International Organization for Migration (IOM) Mission in Ukraine MIGRATION FOR THE BENEFIT OF ALL

MIGRATION IN UKRAINE FACTS & FIGURES

SECOND EDITION 2013 FOREWORD Dear Reader,

I am pleased to present you the second edition of ‘Migration in Ukraine: Facts and Figures’. With this publication, the Mission of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in Ukraine intends to provide you with an updated compilation of statistics and an overview of migration trends.

While this short overview can only serve as an introduction to the complex and often inter-related topic of migration issues in Ukraine, we have tried to the extent possible, to put the facts and figures in context and to highlight how the relevant trends have evolved over time. This appears even more important given the often limited information available.

In line with IOM’s overall mandate, this fact sheet aims at advancing the understanding of the opportunities and challenges of migration in the Ukrainian context. Maximizing those opportunities and minimizing the challenges accompanied with migratory movements are the guiding principles of all activities and programmes the Mission is engaged in.

In doing so, the IOM Mission in Ukraine continues fighting trafficking in human beings, assisting the Government in dealing with irregular migration and migration management, and creating migrant-inclusive health practices and policies. At the same time, IOM Ukraine engages in exploring and promoting regular channels for Ukrainian labour migrants, integrating ethnic minorities, promoting the benefits of cultural diversity, and counteracting xenophobia.

This overview is a dynamic document, which will be updated on a regular basis, and thus, we welcome any comments, advice and new data, which you might have and that may help to improve this document in the future.

Manfred Profazi Chief of Mission, IOM Mission in Ukraine

The IOM Mission in Ukraine is grateful to the Senior Researcher with the National Institute for Strategic Studies Ms. Olena Malynovska for her expert review of the brochure.

Disclaimer: The facts and views contained in this publication, which is provided for information purposes only, do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM).

© All rights reserved, IOM Ukraine (2013)

8 Mykhailivska St., Kyiv, 01001, Ukraine e-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +38 044 568 50 15 Fax: +38 044 568 50 16 www.iom.org.ua 2 IOM

Established in 1951, the International state of the Organization. In 2001, Ukraine Organization for Migration (IOM) works requested membership in IOM, which closely with governmental, intergovernmental was formalized with the Ukrainian Parliament’s and non-governmental partners to promote ratification in 2002. humane and orderly migration for the benefit of all. With 151 member states and 12 states Over 17 years of work in Ukraine, IOM holding observer status, IOM has its offices has assisted more than 300,000 migrants in over 100 countries. (Ukrainians and nationals of other countries), potential migrants, victims of trafficking The IOM Mission in Ukraine was established and other vulnerable groups, directly in 1996, when Ukraine became an observer or through its project partners.

General information

UKRAINE: Middle Income Country

• Population (2012): 45.5 million1. • Unemployment rate according to the Inter- Ukraine is the 29th biggest country in the world. national Labour Organization methodology (average 2012): 7.5% of the population aged • Population growth (average %, 2000–2012): 15 and 704. –0.6 annually2. If employment abroad was not possible, From 2000–2012, the population of Ukraine the unemployment rate in Ukraine in 2008 declined by 4 mln people. This process was estimated to have been 1.5 times higher5. has slowed: the natural population decline coefficient in 2012 was –3.1 per 1,000 people • Net Migration Rate (2010–2015): compared to –7,6 per 1,000 people in 2000. –0.2 migrants/1,000 population6.

• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (2012): • Human Development Index (HDI)a: USD 176.308 billion in current prices 78 of 186 countries in 20127. or USD 3,870 per capita3. aA composite statistic of life expectancy, education and income

e-mail: [email protected] 8 Mykhailivska St., Kyiv, 01001, Ukraine 3 www.iom.org.ua Tel.: +38 044 568 50 15 Fax: +38 044 568 50 16 Migration from Ukraine

• 204,000 residence permits were issued there were 1.4 mln Ukrainian citizens to nationals of Ukraine by EU member states temporarily or permanently staying in Russia. in 2011. Ukrainian citizens comprise the largest 127,800 of these Ukrainians were holders group among the third-country nationals of work permits, comprising 11% of the foreign holding such permits in the EU8. However, labour force in the Russian Federation11. the majority of these permits are short-term (up to a year), and 156,000 of them were • In 2011–2012, the Ministry of Internal issued by Poland for seasonal employments9. Affairs (MoI) of Ukraine issued documents In 2012, Ukrainians formed the fifth biggest for 12,000 citizens of Ukraine who left group among third-country nationals staying the country for permanent residence abroad12. in the EU, after the citizens of Turkey (2.3 mln), Morocco (1.9 mln), Albania and China10. • Top destination countries: the Russian Federation, Germany, Israel, the United • According to the Federal Migration Service States, Belarus, the Czech Republic. of the Russian Federation, as of mid–2013,

Labour Migration

Between January 2010 and June 2012, 1.2 million people, or 3.4% of the population between 15 and 70, were working or searching for employment abroad, according to a study conducted by the State Statistics Service and the Institute of Demography and Social Studies within an EU-funded project implemented by ILO and IOM13.

FIGURE 1. Main Destination Countries of Ukrainian Labour Migrants (2010–2012)14

13% Czech Republic 5% Spain 13% Italy 2% Hungary 14% Poland 2% Portugal

8% Other countries

43% Russian Federation

8 Mykhailivska St., Kyiv, 01001, Ukraine e-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +38 044 568 50 15 Fax: +38 044 568 50 16 www.iom.org.ua 4 FIGURE 2. Gender Breakdown of Ukrainian Labour Migrants (2010–2012)15

1,400,000

1,200,000 65% Men

1,000,000

800,000

600,000

400,000

200,000 1,400,000

0 1,200,000 35% Women 65% Men the Russian Italy Germany Spain the Czech the United Federation Republic 1,000,000States

800,000

600,000

Since the conduct400,000 of a similar study in 2008, labour migration patterns have stayed rather stable. 4% Other kinds of work The balance200,000 between9% Wholesale Ukrainian and retail migrants trade working in Russia and the EU is close to 50/50, with 18% Domestic care men comprising about two-thirds of all labour migrants. 0 11% Agricultural sector 35% Women the Russian Italy Germany Spain the Czech the United Federation 4% Industry Republic States

4% Hotel and restaurant sector FIGURE 3. Main Employment Areas of Ukrainian Labour Migrants16 4% Transport sector 4% Other kinds of work 9% Wholesale and retail trade 18% Domestic46% Construction care 11% Agricultural sector

4% Industry

4% Hotel and restaurant sector

4% Transport sector

46% Construction

Among Ukrainian labour migrants working abroad in 2010–2012, 38% had residence and work permits, 13% had work permits, 24% had temporary registration, 17% had no legal status and 4% stayed in other countries with only tourist visas17.

e-mail: [email protected] 8 Mykhailivska St., Kyiv, 01001, Ukraine 5 www.iom.org.ua Tel.: +38 044 568 50 15 Fax: +38 044 568 50 16 Economic differences between Ukraine’s regions are significant. For instance, per capita income in Donetsk Region was USD 683 in the first quarter of 2011, which was 20% higher than the average income of USD 550 for all of Ukraine. The average income in Chernivtsi Region was USD 352, 37% less than the country average.

This is one of the factors behind the current geographical distribution pattern of source regions for labour migration18 (see Map 4). Other key factors include border proximity, established migration networks, and cultural ties.

MAP 4. Distribution of Ukrainian Labour Migrants by Regions of Origin (2008)19

Very High High Average Low Very low

Only some migrants manage to find jobs abroad corresponding to their qualification levels. Regardless of their education, most migrants are working in low-skilled jobs20. Due to the existing mismatch between migrants’ skills and occupied positions abroad, Ukrainian labour migration, at least to a certain extent, can be qualified as “brain drain”21. This disparity is further evidenced when data on migrants’ areas of employment abroad (see Figure 3) are juxtaposed with their education level (see Figure 5).

8 Mykhailivska St., Kyiv, 01001, Ukraine e-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +38 044 568 50 15 Fax: +38 044 568 50 16 www.iom.org.ua 6 м FIGURE 5. Education Level of Ukrainian Labour Migrants (2010–2012)

65% Secondary education

5% Basic secondary or primary education

15% Basic higher 15% Complete or uncompleted education higher education

Profile Survey of Ukrainians Emigrating to the “New World” (2011)22

A survey of 150 Ukrainian migrants going to Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the USA was conducted by IOM Ukraine in September–October 2011. One hundred and fifty randomly selected persons were interviewed. The poll demonstrated gender and age differences concerning intentions to emigrate.

Figure 6. Age Characteristics of Ukrainian Emigrants to the “New World” (2011)

64 % Under 30 years

17 % 31–40 years

13 % Over 50 years 6 % 41–50 years

Emigrants to Australia, Canada, New Zealand and USA were predominantly aged under 30 (64%), female (64%), held higher education (56%), and intended to emigrate permanently (25%).

The survey confirmed that mostly young and educated Ukrainians leave the country for permanent residence abroad. According to the received data, future emigrants were mainly employed in the areas of education, culture, science, retail and services in Ukraine, or were students.

e-mail: [email protected] 8 Mykhailivska St., Kyiv, 01001, Ukraine 7 www.iom.org.ua Tel.: +38 044 568 50 15 Fax: +38 044 568 50 16 The prevailing reasons of emigration to Australia, Canada, New Zealand and USA are family reunification and permanent residence, while emigration to EU and Russia is mostly labour- oriented (see figure 7).

Figure 7. Reasons for Emigration of Ukrainians to the “New World” (2011)

Family reunification 40 % Other 18 %

Studying 21 % Employment 21 %

Ukrainian Diaspora

FIGURE 8. Ukrainian Diaspora, Main Countries (2000–2010)23

2,000,000

1,500,000

1,000,000

500,000

0 Russia Canada USA Brazil Kazakhstan Moldova

Historically, Ukraine has one of the largest diasporas in the world, with many of its members maintaining cultural and economic linkages with their homeland. The size of the Ukrainian diaspora is estimated at between 12 and 20 million, depending on which definition of “diaspora” is applied.

8 Mykhailivska St., Kyiv, 01001, Ukraine e-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +38 044 568 50 15 Fax: +38 044 568 50 16 www.iom.org.ua 8 Migration to Ukraine

Figure 9: Number of Immigrants Officially Registered in Ukraine (2008–2012)

230,000 The total stock of immigrants, who were 225,000 220,000 staying in Ukraine with a residence permit 215,000 as of 2012, comprised 230,89124. 210,000 205,000 200,000 The number of immigrants has been steadily 195,000 increasing since 2008, by 10,000–15,000 190,000 185,000 persons annually. 180,000 175,000 Top countries of origin are the Russian 170,000 165,000 Federation, Moldova, Uzbekistan, Belarus, 160,000 Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Migrants in Ukraine25: Facts about Integration Level (2011)

The Kyiv International Insitute of Sociology conducted a poll for the Institute of Human Rights and Prevention of Extremism and Xenophobia in 2011. About 400 migrants, representatives of 10 ethnic groups aged over 18, were interviewed in all the regions of Ukraine.

• 51% have higher education • 81% are permanently and legally living in Ukraine • 10% are students or temporary labour migrants and 9% have irregular status or are asylum seekers • 74% are employed • 56% are officially employed (14% are private entrepreneurs) • 15% claim that their relatives or friends could also move to Ukraine • 80% fluently communicate with the locals in Russian or Ukrainian • 12% speak only their native language • 66% of migrants’ children study at local schools • 91% have good friends among the locals • 93% enjoy freedom in their religious practices in Ukraine

The highest number of foreigners holding work permits in Ukraine was recorded in 2008, at a time of increased economic activity. However, due to the first wave of the global financial crisis, this number began to decline sharply and now remains steadily at around 8,000.

e-mail: [email protected] 8 Mykhailivska St., Kyiv, 01001, Ukraine 9 www.iom.org.ua Tel.: +38 044 568 50 15 Fax: +38 044 568 50 16 Figure 10. Number of Foreign Migrant Workers Registered in Ukraine21 (2002–2012)26 FIGURE 7. THE PROPORTION OF FIGURE 5. EDUCATION LEVEL OF UKRAINIAN LABOUR MIGRANTS POPULATION AGED 65+ (2000 & 2025)24 Aging is an inevitable demographic trend and Ukraine is projected to 14,000 25 experience an increase in the 12,000 59% 20 10% percentage of Ukrainians of 10,000 15 retirement age (aged 65 or over) from 8,000 14% to 20.5%24. This development will 10 6,000 have significant consequences for the 4,000 % population 5 labour force, who will have to support 2,000 14% 0 the growing number of pensioners 59% Complete secondary 0 2000 2025 and people in need of health care. 17% Basic2002 or incomplete2003 2004 higher 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 14% Complete higher 10% Primary or incomplete secondary 17% Unemployment and Migration

25 Demographics, Migration and Development Migrant-non-migrant wage differential: the average migrant wage abroad was USD 820 in 2008 , which was almost 3 times higher than the average salary in Ukraine (USD 28126). The Demographics main migration push factors for Ukrainian labour migrants are the improvement of their The population development of Ukraine is characterized by demographic decline. Between 1991 living standards and the prospect of higher salaries (over 56%); whilst unemployment is a and 2012, the total population declined by more than seven million, reflecting a sharp decline 27 The population development of Ukraine is characterized by demographic decline. Between 1991 marginal variable (less than 7%) . However income differentials are not the sole in birth rate and a negative migration balance. This trend is expected to continue, implying and 2010 the total population declined from 51.7 million to 45.9 million, reflecting a sharp decline motivation factor for migration; the decision process includes non-fiscal variables such as that the overall population will decline by another 10 million by 2050. Moreover, by 2050, 28 in birth rate and a negative migration balance. This trend is expected to continue, implying that social preferences and cultural values . it is estimated that nearly half of the population will be more than 45 years old27. By 2050, the overall population will decline by another 10 million until 2050. By 2050, nearly half of the the share of the population aged over 2260 will grow by 50%, and the share of population aged population will be more than 45 years old . over 80 will more than triple over the same period of time28. Migrant Monetary Transfers to Ukraine (Remittances) FIGURE 8. Remittances to Ukraine are nearly equivalent 29 FIGURE 11. Population Decline Prognosis in Ukraine 2010–2050 to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and almost 10 46 mln eight times higher than Official Development 8 Assistance (ODA). Hypothetical models 44 mln estimate that the Ukrainian economy would 6 42 mln have lost about 7% of its potential without the 32 40 mln 4 stimulating effects of migrant transfers and

38 mln billion USD that a 10% increase in per capita remittances 2 36 mln leads to a 3.5% decline in the share of people living in poverty33. The biggest share of 34 mln 0 Remittances FDI ODA remittances is used for living expenses (73%) 32 mln 29 and consumer goods (26%), whilst only 3.3% Net FDI (2010): 5.5 billion USD 34 30 mln Remittances (2010): 5.2 billion USD30 are used for setting up a business . One per 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Official Development Assistance (2009): 0.667 billion USD31 cent reduction in transaction costs raises recorded remittances by 14-23%35.

Fertility rate: 1.29 children born/woman (2012)30

8 Mykhailivska St., Kyiv, 01001, Ukraine e-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +38 044 568 50 15 Fax: +38 044 568 50 16 www.iom.org.ua 10 Migrant Monetary Transfers to Ukraine (Remittances)

The amount of private remittances transferred to Ukraine in 2012 is estimated at around USD 7.5 billion, which is equal to 4% of Ukraine’s GDP in the same year31.

Figure 12. Private Transfers to Ukraine Compared to Investments (2012)

7 billion

6 billion Remittances (2012): 5 billion USD 7.5 billion32 4 billion 3 billion Net Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) (2012): 2 billion USD 6 billion33 1 billion 0 Remittances FDI

There is a continuous increase in the amount of remittances to Ukraine since 2001, except for 2009 (see Figure 13). Hypothetical models estimate that the Ukrainian economy would have lost about 7% of its potential without the stimulating effects of migrant transfers34 and that a 10% increase in per capita remittances leads to a 3.5% decline in the share of people living in poverty35. The biggest share of remittances is used for living expenses (73%) and consumer goods (26%), whilst only 3.3% are used for setting up a business36. A one per cent reduction in transaction costs raises recorded remittances by 14–23%, according to estimates37. Ukraine receives the largest shares of remittances from Ukrainian migrants residing in Russia, the United States, Germany, Greece, Italy, and the United Kingdom38, which indicates that it is not only Ukrainian labour migrants supporting their families but also the members of the diaspora.

Figure 13. Migrant Remittance Inflow (USD million) to Ukraine (2001–2012)39

7,000

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

e-mail: [email protected] 8 Mykhailivska St., Kyiv, 01001, Ukraine 11 www.iom.org.ua Tel.: +38 044 568 50 15 Fax: +38 044 568 50 16 Trafficking in Human Beings

Figure 14. Victims of Trafficking Assisted by IOM in Ukraine (2000–2012)

1,200 1,121 Men 1,085 Women 937 945 1,000 Gender unavailable 828 820 823 773 800 626 600 525

400 332 254 200 42 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Ukraine remains one of the main countries of origin of victims of trafficking in Europe. Out of the estimated 120,000 Ukrainian citizens who have been trafficked since 199140, IOM has identified and assisted more than 9,000 victims. Numerous new trends are emerging, including an increase in labour exploitation; the risk group for trafficking expanding from young women between 15–24 years to women and men of all ages; a significant number of unidentified child victims in state care; and an increasing number of foreigners being exploited in Ukraine.

Figure 15. Main Countries of Destination for Victims of Trafficking, Assisted by IOM Ukraine (2000–2012)

3% Italy 6% Ukraine

4% the Czech Republic 21% Other Countries

14% Poland

13% Turkey

39% Russian Federation

Along with being a country of origin of trafficking in human beings, Ukraine is also increasingly becoming a country of destination for persons trafficked internationally. There is also arise in internal trafficking in Ukraine.

8 Mykhailivska St., Kyiv, 01001, Ukraine e-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +38 044 568 50 15 Fax: +38 044 568 50 16 www.iom.org.ua 12 Irregular Migration

Figure 16. Number of Migrants Apprehended in Ukraine for Stay Violations41 and for Irregular Crossing of Ukraine’s State Border42 (2003–2011)

18,000 MoI data 16,000 SBGS data 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

There was a stable number of apprehensions for violations of rules of stay in 2005–2011 (approximately 12,000–14,000), while the number of cross-border apprehensions has been steadily regressing since 2006.

Figure 17. Nationality of Migrants Apprehended for Illegal Crossing of the State Border (2012)43 5% Belarus 2% Tajikistan 5% Somalia 21% Russian Federation 6% Afghanistan 6% Georgia 4% Stateless persons

21% Other countries 30% Moldova

In recent years, Ukraine has witnessed a shifting trend in main countries of origin of irregular migrants detected at the border, with dominant nationalities changing from Asia to the newly independent states (CIS region).

e-mail: [email protected] 8 Mykhailivska St., Kyiv, 01001, Ukraine 13 www.iom.org.ua Tel.: +38 044 568 50 15 Fax: +38 044 568 50 16 Glossary44

Diaspora — refers to any people or ethnic population that leave their traditional ethnic homelands, being dispersed throughout other parts of the world.

Emigrant — a person undertaking an emigration.

Emigration — the act of departing or exiting from one state with a view to settle in another.

Immigrant — a person undertaking an immigration.

Immigration — a process by which non-nationals move into a country for the purpose of settlement.

Irregular Migrant — someone who, owing to illegal entry or the expiry of his or her visa, lacks legal status in a transit or host country.

Irregular Migration — movement that takes place outside the regulatory norms of the sending, transit and receiving countries.

Labour Migration — movement of persons from their home state to another state for the purpose of employment.

Migrant Worker — a person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a State of which he or she is not a national.

Migration — a process of moving, either across an international border, or within a state.

Remittances — monies earned or acquired by non-nationals that are transferred back to their country of origin.

Trafficking in Human Beings — the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.

8 Mykhailivska St., Kyiv, 01001, Ukraine e-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +38 044 568 50 15 Fax: +38 044 568 50 16 www.iom.org.ua 14 References

1. State Statistics Service of Ukraine (SSS), 2013 22. IOM Ukraine, 2011 2. SSS, 2013 23. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine 3. SSS, 2013 (MFA), 2010 4. SSS, 2012 24. SMS, 2013 5. Ukrainian Centre for Social Reforms 25. Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (UCSR), SSS, “Ukrainian External Labour for the Institute of Human Rights Migration”, 2009 and Prevention of Extremism 6. United Nations Department of Economic and Xenophobia, 2011 and Social Affairs (UNDESA), 2012 26. Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine 7. UNDP Human Development Report, 2012 (MSP), 2012 8. European Commission 4th Annual Report 27. UNDESA, 2009 on Immigration and Asylum, 2012 28. Institute of Demography and Social 9. Eurostat, 2012 Studies of the National Academy 10. Eurostat, 2012 of Sciences of Ukraine, 2013 11. Federal Migration Service, 2013 29. UN Population Devision, 2009 12. State Migration Service of Ukraine 30. CIA World Factbook, 2012 (SMS), 2013 31. National Bank of Ukraine (NBU), 2013 13. Labour Migration Survey (LMS), 2012 32. NBU, 2013 (within EU-funded project “Effective 33. NBU, 2013 Governance of Labour Migration 34. Centre for Social and Economic and its Skills Dimensions”, implemented Research (CASE), 2008 by the ILO and IOM) 35. WB, 2010 14. LMS, 2012 36. ETF, 2009 15. LMS, 2012 37. C. Freund (World Bank), N. Spatafora 16. LMS, 2012 (IMF), 2008 17. LMS, 2012 38. NBU, 2010 18. M. Hoffman & D. Reichel, “Ukrainian 39. WB, NBU, 2001–2013 Migration: An Analysis of Migration 40. IOM, 2012 Movements to, through and 41. Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine from Ukraine”, 2011 (MoI), 2012 19. UCSR, SSS, “Ukrainian External Labour 42. State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Migration”, 2009 (SBGS), 2012 20. European Training Centre (ETF), 2009 43. SBGS, 2012 21. O. Malynovska, “International Migration 44. Glossary on Migration, IOM, 2004 in Contemporary Ukraine: Trends and Policy”, 2004

e-mail: [email protected] 8 Mykhailivska St., Kyiv, 01001, Ukraine 15 www.iom.org.ua Tel.: +38 044 568 50 15 Fax: +38 044 568 50 16 We are interested in your opinion. If you have any comments, please contact us at [email protected]