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Facilitators of Smuggling of Migrants in Southeast Asia

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Facilitators of Smuggling of Migrants in Southeast Asia Facilitators of Smuggling of Migrants in Southeast Asia: Fraudulent Documents, Money Laundering, and Corruption Copyright © 2019, United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Regional Office for Southeast Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand. UNODC gratefully acknowledges the financial contribution of Global Affairs Canada that enabled the research for and the production of this publication. Lead researcher: Dr Andreas Schloenhardt, Professor of Criminal Law, The University of Queensland School of Law, Brisbane, Australia and Professorial Research Fellow, Department of Criminal Law & Criminology, University of Vienna, Austria The research was supervised by UNODC Regional Office for Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Disclaimers: This report has not been formally edited. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC, Member States, or contributory organizations, and neither do they imply any endorsement. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNODC or the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Table of contents ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................................... I I. INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................1 I.1 CONTEXT AND BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................1 I.1.1 Smuggling of migrants in Asia ......................................................................................................1 I.1.2 Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air ...............................................1 I.1.3 The role of UNODC and this study ................................................................................................2 I.2. PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THIS STUDY ..........................................................................................................2 I.3 STRUCTURE ..........................................................................................................................................3 I.4 METHODOLOGY AND LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................................3 II. CONCEPTS AND TYPOLOGIES ....................................................................................................................5 II.1 DEFINITIONS AND INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORKS .........................................................................................5 II.1.1 Smuggling of migrants ..................................................................................................................5 II.1.2 Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air ...............................................5 II.2 FRAUDULENT DOCUMENTS AND SMUGGLING OF MIGRANTS ............................................................................6 II.2.1 Significance and role ....................................................................................................................6 II.2.2 Terminology..................................................................................................................................7 II.2.3 Types of documents .....................................................................................................................8 II.3 FINANCING AND FINANCES OF SMUGGLING OF MIGRANTS ............................................................................10 II.3.1 Significance and role ..................................................................................................................10 II.3.2 Terminology and legal framework .............................................................................................11 II.3.3 Types of conduct ........................................................................................................................12 II.4 CORRUPTION AND THE SMUGGLING OF MIGRANTS ......................................................................................16 II.4.1 Terminology and frameworks ....................................................................................................17 II.4.2 Actors .........................................................................................................................................18 II.4.3 Types of conduct ........................................................................................................................19 II.4.4 Types of smuggling of migrants and related corruption ............................................................21 III. FRAUDULENT TRAVEL OR IDENTITY DOCUMENTS ..............................................................................25 III.1 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY TO SMUGGLERS ................................................................................................25 III.1.1 Production of forgeries ..........................................................................................................25 III.1.2 Supply of genuine documents ................................................................................................30 III.2 ACQUISITION, PROCUREMENT, AND SUPPLY OF FRAUDULENT DOCUMENTS BY SMUGGLERS .................................30 III.2.1 Acquisition and procurement of fraudulent documents .......................................................31 III.2.2 Supply of fraudulent documents to smuggled migrants ........................................................31 III.3 USE AND POSSESSION OF FRAUDULENT DOCUMENTS ...................................................................................32 III.3.1 Use and possession of fraudulent documents to enter a country .........................................33 III.3.2 Use and possession of fraudulent documents to exit a country ............................................35 III.3.3 Use and possession of fraudulent documents to remain in a country ..................................36 IV. FINANCING OF SMUGGLING OF MIGRANTS AND LAUNDERING OF PROCEEDS OF SMUGGLING OF MIGRANTS ........................................................................................................................................................37 IV.1 PROVIDING FINANCIAL AND MATERIAL RESOURCES ......................................................................................37 IV.1.1 Investing in the smuggling of migrants ..................................................................................37 IV.1.2 Providing material assistance ................................................................................................37 IV.2 PAYING MIGRANT SMUGGLERS ...............................................................................................................38 IV.2.1 Payments made by migrants themselves ..............................................................................38 IV.2.2 Payments by family/relatives and friends ..............................................................................39 IV.2.3 Loans by smugglers or other third parties (excl. family) ........................................................39 IV.3 TRANSFERRING FUNDS AND LAUNDERING THE PROCEEDS OF SMUGGLING OF MIGRANTS .....................................40 IV.3.1 Banking sector ........................................................................................................................40 IV.3.2 Other financial services sector ...............................................................................................41 V. CORRUPTION ...........................................................................................................................................43 V.1 PUBLIC SECTOR INVOLVEMENT ................................................................................................................43 V.1.1 Active and passive bribery of government officials relating to illegal entry of migrants ...........43 V.1.2 Active and passive bribery of government officials relating to illegal stay of migrants .............44 V.1.3 Active and passive bribery of government officials relating to producing, issuing, supplying and obtaining fraudulent documents .............................................................................................................46 V.1.4 Corruption and obstruction of justice ........................................................................................47 V.2 PRIVATE SECTOR INVOLVEMENT ..............................................................................................................47 V.3 ORGANISED CRIME INVOLVEMENT ...........................................................................................................48 VI. CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................................51 BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................................................53 Abbreviations ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations AUD Australian Dollars AUSTRAC Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre EU
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