Can You Stretch Space-Time? Looking at the Vast Array of Stars on the Night Sky, We Always Wonder: How Did All of This Come to B

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Can you stretch space-time? Looking at the vast array of stars on the night sky, we always wonder: how did all of this come to be? Has it always existed? If not, how and when did it begin? Scientists have used several methods to figure out the initial conditions of the universe and its evolution. In the 1920s, mathematician Alexander Friedmann predicted an expanding universe. Edwin Hubble confirmed this when he discovered that many galaxies were moving away from our own at high speeds. Hubble measured several of these galaxies and in 1929 published a paper stating the universe is getting bigger. The expansion rate of the universe is known as the Hubble constant. However, the measured current expansion rate of the universe tends to be about 5 percent higher than what is predicted by theory. Scientists think, dark matter and dark energy, which appear to make up about 95 percent of the universe have an important role in the expansion of the universe. Several experiments at Fermilab are seeking to uncover the mysteries of dark matter and dark energy. Materials: Large balloon, sticky letters Activity: Blow the balloon little bit and write on it the word UNIVERSE using the sticky letters. Make sure the letters are attached well (you can use double sided tape to fix the letters). Start blowing the balloon and observe what the letters do (assuming they don’t come off). Watch the distance between the letters increasing as the balloon gets bigger. Questions to ask: What does the balloon surface represent? Does the distance between letters (galaxies) change as the balloon gets bigger? Do the letters (galaxies) get larger/smaller? Why the space stretching is not affecting the size of galaxies? Useful links: https://ed.fnal.gov/lsc_exhibits/list.html https://twitter.com/FermilabEd/status/1242451101288300546 .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Frame Covariance and Fine Tuning in Inflationary Cosmology
FRAME COVARIANCE AND FINE TUNING IN INFLATIONARY COSMOLOGY A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Science and Engineering 2019 By Sotirios Karamitsos School of Physics and Astronomy Contents Abstract 8 Declaration 9 Copyright Statement 10 Acknowledgements 11 1 Introduction 13 1.1 Frames in Cosmology: A Historical Overview . 13 1.2 Modern Cosmology: Frames and Fine Tuning . 15 1.3 Outline . 17 2 Standard Cosmology and the Inflationary Paradigm 20 2.1 General Relativity . 20 2.2 The Hot Big Bang Model . 25 2.2.1 The Expanding Universe . 26 2.2.2 The Friedmann Equations . 29 2.2.3 Horizons and Distances in Cosmology . 33 2.3 Problems in Standard Cosmology . 34 2.3.1 The Flatness Problem . 35 2.3.2 The Horizon Problem . 36 2 2.4 An Accelerating Universe . 37 2.5 Inflation: More Questions Than Answers? . 40 2.5.1 The Frame Problem . 41 2.5.2 Fine Tuning and Initial Conditions . 45 3 Classical Frame Covariance 48 3.1 Conformal and Weyl Transformations . 48 3.2 Conformal Transformations and Unit Changes . 51 3.3 Frames in Multifield Scalar-Tensor Theories . 55 3.4 Dynamics of Multifield Inflation . 63 4 Quantum Perturbations in Field Space 70 4.1 Gauge Invariant Perturbations . 71 4.2 The Field Space in Multifield Inflation . 74 4.3 Frame-Covariant Observable Quantities . 78 4.3.1 The Potential Slow-Roll Hierarchy . 81 4.3.2 Isocurvature Effects in Two-Field Models . 83 5 Fine Tuning in Inflation 88 5.1 Initial Conditions Fine Tuning .
[Show full text]
PDF Solutions
Solutions to exercises Solutions to exercises Exercise 1.1 A‘stationary’ particle in anylaboratory on theEarth is actually subject to gravitationalforcesdue to theEarth andthe Sun. Thesehelp to ensure that theparticle moveswith thelaboratory.Ifstepsweretaken to counterbalance theseforcessothatthe particle wasreally not subject to anynet force, then the rotation of theEarth andthe Earth’sorbital motionaround theSun would carry thelaboratory away from theparticle, causing theforce-free particle to followacurving path through thelaboratory.Thiswouldclearly show that the particle didnot have constantvelocity in the laboratory (i.e.constantspeed in a fixed direction) andhence that aframe fixed in the laboratory is not an inertial frame.More realistically,anexperimentperformed usingthe kind of long, freely suspendedpendulum known as a Foucaultpendulum couldreveal the fact that a frame fixed on theEarth is rotating andthereforecannot be an inertial frame of reference. An even more practical demonstrationisprovidedbythe winds,which do not flowdirectly from areas of high pressure to areas of lowpressure because of theEarth’srotation. - Exercise 1.2 TheLorentzfactor is γ(V )=1/ 1−V2/c2. (a) If V =0.1c,then 1 γ = - =1.01 (to 3s.f.). 1 − (0.1c)2/c2 (b) If V =0.9c,then 1 γ = - =2.29 (to 3s.f.). 1 − (0.9c)2/c2 Notethatitisoften convenient to write speedsinterms of c instead of writingthe values in ms−1,because of thecancellation between factorsofc. ? @ AB Exercise 1.3 2 × 2 M = Theinverse of a matrix CDis ? @ 1 D −B M −1 = AD − BC −CA. Taking A = γ(V ), B = −γ(V )V/c, C = −γ(V)V/c and D = γ(V ),and noting that AD − BC =[γ(V)]2(1 − V 2/c2)=1,wehave ? @ γ(V )+γ(V)V/c [Λ]−1 = .
[Show full text]
Hubble's Evidence for the Big Bang
Hubble’s Evidence for the Big Bang | Instructor Guide Students will explore data from real galaxies to assemble evidence for the expansion of the Universe. Prerequisites ● Light spectra, including graphs of intensity vs. wavelength. ● Linear (y vs x) graphs and slope. ● Basic measurement statistics, like mean and standard deviation. Resources for Review ● Doppler Shift Overview ● Students will consider what the velocity vs. distance graph should look like for 3 different types of universes - a static universe, a universe with random motion, and an expanding universe. ● In an online interactive environment, students will collect evidence by: ○ using actual spectral data to calculate the recession velocities of the galaxies ○ using a “standard ruler” approach to estimate distances to the galaxies ● After they have collected the data, students will plot the galaxy velocities and distances to determine what type of model Universe is supported by their data. Grade Level: 9-12 Suggested Time One or two 50-minute class periods Multimedia Resources ● Hubble and the Big Bang WorldWide Telescope Interactive Materials ● Activity sheet - Hubble’s Evidence for the Big Bang Lesson Plan The following represents one manner in which the materials could be organized into a lesson: Focus Question: ● How does characterizing how galaxies move today tell us about the history of our Universe? Learning Objective: ● SWBAT collect and graph velocity and distance data for a set of galaxies, and argue that their data set provides evidence for the Big Bang theory of an expanding Universe. Activity Outline: 1. Engage a. Invite students to share their ideas about these questions: i. Where did the Universe come from? ii.
[Show full text]
The Big-Bang Theory AST-101, Ast-117, AST-602
AST-101, Ast-117, AST-602 The Big-Bang theory Luis Anchordoqui Thursday, November 21, 19 1 17.1 The Expanding Universe! Last class.... Thursday, November 21, 19 2 Hubbles Law v = Ho × d Velocity of Hubbles Recession Distance Constant (Mpc) (Doppler Shift) (km/sec/Mpc) (km/sec) velocity Implies the Expansion of the Universe! distance Thursday, November 21, 19 3 The redshift of a Galaxy is: A. The rate at which a Galaxy is expanding in size B. How much reader the galaxy appears when observed at large distances C. the speed at which a galaxy is orbiting around the Milky Way D. the relative speed of the redder stars in the galaxy with respect to the blues stars E. The recessional velocity of a galaxy, expressed as a fraction of the speed of light Thursday, November 21, 19 4 The redshift of a Galaxy is: A. The rate at which a Galaxy is expanding in size B. How much reader the galaxy appears when observed at large distances C. the speed at which a galaxy is orbiting around the Milky Way D. the relative speed of the redder stars in the galaxy with respect to the blues stars E. The recessional velocity of a galaxy, expressed as a fraction of the speed of light Thursday, November 21, 19 5 To a first approximation, a rough maximum age of the Universe can be estimated using which of the following? A. the age of the oldest open clusters B. 1/H0 the Hubble time C. the age of the Sun D.
[Show full text]
The Discovery of the Expansion of the Universe
galaxies Review The Discovery of the Expansion of the Universe Øyvind Grøn Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, Oslo Metropolitan University, PO Box 4 St. Olavs Plass, NO-0130 Oslo, Norway; [email protected]; Tel.: +047-90-94-64-60 Received: 2 November 2018; Accepted: 29 November 2018; Published: 3 December 2018 Abstract: Alexander Friedmann, Carl Wilhelm Wirtz, Vesto Slipher, Knut E. Lundmark, Willem de Sitter, Georges H. Lemaître, and Edwin Hubble all contributed to the discovery of the expansion of the universe. If only two persons are to be ranked as the most important ones for the general acceptance of the expansion of the universe, the historical evidence points at Lemaître and Hubble, and the proper answer to the question, “Who discovered the expansion of the universe?”, is Georges H. Lemaître. Keywords: cosmology history; expansion of the universe; Lemaitre; Hubble 1. Introduction The history of the discovery of the expansion of the universe is fascinating, and it has been thoroughly studied by several historians of science. (See, among others, the contributions to the conference Origins of the expanding universe [1]: 1912–1932). Here, I will present the main points of this important part of the history of the evolution of the modern picture of our world. 2. Einstein’s Static Universe Albert Einstein completed the general theory of relativity in December 1915, and the theory was presented in an impressive article [2] in May 1916. He applied [3] the theory to the construction of a relativistic model of the universe in 1917. At that time, it was commonly thought that the universe was static, since one had not observed any large scale motions of the stars.
[Show full text]
Cosmology and Religion — an Outsider's Study
Cosmology and Religion — An Outsider’s Study (Big Bang and Creation) Dezs˝oHorváth [email protected] KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics (RMKI), Budapest and Institute of Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), Debrecen Dezs˝oHorváth: Cosmology and religion Wien, 10.03.2010 – p. 1/46 Outline Big Bang, Inﬂation. Lemaître and Einstein. Evolution and Religion. Big Bang and Hinduism, Islam, Christianity. Saint Augustine on Creation. Saint Augustine on Time. John Paul II and Stephen Hawking. Dezs˝oHorváth: Cosmology and religion Wien, 10.03.2010 – p. 2/46 Warning Physics is an exact science (collection of formulae) It is based on precise mathematical formalism. A theory is valid if quantities calculated with it agree with experiment. Real physical terms are measurable quantities, words are just words. Behind the words there are precise mathematics and experimental evidence What and how: Physics Why: philosopy? And theology? Dezs˝oHorváth: Cosmology and religion Wien, 10.03.2010 – p. 3/46 What is Cosmology? Its subject is the Universe as a whole. How did it form? (Not why?) Static, expanding or shrinking? Open or closed? Its substance, composition? Its past and future? Dezs˝oHorváth: Cosmology and religion Wien, 10.03.2010 – p. 4/46 The Story of the Big Bang Theory Red Shift of Distant Galaxies Henrietta S. Leavitt Vesto Slipher Distances to galaxies Red shift of galaxies 1908–1912 1912 Dezs˝oHorváth: Cosmology and religion Wien, 10.03.2010 – p. 5/46 Expanding Universe Cosmological principle: if the expansion linear A. Friedmann v(B/A) = v(C/B) ⇒ v(C/A)=2v(B/A) the Universe is homogeneous, it has no special point.
[Show full text]
The Universe of General Relativity, Springer 2005.Pdf
Einstein Studies Editors: Don Howard John Stachel Published under the sponsorship of the Center for Einstein Studies, Boston University Volume 1: Einstein and the History of General Relativity Don Howard and John Stachel, editors Volume 2: Conceptual Problems of Quantum Gravity Abhay Ashtekar and John Stachel, editors Volume 3: Studies in the History of General Relativity Jean Eisenstaedt and A.J. Kox, editors Volume 4: Recent Advances in General Relativity Allen I. Janis and John R. Porter, editors Volume 5: The Attraction of Gravitation: New Studies in the History of General Relativity John Earman, Michel Janssen and John D. Norton, editors Volume 6: Mach’s Principle: From Newton’s Bucket to Quantum Gravity Julian B. Barbour and Herbert Pfister, editors Volume 7: The Expanding Worlds of General Relativity Hubert Goenner, Jürgen Renn, Jim Ritter, and Tilman Sauer, editors Volume 8: Einstein: The Formative Years, 1879–1909 Don Howard and John Stachel, editors Volume 9: Einstein from ‘B’ to ‘Z’ John Stachel Volume 10: Einstein Studies in Russia Yuri Balashov and Vladimir Vizgin, editors Volume 11: The Universe of General Relativity A.J. Kox and Jean Eisenstaedt, editors A.J. Kox Jean Eisenstaedt Editors The Universe of General Relativity Birkhauser¨ Boston • Basel • Berlin A.J. Kox Jean Eisenstaedt Universiteit van Amsterdam Observatoire de Paris Instituut voor Theoretische Fysica SYRTE/UMR8630–CNRS Valckenierstraat 65 F-75014 Paris Cedex 1018 XE Amsterdam France The Netherlands AMS Subject Classiﬁcation (2000): 01A60, 83-03, 83-06 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The universe of general relativity / A.J. Kox, editors, Jean Eisenstaedt. p.
[Show full text]
Near-Death Studies and Modern Physics
Near-Death Studies and Modern Physics Craig R. Lundahl, Ph.D. Western New Mexico University Arvin S. Gibson Kaysville, UT ABSTRACT: The fields of near-death studies and modern physics face common dilemmas: namely, how to account for the corroborative nature of many near death experiences or of the anthropic disposition of the universe without allow ing for some otherworldly existence and/or some guiding intelligence. Extreme efforts in both fields to explain various phenomena by contemporary scientific methods and theories have been largely unsuccessful. This paper exposes some of the principal problem areas and suggests a greater collaboration between the two fields. Specific illustrations are given where collaborative effort might be fruitful. The paper also suggests a broader perspective in performing the research, one that places greater emphasis on an otherworldly thrust in future research. Efforts to explain the near-death experience (NDE) have tended to fo cus on theories to explain the NDE as a biological, mental, psychological or social phenomena and theories that explain it as a real occurrence. These attempts have been proposed by researchers and theorists from a number of different fields. They tend to fall into a number of cat egories of explanation that include cultural, pharmacological, physio logical, neurological, psychological, and religious. These many attempts at explanation include such factors as prior social or cultural conditioning (Rodin, 1980), drugs and sensory de privation (Grof and Halifax, 1977; Palmer, 1978; Siegel, 1980), cere bral anoxia or hypoxia, temporal lobe seizures, and altered states of Craig R. Lundahl, Ph.D., is Professor Emeritus of Sociology and Business Admin istration and Chair Emeritus of the Department of Social Sciences at Western New Mexico University in Silver City, New Mexico.
[Show full text]
Dark Matter in the Universe
INTRODUCTION TO COSMOLOGY ALEXEY GLADYSHEV (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research & Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology) RUSSIAN LANGUAGE TEACHER PROGRAMME CERN, November 2, 2016 Introduction to cosmology History of cosmology. Units and scales in cosmology. Basic observational facts. Expansion of the Universe. Cosmic microwave background radiation. Homogeneity and isotropy of the Universe. The Big Bang Model. Cosmological Principle. Friedmann-Robertson- Walker metric. The Hubble law. Einstein equations. Equations of state. Friedmann Equations. Basic cosmological parameters. The history of the Universe from Particle physics point of view. The idea of inflation. Problems and puzzles of the Big Bang Model. The Dark Matter. Cosmology after 1998. The accelerating Universe. The Dark Energy and cosmological constant. November 2, 2016 A Gladyshev “Introduction to Cosmology” 2 What is Cosmology ? COSMOLOGY – from the Greek κοσμος – the World, the Universe λογος – a word, a theory studies the Universe as a whole, its history, and evolution November 2, 2016 A Gladyshev “Introduction to Cosmology” 3 Cosmology before XX century ~ 2000 BC Babylonians were skilled astronomers who were able to predict the apparent motions of the Moon, planets and the Sun upon the sky, and could even predict eclipses ~ IV century BC The Ancient Greeks were the first to build a “cosmological model” within which to interpret these motions. They developed the idea that the stars were fixed on a celestial sphere which rotated about the spherical Earth every 24 hours, and the planets, the Sun and the Moon, moved between the Earth and the stars. November 2, 2016 A Gladyshev “Introduction to Cosmology” 4 Cosmology before XX century II century BC Ptolemy suggested the Earth-centred system.
[Show full text]
216305165.Pdf
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Caltech Authors - Main General Relativity as a Hybrid theory: The Genesis of Einstein’s work on the problem of motion Dennis Lehmkuhl, Einstein Papers Project, California Institute of Technology Email: [email protected] Forthcoming in Studies in the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics Special Issue: Physical Relativity, 10 years on Abstract In this paper I describe the genesis of Einstein’s early work on the problem of motion in general relativity (GR): the question of whether the motion of matter subject to gravity can be derived directly from the Einstein field equations. In addressing this question, Ein- stein himself always preferred the vacuum approach to the problem: the attempt to derive geodesic motion of matter from the vacuum Einstein equations. The paper first investigates why Einstein was so skeptical of the energy-momentum tensor and its role in GR. Drawing on hitherto unknown correspondence between Einstein and George Yuri Rainich, I then show step by step how his work on the vacuum approach came about, and how his quest for a unified field theory informed his interpretation of GR. I show that Einstein saw GR as a hybrid theory from very early on: fundamental and correct as far as gravity was concerned but phenomenological and effective in how it accounted for matter. As a result, Einstein saw energy-momentum tensors and singularities in GR as placeholders for a theory of matter not yet delivered. The reason he preferred singularities was that he hoped that their mathemat- ical treatment would give a hint as to the sought after theory of matter, a theory that would do justice to quantum features of matter.
[Show full text]
The Consciousness Revolution in Science
Jim Beichler ASCSI/SFF Conference Presentation 6 October 2018 The Consciousness Revolution in Science The inner workings of the primal cosmic mish-mash which yields our senses of spirit, consciousness and our interpretations of nature/physics James E. Beichler Abstract: It is no coincidence that the many theoretical physicists are ‘suggesting’ that our final physical reality could be time, bits, a hologram, a computer program, information, 1s and 0s, mathematics, or some other intangible quantity while many consciousness scientists and philosophers suggest that human consciousness might be time, bits, a hologram, a computer program, information, 1s and 0s, mathematics, or some other intangible quality. They are making these ridiculous claims independent of each other because each group is facing their own inabilities to move forward, and they are both grasping at straws, in this case the same straws. They are both facing conundrums of thought and do not realize that they are confusing the advance of science rather than advancing science. In the meantime, neuroscientists, technicians and engineers are developing machines that read peoples’ minds and developing brain/machine interfaces and advanced computer AI that seems to render the questions regarding human consciousness and spirituality either even more important or completely irrelevant. This is the mish-mash that is the present state of science, but a revolution, not only in physics and science, but in human thought and evolution itself, that will change all of this is on the offing.
[Show full text]
Georges Lemaître - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Page 1 of 5
Georges Lemaître - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 5 Georges Lemaître From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Monsignor Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Georges Lemaître Lemaître ( lemaitre.ogg 17 July 1894 – 20 June 1966) was a Belgian priest, astronomer and professor of physics at the Catholic University of Louvain. He sometimes used the title Abbé or Monseigneur . Lemaître proposed what became known as the Big Bang theory of the origin of the Universe, which he called his 'hypothesis of the primeval atom'. [1][2] Contents 1 Biography 2 Work 3 Namesakes 4 Bibliography 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Biography Monseigneur Georges Lemaître, priest and scientist Born 17 July 1894 After a Charleroi, Belgium classical education at Died 20 June 1966 (aged 71) a Jesuit Leuven, Belgium secondary Nationality Belgian school (Collège du Fields Cosmology, Astrophysics Sacré-Coeur, Institutions Catholic University of Louvain Charleroi), Lemaître began studying civil engineering at the Catholic University of Louvain at the age of 17. In 1914, he interrupted his studies to serve as an artillery officer in the Belgian army for the duration of World War I. At the end of hostilities, he received the Military Cross with palms. According to the Big Bang theory, the After the war, he studied physics and mathematics, and began universe emerged from an extremely to prepare for priesthood. He obtained his doctorate in 1920 dense and hot state (singularity). Space with a thesis entitled l'Approximation des fonctions de itself has been expanding ever since, plusieurs variables réelles ( Approximation of functions of carrying galaxies with it, like raisins in a several real variables ), written under the direction of Charles rising loaf of bread.
[Show full text]