYD) 53 – rings 31 ferrite 2 – selected area (SAED) 30ff., 54 – cobalt 2, 19, 35ff. 432 Subject Index

– copper 19 Gibbs energy 253 ferrofluid 2, 6, 42, 47f. – binding 248 film core effects 308, 330 – chemical part 232 film drainage 332 – electric part 232 film forces 323 – for pair interaction 245 film tension 406f. – of adsorption 237, 241f. film thickness 320 – of hydration 242 Finke’s method 13 – of micellization 246 floc fragmentation 94 Gibbs-Duhem relation 258 floc size distribution (FSD) 92, 112ff. Gibbs-Helmholtz relationship 246 flocculation 91ff., 109, 123, 278, 289 9L gliosarcoma model 418 – bridging 111ff., 213 D-gluconate 13 – equation (PBE) 105, 107, 110 gold 10, 16 – mathematical model 93 Gouy-Chapman approach 198 – model 94 gravitational force 403 – population balance griseofulvin, solubilization by block Flory-Huggins (FH) theory 67, 248, copolymer micelles 63, 68ff. 264f. Gurney-type of binding 245 Flory-Huggins parameter 233, 254, 267 fluorescein 322 h fluorescence probe 352 105f., 108, 110, 114, fluorescence quenching 361 169 foam 277f., 294f., 303, 307, 330, 397 – non-retarded 100f., 107 – lamella 398, 401 Hamaker theory 107 – superstable 303 Helmholtz layers food 130 – inner 198 – low molecular weight surfactants – outer 198 130 hematite 5, 8, 23f., 27, 45, 40, 105f., – polysaccharides 131 109ff. – surfactant interfacial complex 134 high-density disk 48 force measurements 183 high-performance electromagnetic devices force modulation microscopy 223 29 force-volume imaging 210 high-performance liquid fractal dimension (HPLC) 16 – floc 110 Hill equation 348 – mass 96, 108, 114 histogram 36f. frictional force microscopy (FFM) 181, HLB values 140 223 Hofmeister series see lyotropic series fringes of equal chromatic order (FECO) 231, 233 316 homopolymers 79, 86 Frumkin-Fowler-Guggenheim (FFG) horseradish peroxidase 423 isotherm 241 hydration 210 Fuchs’ stability ratio 99 – enthalpy 244 fusion 85 – entropy 244 – repulsion 103 g hydrazine 5, 8, 10 gas-liquid chromatography 68 hydrodynamic drag 194 Gear’s predictor-corrector technique 105 hydrodynamic thickness 366 gel 301 hydrophilicity 287f., 415 gel permeation chromatography (GPC) hydrophobic interaction 206, 350ff., 65 376, 391 gelation of mixed micellar systems 74f. hydrophobicity 277, 287f. generic phenomena 232 hysteresis 30, 32f. Subject Index 433 i l immunoliposomes 420 b-lactoglobulin 134f. immunonanoparticles 422 LaMer’s method 13, 51 inductively coupled plasma atomic Langevin function 27, 49 emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) Langmuir balance 129 36, 53 Langmuir isotherm 342, 358 inks 92 Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer 31 inorganic electrolytes 91, 105 Laplace equation 400 interfacial aggregates 385, 389 lateral force microscpy (LFM) 181, 210 interfacial association 364, 380f., 392 latex 42, 112, 114, 282 interfacial complexes 343ff. lattice model 256 interfacial effects 308 lattice spacing 17f. interfacial properties 119, 127, 132f., 141 – body-centered cubic (bcc) 17f., 52 – characterization 127ff., 141, 143 – face-centered cubic (fcc) 17f., 29, 39, 48, – compressibility 127, 140 53 – dynamic interfacial tension 128, 133, – face-centered tetragonal (fct) 30ff., 48, 53 141 layer thickness 366ff., 379f., 386 – pressure 139 layer-by-layer thinning 405 – rheology 129, 139 layers 11 – surface dilational elasticity 128 ligand binding 342, 345 interference patterns 401 ligands 420 interferometry 407 light scattering 125, 132, 360 internal flexibility 257 line tension 405 polarizability 272 linear instability 170 ion size 267ff. liposomes 61, 79ff., 409 ion solvation 272 – enhanced stability 86 ion specificity 244, 247, 263, 266 – kinetic stability 84, 88 – modelling 248 – long-term stability 85 ionic components of charge 239 – polymer-containing 84 ionic hydration 265ff. – sterically stabilized 80, 86, 88 ionic phenomena 232 liquid/liquid Langmuir trough 141, 143 ionic strength 329 local volume 249 ionic surfactant 273 long-range hydrophobic force 166f. iron acetylacetonate 29f., 50, 53 long-range repulsion 281 iron chloride 44 lubrication iron coating 34 – flow 151 iron metal 38 – theory 156 iron oxide 1ff. lyotropic series 231, 233f., 238ff., 245ff., – nanoparticles 1, 7 263, 272f. – oxidation 44 – direct 234 – polymer 39 – inverse 234, 243, 269 – polystryrene 40 – preparation 5 m iron pentacarbonyl 6f., 11, 14f., 17ff., macroion 339, 357ff. 30, 32ff., 51 macromolecular stabilizers 80 isoelectric point 163 maghemite 2, 5, 22f., 45, 49, 53 magnetic anisotropy 30, 39 j magnetic cell separation 2 Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) theory magnetic fluid 40 209, 224 magnetic force microscopy (MFM) 224 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 2, 47, k 54 kerosene 7 magnetic size 22 434 Subject Index

magnetite 1f., 7f., 45, 49, 53 Navier number 153 magnetization 2, 19 near-field scanning optical microscopy – remanent 39, 53 (NSOM/SNOM) 182, 192f. manganese acetylacetonate 30 Néel temperature 54 Manning model 327ff. negative expulsion 240 Marangoni number 153, 157 Nernst’s law 242 Marangoni pressure 159 network 281f., 321 Markov approximation 256 neutron reflectivity 362, 384 Massart’s method 4 neutron scattering Matijevic and Scheiner’s recipe 24 – small-angle (SANS) 319ff., 361f. matrix method 344f. Newton black films (NBF) 235, 309ff., matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization 314, 331f. time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass NMR 66, 68, 126 spectrometry 66 non-cooperative binding 374 mean-field method see self-consistent field non-electrostatic interactions 263 measurements and analysis of surface nucleation 15 interaction forces (MASIF) 176f., 224 meniscus 285, 400, 405 o mercury 238 oil aromaticity 139 – double layer 237 oil phase 279 metal seeding 11 oil-water interface 279 methylcellulose (MC) 81 oleic acid (OA) 7, 11, 13, 17f., 46, 50f. N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) 40, oleylamine (Oam) 7, 11, 13, 17f., 46, 50f. 42 oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODN) 419 micellar size 273 opsonization 410 micelle 10, 403 optical microscopy 125, 142 – of block copoly(oxyalkylene)s 66ff. optical trap 177f. micelle film 397 optical tweezers 177, 222 micellization of block copoly(oxyalkylene)s oscillating bubble 159 66ff. oscillatory forces 319, 323, 332 microemulsion 1, 8f. osmanometer 175 microsphere 62 osmotic compressibility 329 milling 7 osmotic pressure 329 miniemulsion 5, 41 osmotic stress method 175 mobility 360ff. Ostwald ripening 16, 39, 123 molecular architecture 323 OX26 422 molecular nanocapsules 87 oxide 243 monodispersity 15 oxidic surfaces 242f. monolayer 285, 317 Monte Carlo simulations 357ff., 405 p Morin transition temperature 54 packing constraints 257 multiple-binding equilibrium model 2D-PAGE 417 341f., 347 paint 92 pair interactions 231, 242 n paper 92 nano-bubbles 151, 160, 167 particle concentration 290 nanocapsules 411 particle size 48, 290, 414 nanofilms 307 partition coefficients 140 nanoparticle 61, 409, 411, 415 perovskite ceramic 7 – dispersions 1 phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear – hydrophobically modified 12 cells 415 nanoprecipitation 414 pharmaceutical suspensions 92 nanospheres 411 phase behavior 353, 391 naphtenic acids 138 phase diagram 353, 363f. Subject Index 435 phase imaging 182 polyion 353, 355 phase inversion 288 polymer – catastrophic 288 – backbone rigidity 326 phase separation 353, 359, 368, 374ff. – bridging 207 phospholipid membranes 84, 88 – brushes 213 photocurrent 402 – coils 98f., 328 photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) – conformations 80ff., 110 – flexible 273 piezoelectric nozzle method 25f., 48 – loops 98f. piezoelectric scanner 179, 186, 190 – tails 98f. pipette drop method 25f. – trains 98f. plateau borders 398 polymer-surfactant complex 347, 350f., platelets 295, 303 356, 372, 376 platinum 16, 18 polymer-surfactant interaction 337, 340f., – acetylacetonate 11ff., 30ff. 348, 353 – seed cluster 11 poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) 44 pluronics 66, 68 polystyrene 112, 114 – critical micelle temperature 66, 68 poly(styrene-co-butadiene) (polyS-Bd) 18 – gelation of 74 poly(styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine) (polyS-VP) – micellar properties 66, 68f. 18 – solubilization capacity 62, 69 poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) 81 – solubilization of poorly soluble drugs 62 polyvinylamine (PVAm) 383f. point of zero charge (PZC) 28, 243, 260 polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) 19, 81 Poisson equation 250f. porphyrins 138 Poisson-Boltzmann cell method 354f. potential-distance relation 261 Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation 197 precipitate 353, 356 – extended, lattice version 249 precipitation 5, 372, 376, 377, 384 – lattice implementation 248 prion disease 418 polarizability relation 268 probe electrolyte 340, 352 poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) 109ff. propylene oxide (PO) 64 poly(acryl amide) 114 protein 282 polybutadiene (polyBC) 18f. – adsorption 416 polyelectrolyte 307f., 312, 317ff., 330 – labchip 417 – adsorption 366ff., 379 proton adsorption enthalpy 243 – amphiphilic 372 pseudophase 347, 349 – bridges 360 pull-off forces 209, 221 – brushes 323f. pulp 92 – concentration 322 – multilayer 368f. q – structuring 318 quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) polyelectrolyte-surfactant aggregate 338, 381ff. 354, 360, 385, 388, 391 polyelectrolyte-surfactant association 338, r 342, 391 rainbow colors 397f. polyelectrolyte-surfactant complex 358, random anisotropy 39 361f., 373ff., 389 receptor-mediated endocytosis 423 polyelectrolyte-surfactant interaction 355 reducing agent 8 polyelectrolyte-surfactant mixture 356, 360, reduction, polyol 11 369, 384f. reflectometry 369 poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) 80, 410, 415f. refractive index increments 366, 368 poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) 112 resin 137 polyethyleneimine (PEI) 356, 362, 369ff., Reynolds equation 152, 154 385, 389f. rheology 124, 131, 292 436 Subject Index

ring-opening polymerization 413 sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate rods 295, 297, 303 (AOT) 8ff., 53 rupture force 221 sodium borohydride 8 sol s – AgI 234 Sauerbrey equation 381 – coagulation series method 236 scaling 359 – in statu nascendi 237 scanning 126, 137 sol-gel transition 74 scanning force microscope (SFM) 224 solid interfaces 330 scanning probe microscope (SPM) 224 solubility 255 scanning tunneling microscope (STM) solubilization by block copolymer 178 micelles 61ff. Scheludko cell 308, 399 – factors affecting solubilization Scheludko method 312 capacity 61, 70ff. Scherrer’s equation 13, 24, 35, 49 solubilization capacity of block copolymer Scheutjens-Fleer theory 249f. micelles – choice of parameters 259 – effect of composition 70f. Schulze-Hardy rule 235 – effect of core volume 71 sedimentation 288 – effect of melt loading 73f. segment potential 253 – effect of micelle shape 72f. self-assembly 27, 273 – effect of temperature 72 self-consistent field (SCF) 249 solvent quality 270f. see also Flory-Huggins self-consistent mean field theory 358, 367 parameter self-consistent potential 251 sonochemical methodology 19 self-consistent solution 251 specific interactions 264 self-organizing process 10, 19 specific phenomena 232 semiconductor 3 sphere-to-cylinder transition 63 – quantum dots 39 sphere-to-rod transition 273 sensed mass 381ff. spinel 1, 35f. sequential oxyanionic polymerization spinning drop 128 – 1,2-butylene oxide 64f. spintronic devices 29 – ethylene oxide 64f. spreading parameter 212 – phenyl glycidyl ether 64f. spring constant 184, 187 – propylene oxide 64f. stabilizer 5 – styrene oxide 64f. stabilizing agent 414 shape analysis 129 star-like species 256 shape-anisotropic particles 295, 303 stealth 410 Shen’s recipe 44 steric force 349ff., 366, 386ff. silver 16 steric hindrance 277, 281f. – iodide 235, 238f., 241 steric stabilization 213 – nanowire 39 Stern layer 249f., 263 single-bond force 210 streaming potential 369 single- binding forces 221 structural forces 194f., 202, 206, 213, 220 single-molecule force spectroscopy sulfur 10 (SMFS) 221f. superparamagnetism 27, 39, 44, 48 site binding model 258, 343, 346 surface size distribution 82 – affinities 268 size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) – apparatus (SFA) 112, 175f., 220, 224, 16f., 54 309f., 316ff., 380 slippage 152, 160 – charge 238, 249, 257, 262ff. slip-length 153 – density 250 small system thermodynamic 351f. – direct measurement 237 soap 151 – excess 368, 370, 372 Subject Index 437

– force 154, 173f., 366, 371, 385 v – induced 251 van der Waals forces 163, 169, 309 – mobility 160 vesicle size 82 – potential 262f., 267ff. Vincent’s expression 110 – pressure 233 – roughness 193, 202, 204 w – tension 246, 280 water, dissociation 259 surface-active compounds 280, 284 wax crystals 138 – particles 294, 303f. wettability 280, 287 – silica, monolayers 281 wetting films 151f., 160ff., 307, 311, surfactant 313f., 333 – activity 339f., 348, 352 – heterogeneous 165 – adsorption 367, 369, 390 – mechanism 165, 170 – small-molecule 20 – rupture 152, 161, 169 – solution 402 – thickness 166 surfactant-selective electrode 339 wetting forces 195, 206 swelling 373, 375f., 382f., 387ff. wetting, partial 212 wheat germ agglutinin 422 t wustite 8 tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) 28f., 54 tetramethylammonium 11-amino- x undecanoate 52 X-ray absorption 54 thermal noise method 188 – extended 53 thin liquid films 234, 277f., 282, 286, 307 – fine structure spectrometry thin-film balance 175 – near edge (NEXAFS) 45 thin-film pressure balance (TFPB) 310ff. – near-edge structure 54 thinning 397 X-ray diffraction (XRD) 13, 21ff., 30, 36, – fluorescence (FTFPB) 313, 322 40, 44f., 48f., 54 Tilton classification system 383 – pattern 10 curves 268 – powder (PXRD) 25, 32, 54 total internal reflection microscopy X-ray fluorescence 17 (TIRM) 176f., 192, 220 X-ray line broadening (XRLB) 23, 54 transferrin 422 X-ray scattering, small-angle (SAXS) 8f., trapped non-equilibrium state 338, 360f., 54, 319, 362 369, 378, 391f. X-ray spectrometry, energy-dispersive (EDX) tributylphosphine 46f. 31, 40f. , 52 trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) 54 tumor angiogenesis 410 y turbidity 360f. Young equation 280 u z Ultrasonication 42, 81 zeta potential 111, 414 ultrasound radiation 20 Zimm-Bragg theory 344 UV spectroscopy 68 zipping mechanism 281ff.