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Studi Pesaresi7.Pdf Studi pesaresi Rivista della Società pesarese di studi storici 7 2019 il lavoro editoriale © Copyright 2019 by Società pesarese di studi storici il lavoro editoriale casella postale 297 - Ancona Italy www.illavoroeditoriale.com ISBN 9788876638947 ISSN 2280-4293 Indice del volume Saggi ETTORE BALDETTI Toponomastica e storia di un comune medievale dell’alto Metauro: Urbania, già Castel delle Ripe e Castel Durante 7 FRANCINE DAENENS L’erudito e la concubina. Indagini su Pacifica Samperoli 51 Studi GIROLAMO ALLEGRETTI Icone devozionali e storia sociale: Sant’Apollinare di Maiolo 87 MARCELLO LUCHETTI Un enigmatico ritratto cinquecentesco di donna e tre nuovi ritratti dei Della Rovere 99 STEFANO LANCIONI La contea di Colle Lungo (Stato di Urbino) 115 SARA LORENZETTI Raffaello Carboni, un romantico eccentrico 129 CRISTINA RAVARA MONTEBELLI I Giovanelli imprenditori della seta nella Pesaro dell’Ottocento 139 ERNESTO PREZIOSI L’origine della stampa cattolica a Pesaro tra ’800 e ’900 147 SILVIA SERINI Stampa e Grande guerra: il “caso” miseno 163 FABRIZIO BATTISTELLI Geo-cultura della differenza adriatica. Conflitto e cooperazione tra le due sponde 179 3 Studi pesaresi 7.2019 Notizie dal territorio LAURA IONI La difesa del litorale tra Pesaro e Senigallia nell’estate del 1803. Documenti dall’Archivio di Pesaro 187 MARCO DE SANTI Il fulmine che colpì la torre di Filippo Terzi, 13 marzo 1878 197 Abstract 205 Biografie 213 4 Saggi Toponomastica e storia di un comune medievale dell’alto Metauro: Urbania, già Castel delle Ripe e Castel Durante* di Ettore Baldetti Lo studio storico-linguistico dei nomi di ristrette valli dei fiumi di scarsa portata, dal luogo, proprio della toponomastica, se rea- corso all’ingrosso subparallelo e trasversale lizzato con una metodologia scientifica che rispetto agli allineamenti montano e costie- privilegi e prenda le mosse da una corretta ro – declinano gradualmente dalle catene o lettura paleografica delle più antiche atte- “quinte” appenniniche verso la sparuta ci- stazioni, può fornire preziose informazioni mosa litoranea, chiuse fra gli alti e calanchi- sugli ambienti umani e le popolazioni che si vi colli della subregione montefeltrana 3, a sono succeduti nel corso dei secoli, soprat- nord, e il complesso orografico dei Sibillini, tutto per quelle epoche più remote in cui le a sud. Le valli dei fiumi, che nascono nel- fonti scritte erano ancora assenti o risulta- la catena appenninica umbro-marchigiana vano frammentarie e lacunose. La presen- del monte Catria (m 1701) e attraversano la te disamina si indirizzerà quindi pressoché quinta del monte San Vicino (m 1413) tra- esclusivamente sulle citazioni toponimiche mite canyons o gole – fauces e foci, clause/ delle più antiche fonti durantine, rintraccia- cluse nella terminologia medievale – 4 co- te nella moderna cartografia 1, non tanto per stituiscono da sempre dei canali di transito produrre una sistematica analisi linguistico- fra la costa adriatica e quella tirrenica, indi- toponomastica di tutti i nomi locali, che rizzandosi verso la valle del fiume Tevere, dovrebbe essere oggetto di un’autonoma che scende dal monte Fumaiolo (m 1407) monografia e non fugherebbe comunque e dalla catena appenninica più occidentale svariati dubbi interpretativi, quanto per delle tre, quella umbra del monte Falterona fornire delle innovative letture topografico- (m 1654), percorrendo approssimativamen- storiche su un selezionato gruppo di toponi- te l’Umbria da NE a SO prima di dirigersi mi dall’etimologia scientificamente accer- verso Roma e il Tirreno. tabile 2. L’Auro, il ramo principale del fiume Metauro 5 che bagna Urbania e ne caratte- rizza fin dai primordi la storia, nasce ad una L’ambiente e l’uomo ventina di chilometri dalle Vene del Tevere, presso Acquaviva, idrotoponimo indicante Il territorio marchigiano, geologicamen- la presenza di una cospicua sorgente pe- te giovane, è in sostanza geograficamente renne, ubicato nell’area appenninica areti- omogeneo. Le dorsali collinari mioplioceni- na dell’Alpe della Luna, fra le pendici del che – inframmezzate e scandite dalle brevi e monte dei Frati (m 1453) e del poggio Mon- 7 Studi pesaresi 7.2019 Cantone di Urbania. Particolare da un anonimo disegno a penna acquarellato, rappresentante il diparti- mento del Metauro del Regno italico (1808-1814), con scala alla misura francese («leghe di Francia a venticinque per grado»). Collezione cartografica Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Pesaro. terano (m 1087), al confine con la provin- bandona il suo normale andamento gros- cia marchigiana di Pesaro e Urbino e con solanamente rettilineo ovest-est, tipico dei il territorio comunale di Borgo Pace (m fiumi marchigiani, per curvare decisamen- 469). Qui si unisce con le acque del Meta te verso sud-est, aggirare il meridionale scendente dal Monte Maggiore della Boc- Monte Pietralata, aprirsi una gola presso ca Trabaria (m 1049) e dal col di Travaia Fossombrone, nella catena di calcare me- (m 975), oronimi riferiti rispettivamente al sozoico del San Vicino, ed allinearsi con latino trabes, “legname da costruzioni e gli la direzione idrografica dell’affluente Can- alberi dai quali si ricava”, e dal derivato digliano, proveniente dalla Gola del Furlo, italiano travi 6. Dopo aver attraversato, in essendo stato deviato dal corrugamento leggero e graduale pendio, i territori comu- trasversale dei monti delle Cesane, media- nali di Mercatello sul Metauro, Sant’An- mente elevati fra m 500 e 600, la cui ricca gelo in Vado (m 359), Urbania (m 273) e vegetazione, costituita prevalentemente da Fermignano (m 199), il corso d’acqua ab- varie specie di pino, roverelle, aceri, lecci 8 Ettore Baldetti Toponomastica e storia di un comune medievale dell’alto Metauro e noccioli, venne abbondantemente utiliz- ripariali, da canneti o giungheti 20 e infram- zata per la produzione di legno, da cui l’o- mezzati da isolati pioppeti e frassineti 21, rigine etimologica del toponimo dal latino nonché, nelle zone più elevate e montane, caedere, “tagliare”. da faggeti, carpineti 22 e scotaneti, i cui ar- Il Metauro quindi, superata la zona ca- busti – gli scotani (Rhus cotinus), dalle fo- ratterizzata dai prominenti colli appenni- glie ricche di tannino – fornivano materiale nici (saxa) e la depressione alluvionale conciante, utile altresì per la tintoria 23. circoscritta da colline (montes) a valle di Interessanti sono poi le persistenze topo- Sant’Angelo in Vado, presso l’abitato di nimiche che individuano delle caratteristiche Urbania si incunea fra alte sponde dirupa- geo-morfologiche del territorio: in Cona ca- te (ripe) 7, scavate nel tufo argilloso, marna stri Pilii, parochia Sancti Zani (CC2, c. 45v, (genga 8), per poi formare una piana allu- 1307), per una cona, “area palustre”, situata vionale relativamente ampia con l’unica nel territorio di Peglio, lungo il Metauro, e strettoia della località Muraglione, dove la presso San Giovanni in Petra in parochia minacciosa vicinanza del fiume ha richiesto dicti monasterii, in loco de Scaffis, proba- l’erezione di una barriera muraria protetti- bilmente dal latino scapha (greco σκάφη), va, come testimonia lo stesso toponimo 9. «conca, condotta, fossa» (1336, CC4, c. Avvicinandosi a Fermignano, il corso d’ac- 47r) 24; …et loco de valle Proverse, proba- qua disegna vari meandri, uno dei quali, bilmente da prōvērsus, “ritto, diritto”, per presso Ca’ Verziero, si restringe a tal punto un’altura svettante o una valle diritta (1307, da lasciare circa 50 m fra le due limitrofe CC2, c. 55v, v. Monte Proverso, IGM); Pe- anse, nel luogo significativamente definito tralata, odierno Pietralata, presso la Gola del Collo. Tali curvature fluviali circoscrivo- Furlo, con l’originario significato descrit- no quindi degli spazi delimitati dal corso tivistico di petra “roccia”, lata “ampia” 25; d’acqua in almeno tre lati, quando non sia La Scheggia, un’evidente quanto anomala presente un ulteriore fossato di derivazione fenditura della roccia; Glaiolo/Ghiaiolo, da idrica o un torrentello, e per questo vengono glarea, “ghiaia”, “luogo ghiaioso” (villa de talvolta chiamati isola, come nel caso delle Glaiolo,1306, CC2, c. 2r; Sanctus Angelus omonime località a sud di Urbania e a sud- de Claiolo, sec. XIV, TORELLI II, p. 121, v. ovest di Fermignano. Sant’Angelino, IGM) 26; Monte Cavi (Cave), I toponimi, come “fossili linguistici”, a. 1308 27, Cava di Gesso, a est di Urbania attestano poi la presenza – quanto meno (CTCU), indicanti sedi estrattive o cave; Il fino all’età precomunale – di specie anima- Gesso, per una zona ricca di minerale gesso- li nocive e apotropaiche – quali il tasso 10 so, composto da solfato di calcio idrato, o i – e scomparse o oggetto di ripopolamento ricorrenti Spogna, “calce viva” 28, Calcinare/ – quali l’orso 11, il lupo 12 e il cervo 13 – in Calcinaro/Calcinaio, “sito dove si produce queste terre pedemontane già ricoperte da o si utilizza la calce, anche per la conciatu- fitte boscaglie di querceti (soprattutto cerri, ra delle pelli” 29, che segnalano la presenza farnie, lecci) 14 e da sottoboschi o cespuglie- di rocce calcaree 30, Genga/Zinga, e Tufo ti ricchi di pruneti 15 (precipuamente rose per la presenza di pietra arenario-tufacea 31; canine 16, pruno selvatico 17, rovi 18 e bian- l’urbinate Apecchio,derivato da lapicula, di- cospini 19), soppiantati, nelle aree palustri o minutivo di lapis, cioè “piccola pietra”, per 9 Studi pesaresi 7.2019 4 3 2 1 5 6 Urbania [qui e nelle figure seguenti le segnalazioni quadrilatere indicano toponimi bizantino- ravennati, le triangolari i longobardi, le circolari gli altri], 1) Sant’Eracliano; 2) Il Parco (Barco); 3) Colonnelli (c/o S. Cristoforo); 4) I Gualdi; 5) Ca’ Cerbolino; 6) Cittadella. “luogo selvatico o sterile” 32. Taluni idronimi Dalla protostoria alla romanizzazione che rinviano alle acque gingose cioè melmo- se, miscelate con la ginga, “argilla tufacea” Se verso la fine del II millennio a. C. le – rivo gingoso, rivogingoso 33 –, o le indica- invasioni dei popoli proto-indoeuropei por- zioni rilevabili nel brano in dicta villa (Ocri) tano una definitiva innovazione etno-lingui- in vocabulo Solfinaie… fossum Solfinaie” stica, attestata dalle fonti scritte, esistono (sec.
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