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Cell Membranes About This Chapter • Functional compartments of the body • Biological membranes • Intracellular compartments • Tissues of the body • Tissue remodeling • Organs © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Cavities • Three major cavities – Cranial – Thoracic – Abdominopelvic • Fluid-filled compartments – Circulatory system – Eyes – Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.1a Levels of Organization: Body Compartments ANATOMICAL: The Body Cavities POSTERIOR ANTERIOR Cranial cavity Pleural sac Thoracic Pericardial cavity sac Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Pelvic cavity © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Lumens of Hollow Organs • Hollow organs – Heart – Lungs – Blood vessels – Intestines • Lumen – For some organs, not the internal environment © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Functional Fluid Compartments • Extracellular fluid (ECF) – Plasma – Interstitial fluid • Intracellular fluid (ICF) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.1b Levels of Organization: Body Compartments © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.1c Levels of Organization: Body Compartments Compartments Are Separated by Membranes Pericardial Tissue membranes Phospholipid bilayers membrane have many cells. create cell membranes. Cell Heart Loose connective tissue The pericardial sac is Seen magnified, the pericardial Each cell of the The cell membrane a tissue that surrounds membrane is a layer of flattened pericardial membrane is a phospholipid the heart. cells supported by connective has a cell membrane bilayer. tissue. surrounding it. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Cell Membrane: Function • Physical isolation • Regulation of exchange with the environment • Communication between the cell and its environment • Structural support © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Cell Membrane: Composition • Lipids and proteins • Fluid mosaic model © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.2b The Cell Membrane The Fluid Mosaic Model of Biological Membranes Peripheral proteins can Glycoprotein be removed without disrupting the integrity This membrane- of the membrane. Transmembrane spanning protein proteins cross the crosses the membrane lipid bilayer. seven times. Carbohydrate Extracellular Phospholipid heads fluid face the aqueous COOH intracellular and extracellular compartments. Lipid-anchored proteins Peripheral Lipid tails protein form the Cytoplasm interior layer Cytoskeleton proteins of the membrane. Phosphate Cell Intracellular Cholesterol molecules insert NH2 membrane fluid themselves into the lipid layer. Cytoplasmic loop © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Cell Membrane: Composition • Lipids – Phospholipids – Sphingolipids – Cholesterol • Phospholipid structures in water solutions – Micelle – Liposome – Bilayer of the cell membrane © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.2a The Cell Membrane Membrane Phospholipids Membrane phospholipids form bilayers, Polar head (hydrophilic) micelles, or liposomes. They arrange themselves so that their nonpolar tails Stylized model Nonpolar fatty acid tail are not in contact with aqueous (hydrophobic) solutions such as extracellular fluid. can arrange themselves as Phospholipid bilayer Micelles are droplets of phospholipids. Liposomes have forms a sheet. They are important in lipid digestion. an aqueous center. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Cell Membrane: Composition • Proteins – Integral • Transmembrane • Lipid-anchored – Peripheral © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Cell Membrane: Composition • Carbohydrates – Glycoproteins – Glycolipids © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.2c The Cell Membrane © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Intracellular Compartments • Cytoplasm – Cytosol – Inclusions – Cytoskeleton – Organelles • Nucleus © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.4-1a Cell Structure © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Inclusions Have No Membranes • Ribosomes – Fixed – Free • Polyribosomes © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Cytoplasmic Protein Fibers • Actin (microfilaments) • Intermediate filaments – Keratin – Neurofilaments • Microtubules – Centrioles, cilia, flagella © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Cytoskeleton: Function • Cell shape • Internal organization • Intracellular transport • Assembly of cells into tissues • Movement © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Microtubule Function • Centrosome – Assembles tubulin monomers into microtubules • Centrioles – Direct DNA movement in cell division • Cilia – Fluid movement across cells • Flagella – Cell (sperm) movement through fluid © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.5 Cilia and flagella Cilia Cilia and flagella have The beating of cilia 9 pairs of microtubules and flagella creates surrounding a central pair. fluid movement. Fluid movement Flagellum Microtubules Fluid movement Cilium Cell membrane Cilia © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.6 Motor proteins Organelle Motor protein ATP Direction of movement Cytoskeletal fiber © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Motor Proteins: Function • Myosins – Muscle contraction • Kinesins and dyneins – Movement of vesicles along microtubules • Dyneins – Movement of cilia and flagella © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Mitochondria • Two membranes create two compartments – Mitochondrial matrix • Unique DNA – Intermembrane space • Essential role in cellular ATP production © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.4-2g Cell Structure Mitochondria Outer membrane Mitchondria are spherical to elliptical organelles with a double Intermembrane space wall that creates two separate compartments within the organelle. The inner is surrounded by a membrane that folds into Cristae matrix leaflets called cristae. The intermembrane space, which lies Matrix between the two membranes, plays an important role in ATP production. Mitochondria are the site of most ATP synthesis in the cell. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Rough ER – Ribosomes attached – Protein assembly and modification • Smooth ER – Synthesis of fatty acids, steroids, lipids – Modified forms in liver, kidney, muscles © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.4-2i Cell Structure Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Ribosomes Rough ER The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of interconnected membrane tubes that are a continuation of the outer nuclear Ribosomes membrane. Rough endoplasmic reticulum has a granular appearance due to rows of ribosomes dotting its cytoplasmic surface. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes and Smooth ER appears as smooth membrane tubes. The rough ER is the main site of protein synthesis. The smooth ER synthesizes lipids and, in some cells, concentrates and stores calcium ions. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc..
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