DOCSLIB.ORG

Final Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Final Report Final Report Field trip Finland/Sweden 2008 Chair of Mining Engineering and Mineral Economics Leoben, December 2008 P a g e | 2 OVERVIEW page 1 IMPRESSIONS OF OUR EXCURSION ................................................................6 2 PREFACE .............................................................................................................9 3 SPONSORS........................................................................................................10 4 OVERVIEW ABOUT OUR TOUR .......................................................................11 4.1 Timetable ......................................................................................................12 4.2 Participants ...................................................................................................13 5 GEOLOGY..........................................................................................................14 5.1 Pyhäsalmi .....................................................................................................14 5.2 Kemi..............................................................................................................15 5.3 Kirunavaara ..................................................................................................21 5.4 Kittilä.............................................................................................................23 5.5 Gällivare........................................................................................................27 6 COMPANY PRESENTATIONS ..........................................................................31 6.1 Helsinki (University of technology)................................................................31 6.1.1 Introduction......................................................................................................31 6.1.2 About the University.........................................................................................32 • History.......................................................................................................32 • Key Figures 2007......................................................................................32 • Education..................................................................................................34 • Focus areas for education & research.......................................................34 • Erasmus Mundus Programms...................................................................35 • Master degree programms in English........................................................35 • Masters Degree (1990-2007) ....................................................................36 • Doctorial Degree (1990-2007)...................................................................36 • Graduates in Rock Engineering (Master of Science).................................37 • Cooperation with Finish Companies..........................................................37 6.1.3 Test Mine.........................................................................................................38 P a g e | 3 6.1.4 Overview of Finish Mining................................................................................39 • Mining Base in Finland..............................................................................39 • Overview...................................................................................................39 • Ore outputs ...............................................................................................40 • New Projects.............................................................................................41 6.1.5 Group Picture...................................................................................................42 6.2 Sandvik (Mining equipment) .........................................................................43 6.2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................43 6.2.2 Company Presentation ....................................................................................44 • Mining and Construction Segment ............................................................45 • Test Mine ..................................................................................................48 • Training facility..........................................................................................49 6.2.3 Underground drilling rigs production ................................................................50 • Factory visit...............................................................................................51 6.2.4 Basics of drilling...............................................................................................51 6.2.5 Controlling the stress wave ..............................................................................54 • Primary tensile waves ...............................................................................54 • Secondary tensile waves...........................................................................54 6.2.6 Interaction between percussion and rotation....................................................54 6.2.7 Optimum Feed.................................................................................................55 6.2.8 Sandvik as an employer...................................................................................56 6.2.9 Strategy ...........................................................................................................56 6.2.10 Expectations of Sandvik from employees.........................................................56 • Offers to employees..................................................................................57 6.3 Pyhäsalmi (Cu, Zn, S, Ag) ............................................................................58 6.3.1 Introduction......................................................................................................58 6.3.2 Company .........................................................................................................58 6.3.3 History .............................................................................................................59 6.3.4 Geology ...........................................................................................................59 • Deformation history...................................................................................61 6.3.5 General............................................................................................................62 6.3.6 Mining Method .................................................................................................63 6.3.7 Mine Equipment...............................................................................................67 P a g e | 4 6.3.8 Haulage system ...............................................................................................68 6.3.9 Backfill .............................................................................................................70 6.4 Kemi (Cr) ......................................................................................................71 6.4.1 Introduction......................................................................................................71 6.4.2 Geology ...........................................................................................................72 6.4.3 Underground infrastructure ..............................................................................73 6.4.4 Production .......................................................................................................74 6.4.5 Mentionable facts.............................................................................................76 6.5 Kiruna (Fe)....................................................................................................78 6.5.1 Introduction......................................................................................................78 6.5.2 Geology ...........................................................................................................79 6.5.3 Production .......................................................................................................79 6.5.4 Processing.......................................................................................................81 6.5.5 Mining subsidence damages............................................................................82 6.6 Kittilä (Au) .....................................................................................................84 6.6.1 Summary .........................................................................................................84 6.6.2 Geology, Deposit Type and Mineralization.......................................................85 6.6.3 History and Exploration....................................................................................87 6.6.4 Reserves and Resources.................................................................................90 6.6.5 The Kittilä mine ................................................................................................91 6.6.6 About Riddarhyttan Resources AB...................................................................94 6.6.7 About Agnico-Eagle Mines Limited ..................................................................95 6.7 Rovaniemi (Geological survey) .....................................................................97 6.7.1 Introduction......................................................................................................97
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nitrogen Compounds at Mines and Quarries I 226
    VTT TECHNOLOGY NOL CH OG E Y T • • R E E C S N E E A Nitrogen compounds at mines and quarries I 226 R C 226 C Sources, behaviour and removal from mine and quarry S H • S H N waters – Literature study I G O I H S L I I V G • H S T Nitrogen compounds at mines and quarries Nitrogen compounds at mines and quarries ISBN 978-951-38-8320-1 (URL: http://www.vttresearch.com/impact/publications) ISSN-L 2242-1211 ISSN 2242-122X (Online) Sources, behaviour and removal from mine and quarry waters – Literature study VTT TECHNOLOGY 226 Nitrogen compounds at mines and quarries Sources, behaviour and removal from mine and quarry waters – Literature study Johannes Jermakka, Laura Wendling, Elina Sohlberg, Hanna Heinonen, Elina Merta, Jutta Laine-Ylijoki, Tommi Kaartinen & Ulla-Maija Mroueh VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd ISBN 978-951-38-8320-1 (URL: http://www.vttresearch.com/impact/publications) VTT Technology 226 ISSN-L 2242-1211 ISSN 2242-122X (Online) Copyright © VTT 2015 JULKAISIJA – UTGIVARE – PUBLISHER Teknologian tutkimuskeskus VTT Oy PL 1000 (Tekniikantie 4 A, Espoo) 02044 VTT Puh. 020 722 111, faksi 020 722 7001 Teknologiska forskningscentralen VTT Ab PB 1000 (Teknikvägen 4 A, Esbo) FI-02044 VTT Tfn +358 20 722 111, telefax +358 20 722 7001 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd P.O. Box 1000 (Tekniikantie 4 A, Espoo) FI-02044 VTT, Finland Tel. +358 20 722 111, fax +358 20 722 7001 Cover image: Johannes Jermakka, VTT Abstract Nitrogen compounds at mines and quarries Sources, behaviour and removal from mine and quarry waters – Literature study Authors: Johannes Jermakka, Laura Wendling, Elina Sohlberg, Hanna Heinonen, Elina Merta, Jutta Laine-Ylijoki, Tommi Kaartinen and Ulla-Maija Mroueh Keywords: ammonia, nitrate, mine wastewater, treatment technology, nitrogen recovery, nitrogen sources, explosives Mining wastewaters can contain nitrogen from incomplete detonation of nitrogen rich explosives and from nitrogen containing chemicals used in enrichment pro- cesses.
    [Show full text]
  • International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report-Chromium
    U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 93o-B International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report-Chromium Prepared as a cooperative effort among earth­ science and mineral-resource agencies of Australia, Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of South Africa, and the United States of America Major geologic age units Million years Age before present Holocene QUATERNARY I- 0.1 Pleistocene u I- 2 Pliocene 5 N r- 5 Miocene 0z w r- 24 Oligocene TERTIARY u r- 38 Eocene I- 55 Paleocene 63 Late Cretaceous Cretaceous I- 96 u Early Cretaceous 5 N I- 138 0 Jurassic en w ~ f- 205 Triassic 240 Permian I- 290 Pennsylvanian Carboniferous r---330 Mississippian u - 5 I- 360 Devonian N 0 w I- ...J 410 <( Silurian Q.. r- 435 Ordovician r- 500 Cambrian -570 u Late Proterozoic 6 N 0 f-- 900 a: Middle Proterozoic w z 1- r- 1600 <( 0 a: a: Early Proterozoic 0.. CD 2500 ~ <( u z w <( a: w Q.. Iu a: <( International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report-Chromium By John H. DeYoung, Jr., Michael P. lee, and Bruce R. lipin U. S. G E 0 L 0 G I C A L S U R V E Y C I R C U L A R 9 3 0-B Prepared as a cooperative effort among earth­ science and mineral-resource agencies of Australia, Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of South Africa, and the United States of America 1984 Department of the Interior WILLIAM P. CLARK, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Dallas L. Peck, Director Library of Congress Catalog-card No.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploration Potential of Finland Oulu Mining Summit 2017 Juhani Ojala & Tero Niiranen Mining & Metals in Finland
    Exploration potential of Finland Oulu Mining Summit 2017 Juhani Ojala & Tero Niiranen Mining & Metals in Finland • 42 mines reported production in 2016: – 12 metal, 30 industrial minerals Kittilä Au Kevitsa Ni-Cu-Pd-Pt • Mine investments 2008–2014: 2300 M€ – 242 M€ in 2016 • Estimated investments 2016–2025: 3000 M€ Kemi Cr • Turnover 1500 M€ in 2015 Punasuo talc • Mining and metal-related exports 6700 M€ in 2014 Talvivaara Ni-Zn Pyhäsalmi Cu-Zn 2015 ore output (Mt) Kylylahti Cu > 10 Ilomantsi Au 1.0 - 10 Siilinjärvi P 0.5 - 1.0 Orivesi Au 0.1 - 0.5 Polvijärvi talc Jokisivu Au < 0.1 Lappeenranta Lohja Metals calcite, calcite wollastonite Industrial minerals Parainen calcite Finland: mining history milestones, selected mines Value of past production and Operating years of the mines with remaining mineral resources the highest total value Year Commodity values calculated as the mean of annual mean prices between 2003−2012. Source: Fennoscandian Ore Deposit Database (FODD) Mine development projects in Finland Project Commodity Resource/ Company Reserve Sakatti Ni, Cu, PGM TBA, World class discovery Anglo American Kuotko Au Sokli P Suhanko PGM, Ni, Cu, Au 208 Mt1 @1.83 g/t 2PGM Goldfields Kolari Fe Sakatti Ni, Cu Mustavaara 99 Mt2 @14% Fe O V, Fe, Ti 3 4 Mustavaaran Kuusamo Au Kaivos Oy Suhanko Koillismaa PGM Kolari Fe, Cu, Au 115 Mt5 @30.5% Fe Hannukainen PGM Mining Oy Mustavaara V 3 Otanmäki V, Ti, Fe 36.6 Mt @0.26% V Vuorokas Otanmäki V 5 Kaustinen Li, Ta 4.49 Mt @1.1% Li2O Keliber Taivaljärvi Ag Koillismaa PGM, Cu, Ni, Au 46.8 Mt3 @0.43-0.99
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineral Industry of Finland in 2015
    2015 Minerals Yearbook FINLAND [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. Department of the Interior August 2019 U.S. Geological Survey The Mineral Industry of Finland By Alberto Alexander Perez In 2015, Finland had a highly industrialized open economy of environmental, civil rights, and landowning stakeholders with a real GDP of about $239.2 billion at 2015 official are taken into account and that these stakeholders are included exchange rates; this was a decrease of about 0.2% compared in the decision-making process for the exploration for and with that of 2014. The leading contributor to Finland’s GDP development of any mining projects. The act also takes other was its services sector; the industrial sector accounted for Finnish legislation into account in its application, in particular only 26.9% of the country’s GDP. The principal products that Finland’s Constitution and legislation concerning the Sami Finland’s industrial sector produced were metals and metal regions in northern Finland. Mining operators are subject to products, electronics, machinery, scientific instruments, ships, a number of permits. Under the Mining Act (the most recent and wood pulp and paper products (U.S. Central Intelligence revision of which became effective on July 1, 2011), the right to Agency, 2017). exploit a deposit is based on a mining permit (which requires a Finland was a member of the European Union (EU). Its more comprehensive review than under the previous version of main export partners were Germany (which received 13.9% the Mining Act) and the mining operator is required to provide of Finland’s exports, in terms of value); Sweden (10.1%), a security deposit for the purpose of fulfilling termination and the United States (7%), the Netherlands (6.6%), Russia after-care obligations (these obligations are also more extensive (5.9%), the United Kingdom (5.2%), and China (4.7%).
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineral Industry of Finland in 1998
    THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF FINLAND By Harold R. Newman Mineral legislation and regulations are covered under the The chromite deposit occurs within a layered intrusion and Mining Act (Kaivoslaki 503/65), the Mining Decree contains an estimated 70 million metric tons (Mt) of reserves (Kaivosasetus 663/65), and Amendments to the Mining Law and additional resources of about 150 Mt (Mining Journal, (1427/92, 1625/92, 474/94, 1571/94, 208/95, 561/95, and 1998). 1076/95). These are referred to collectively as the “Mining Although it has no primary copper mines, Finland produced Law.” The mineral resources covered by the Mining Law copper as an associated mineral from Outokumpu’s primary zinc include about 50 metal minerals and 30 industrial minerals, as mine at Pyhäsalmi. Outokumpu’s blister copper capacity was well as gems and soapstone (Kortman and Others, 1996). 160,000 t/yr; cathode copper capacity, 125,000 t/yr; and nickel In Finland, any individual, corporation, or foundation having capacity, 32,000 t/yr. Overall, Outokumpu produces more than its principal place of business or central administration within 1% of the world copper (Outokumpu Oyj, 1998, Products— the European Union (EU) enjoys the same rights to explore for Copper, accessed June 29, 1998, at URL and exploit mineral deposits as any Finnish citizen or http://www.outokumpu.fi/basemetals/copper.htm). corporation. This has encouraged foreign investment and Finland has never been a major gold producer, although increased exploration activities of major and junior companies. several domestic and foreign companies and the Geological Exploration emphasis was on base metals, diamond, and gold Survey of Finland (GSF) explored for gold in 1998.
    [Show full text]
  • Kemi Mine Presentation
    Investor Visit to Kemi Mine Jyrki Salmi Vice President – Kemi Mine Outokumpu Ferrochrome, Kemi Mine October 7th, 2015 Outokumpu Ferrochrome Integrated ferrochrome business in Kemi-Tornio area Location of Outokumpu‘s Chromium Mine and Ferrochrome production Ferrochrome Smelter in Kemi-Tornio area Key Facts Target capacity: 530 000 tons Employees: ~420 people, whereof ~190 in Kemi Competitive advantage Integrated, world class operation World class chrome deposit in EU Stable, cost efficient electricity Excellent cost curve position 2015 2 Outokumpu Ferrochrome Integrated operating model . 2,7 Mt ore Cromite ore mined Safe, secure, cost underground and efficient and high Cr . 850 kt FinCon concentrated above content concentrate . 400 kt Lumpy ore ground to FeCr production . 530kt FeCr Fine concentrate pelletized and Safe, stable, cost . 370MNm3 CO-gas together with lumpy efficient FeCr ore fed to 3 furnaces production . 625kt slag product => FeCr FeCr is sold as liquid to Tornio melt shop High FeCr inventory . ~410kt internal turn with best #1 or casted and ~120kt external possible external . crushed to be sold. effective price CO gas sold in Tornio 2015 3 Chrome makes the steel stainless. Kemi Mine Mining the future Part of the most integrated stainless steel production chain in the world. 4 Accident frequency in Kemi Mine Lost Time Injuries Frequency per 1 000 000 working hours (42 pcs LTI). All personnel in the Kemi Mine ~400 persons. 8/2015 5 Kemi Mine The only chromite mine within European Union • Chrome deposit found in 1959. Decision to open the mine in 1964. • Production started from open pit in 1968. Underground mine was built during 1999 – 2003.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary Kemi Conference 11-12 February 2020.Pdf
    EUROPEAN COMMISSION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR INTERNAL MARKET, INDUSTRY, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SMES Industrial Policy and Innovation Social Economy Brussels, GROW.F.2/UE Océane Peiffer-Smadja SUMMARY Subject: Responsible Industry leads the sustainable development – Industry Clusters and Circular Economy Kemi, 11-12.02.2020 The conference “Responsible Industry Leading the Sustainable Development on the example of Industry Clusters Connecting Circular Economy”, organized by the Regional Council of Lapland in cooperation with European Commission (GROW.F2), Digipolis Oy (circular economy cluster) and City of Kemi, Finland was held in Kemi, Finland on the 11th-12th of February. On the first day of the conference, more than 100 representatives of local, regional, national and European public authorities together with industry and civil society stakeholders and researchers shared their experiences and provided insights on how industry clusters can foster the industrial transition to circular economy. Openings have been made by Mika Riipi, County Governor of Lapland and Tero Nissinen, Mayor of Kemi, who introduced the landscape of circular economy and clusters in Lapland and in the city of Kemi as a smart specialisation strategy based on cluster 'format' have been adopted to better reach one of the main aim of the region – the sustainable use of resources. From EU level, openings statements by Joanna Drake, Deputy Director General at DG ENV and Slawomir Tokarski, Director Industrial Policy and Innovation, DG GROW gave an overview of the political agenda at EU level linked to the implementation of the European Green Deal, with notably the launch of the second circular economy plan in March 2020, the Sustainable Europe Investment Plan which has just been published, but also the future Just Transition Fund, which will notably assist regions that may struggle to adapt to and adopt circular economy strategies.
    [Show full text]
  • Kemi Mine Presentation
    Kemi mine – 50 million tons chromite ore, 50 years of production Jyrki Salmi Head of DeepMine Program Kemi Mine Accident frequencies TRI – Total recorded incidents LTI – Lost Time Incidents TRI- and LTI-frequencies are calculated per 1,000,000 working hours that include all own (200) and external workers (350). Total number of TRI’s 2008–2017 = 131 pcs 2018 2 Total number of LTI’s 2008–2017 = 35 pcs Tornio operations • Integrated ferrochrome and stainless steel production chain in Kemi-Tornio area. • Competitive advantages ✓ Integrated operations ✓ Only chrome deposit in the EU ✓ Stable, cost efficient electricity ✓ Excellent cost curve position • Target capacity of ferrochrome production 530,000 tons annually. • Target capacity of stainless steel production 1,400,000 tons annually. 2018 3 Kemi Mine – 50 million tons chromite ore, 50 years of production 5.2.2018 4 Kemi Mine – The only chromium mine in the EU • The biggest underground mine in Finland. Annual ore handling capacity is 2.7 million tonnes. • Chromite ore mined from the underground mine and processed in the mills above ground. Producing annually o 0.85 Mt fine concentrate and o 0.40 Mt lumpy ore. • Products delivered to close by Tornio FeCr-plant and stainless steel mill • 200 own employees. In addition, 300+ contractors and service suppliers 2018 5 Kemi Mine area Total area of 9.16 km2 • Mill area • Open pits (4) • Tailings pond (1), water treatment ponds (2), landscaped tailings ponds (4) =2.8km2 • Waste rock heaps (3) and X- ore heap (1) =1.5 km2 2018 6 Tailings sand 16 Mt, Waste rock 115 Mt.
    [Show full text]
  • MKR Kaivosexcursio 10.-13.10
    MKR Kaivosexcursio 10.-13.10. Excursioraportti Haluamme kiittää vierailuisäntiämme mahtavista excursioista, sekä sponsoreitamme joita ilman matka ei olisi ollut mahdollista. 10.10 - Rockplan & Sitowise Matkamme alkoi Pasilassa Rockplanin toimistolla. Meidät toivotettiin lämpimästi tervetulleeksi yritysesittelyyn aamukahvien kera. Saimme kuulla itse yrityksen toimitusjohtajalta Matti Kalliomäeltä, aiemmal- ta toimitusjohtajalta Jarmo Roinistolta ja projektien johtajalta Juha Salmelaiselta mielenkiintoisia yksityiskohtia kallioprojektien suunnit- teluprosessista, Länsimetron suunnitteluvastaavan työstä sekä Rockpla- nin muista suunnittelutoimistoista erottavasta tunneliarkkitehtuurista. Pääsimme myös keskustelemaan vierailun isäntien kanssa, ja kysymään heiltä kysymyksiä. Vierailun lopuksi meille tarjottiin vielä toimiston ruokalassa erittäin maittava lounas, ja otimme yhteiskuvan hyvien hetk- ien muistoksi. Tämän jälkeen siirryimme bussilla Tapiolaan, jossa menimme vie- railemaan Sitowisen toimistolle. Meille esiteltiin kattavasti Sitowise ja sen tarjoamia palveluita. Seuraavaksi pääsimme kuulemaan mielenkiin- toisia puheenvuoroja erilaisista projekteista ja työtehtävistä. Frans Horn korosti mallintamisen ja erilaisten ohjelmien käytön osaamisen tärkeyt- tä. Horn suositteli ottamaan kursseja näihin liittyen, joka oli hyödyl- linen vinkki pohtiessa tulevia opintoja. Hän esitteli erilaisten ohjelm- ien käytön hyötyjä ja korosti soveltamisen tärkeyttä. Esimerkkinä hän kertoi mielenkiintoisesta projektista, jossa pelkällä kameralla ja dronella
    [Show full text]
  • 3. Mining and Construction
    MECHANIZED ROCK EXCAVATION WITH ATLAS Copco – NO 3 / 2012. Mexican masters of mining Tunnels ease Meet the star Reducing the traffic on India’s performers of booms in Naples highways MINExpo subway Page 3 Page 12 Page 29 EDITORIAL CONTENTS 3 16 18 e are currently celebrating FEATURES Tunneling to the future in India. our 60th year of operations 3 in Mexico and next year W Probing the stars of MINExpo. will be Atlas Copco’s 140th year in 12 business. Back then, in 1952, things Insight on Mining: were certainly different. Hard, manual 16 Experts discuss the industry’s needs. labour, extreme temperatures, vibra- 29 tion, noise, accidents and injuries were Mechanized magic in Mexico’s mines. a way of life. 18 Since those dark, backbreaking days, there has been an amazing trans- 29 Raiseboring solution in the Naples subway. formation. Today’s mining industry is a fantastic environment characterized 32 Roof bolting Finnish-style. by automation, efficiency, high pro- ductivity, low energy consumption, PRODUCTS & PROGRESS ergonomic design and not least, safety. 11 QL hammer is a hit in Korea. As you can read in this issue of M&C, the great mines of Mexico, 28 First class air for Czech coal mines. 32 such as the Fresnillo mines, are typi- cal examples of this process of mod- 34 New RC kit for Pit Viper drill rigs. ernization and mechanization – and we are proud to be a part of it. TECHNIcaLLY SpEakING But that doesn’t meant we can sit 26 Why bit grinding makes perfect sense. back and rest on our achievements.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Industrial Pollution by Means of Environmental Samples in the Kemi-Tornio Region
    ASSESSING INDUSTRIAL RISTO POLLUTION BY MEANS OF PÖYKIÖ ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES IN Department of Chemistry, THE KEMI-TORNIO REGION University of Oulu OULU 2002 RISTO PÖYKIÖ ASSESSING INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION BY MEANS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES IN THE KEMI-TORNIO REGION Academic Dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, for public discussion in Raahensali (Auditorium L 10), Linnanmaa, on November 29th, 2002, at 12 noon. OULUN YLIOPISTO, OULU 2002 Copyright © 2002 University of Oulu, 2002 Supervised by Professor Paavo Perämäki Reviewed by Doctor Pekka Parviainen Professor Lauri Pyy ISBN 951-42-6870-9 (URL: http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514268709/) ALSO AVAILABLE IN PRINTED FORMAT Acta Univ. Oul. A 393, 2002 ISBN 951-42-6869-5 ISSN 0355-3191 (URL: http://herkules.oulu.fi/issn03553191/) OULU UNIVERSITY PRESS OULU 2002 Pöykiö, Risto, Assessing industrial pollution by means of environmental samples in the Kemi-Tornio region Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 3000, FIN-90014 University of Oulu, Finland Oulu, Finland 2002 Abstract The results of the comparison of various dissolution methods for sulphur showed, that HNO3 together with H2O2 gave more complete decomposition of organic components than HNO3 alone. The acid procedure with a mixture of HNO3+H2O2 slightly underestimated the S concentrations of plant material. The losses of sulphur were the highest in the dry ashing digestion procedure (HF(DAC)). The Leco combustion technique with infrared (IR) detection gave good precision and accuracy for sulphur. For the determination of heavy metals in plant materials, both the HNO3 and HNO3+H2O2 procedures were especially effective for determining Cr.
    [Show full text]
  • FINLAND by Jozef Plachy 1
    THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF FINLAND By Jozef Plachy 1 Geologically, ore deposits in Finland are limited, poor, not Trade easily accessible, and difficult to mine and enrich. Consequently, the mineral industry's contribution to the gross In view of the diminishing supply of indigenous domestic product is only about 0.3%.2 However, inspite of metalliferous raw materials, most of the feed for smelters in the relative scarcity of natural resources, Finland wields 1994 had to be imported (100% of iron ore concentrate, 80% considerable influence on the global mining industry. of zinc concentrate, and 60% of nickel matte and Because of Outokumpu Oy and Finnminers, Finland is a concentrate). world leader in underground mining technology, ore Given the relatively small size of Finland's mining processing, and metallurgy. industry, sales of mining technology and equipment expanded beyond the Finnish borders. In 1994, between Government Policies and Programs 80% to 90% of Finnminers' business was with foreign countries. Similarly, about 90% of Outokumpu's sales are According to the 1992 and 1994 amendments to the Finish generated in markets outside of Finland. Mining Law, any individual, corporation, or foundation having its principal place of business or central Structure of the Mineral Industry administration within the European Union (EU) will enjoy the same rights to explore and exploit deposits of minerals Most of Finland's mineral industry was dominated by the and ores as any Finnish citizen or corporation. This will take four major Finnish companies: Outokumpu Group, effect on January 1, 1995, when Finland becomes a member Finnminers Group, Rautaruukki Group, and Kemira.
    [Show full text]