The Writing Anthology

Edited by Dana Wolthuizen, Elizabeth Koele, and Taylor Dahlberg

A Publication of the English Department and the Art Department

Central College Pella, Iowa 2015

2 3 Dear Readers, Table of Contents

Welcome to the 35th edition of The Writing Anthology.

We are very excited to share this year’s publication with you. After reviewing nearly forty submissions, we selected the following fourteen pieces to be featured in the anthology. The difficulty of this selection process is a testament to the excellent quality of student writing at Central College, and we are proud to see all the hard A Note from the Editors...... 2 The Saleem and Shiva work put in by our peers. Principle in Rushdie’s Inca Medicine: Religion, Culture, Midnight Children...... 36 The strength of many of the chosen essays lies within the powerful connections the writers make between and Ethnobotany...... 4 different ideas, experiences, and the physical world. As a result, we wanted to design the anthology in a way Kaity Sharp that would reflect the connections between the concepts presented in these diverse pieces. Mycaela Crouse La Lune...... 42 As readers advance through the anthology, there is a natural movement within the order of the pieces from past God Bless the Combine...... 11 to present to future. The beginning of the anthology grapples with issues of the past and gradually shifts to how Emily Fiscus the past continues to influence our present. Next, the anthology’s focus turns toward current events and ideas Dana Wolthuizen and concludes by looking to the future. We hope you find the progression of this year’s edition meaningful * Recipient of the John Allen Award Potential Benefits of while reading these exemplary pieces. Carbolic Acid...... 45 Each year we select an author as the recipient of the John Allen Award for the best example of student writing. Carmen: Power Struggle Steven Kibby This year, we are pleased to announce that Dana Wolthuizen will receive this honor for her insightful personal and Exoticism...... 15 essay providing a memorable characterization of her aunt in “God Bless the Combine.” Brandon Mennenoh Educación y pobreza We want to congratulate all of the student authors: thank you once more for your exceptional work. The editors dentro España...... 47 would also like to thank the professors who took notice and submitted these essays to the Writing Anthology. Ariel’s Guide to Invisibility: Grace Hirl We specifically offer thanks to our faculty advisors, Dr. Walter Cannon and Dr. Jay Wackerly. Your expertise, Creating Magic on Stage in guidance, and support throughout this process have been greatly appreciated. Shakespeare’s The Tempest...... 20 Narrating Stories...... 50 Additionally, we would like to thank Professor Mathew Kelly and all of the talented artists for their outstanding Jasmine Fugate Joshua Prokupek contributions. We would particularly like to acknowledge Kathryn Zaffiro, who provided the cover art with her piece “Landscape.” Finally, we would like to thank Steffanie Bonnstetter, project director for Central College Roots ...... 24 Communications. The NYC Social Justice Holly McKinney Program: A Reflection...... 54 Again, thank you to all who made this year’s publication possible. We simply couldn’t do it without you. Madeleine Joy Gatsby Changes his Tune...... 28 Enjoy the 2015 Writing Anthology! Lexus Waymire Detroit: Theorectical Dana Wolthuizen ‘15 Perspectives...... 58 Elizabeth Koele ‘16 El engaño de la belleza Aly Garwood Taylor Dahlberg ‘18 en “A una rosa” de Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz ...... 32 Illustration Credits...... 72 Elizabeth Carman

2 3 any advancement in medical pain and all that was left was If Cabo’s tale is accurate, then knowledge. According to a small hole where the tibia it hints at a culture where Father Bernabe Cobo, a Jesuit had poked through. The boy’s knowledge of herbal remedies priest who chronicled the father, amazed, begged the was a highly guarded secret. Inca Medicine: Religion, daily life and customs of the herbalist to reveal which herb Gordon McEwan wrote in Inca, their lack of sharing he had used: The Incas: New Perspectives Culture, and Ethnobotany between members of the that healers were highly medical community may have [The father] was left with compensated for their work Mycaela Crouse been deliberate. He wrote such a strong desire to find with payments of food, cloth, in 1653 about a and silver (143). LAS 410: Nature and noble-born boy It is possible, Culture of Peru who suffered then, that In the LAS Capstone Pachamama Never Left: Nature and Culture of Peru a compound competition students are asked to write a final research paper on a topic of their choosing The Inca Empire, fracture of the between doctors at its largest, stretched from an interdisciplinary perspective. Mycaela’s interest in the medical field allowed her to focus her research on the wealth of evidence that the pre- tibia. The boy’s may be part of 2,500 miles along the Colombian cultures of Peru practiced a wide array of healing practices. We father summoned the motivation South American coast, nominated Mycaela’ s research paper because it embodies the goals of a liberal surgeons (Cabo behind hoarding encompassing territory arts education by drawing from diverse disciplines to investigate medicine in did not elaborate knowledge. in present day Argentina, this ancient culture. - Paulina Mena and Oscar Reynaga on whether the Another motive Chile, Bolivia, Peru, surgeons were may have Ecuador, and even part of Inca or Spanish) been prestige. Colombia. The civilization A History of Medicine: Primitive was poured out onto the to examine the Healers began in early 1200 A.D. and and Ancient Medicine, “Inca ground (Malpass, 107-108). leg, and they were seen as expanded in the 1400’s. It medicine, like the medicine of As more and more cultures decided the possessing ended abruptly in 1532 when the other populations in Pre- with their own religions and best course of a unique Francisco Pizarro and his Colombian America, showed their own medical practices action would connection to fellow Spaniards invaded. that mixture of naturalism and were incorporated into the be amputation. the supernatural Before the Spanish arrived, supernaturalism that was the expanding empire, the Inca The boy’s father world that however, the Inca Empire rule in all ancient civilizations” began to recognize that was reluctant, allowed them achieved incredible feats such (482). The Inca believed that the properties of medicines however, and the power to as the 14,000 miles of all- sickness came from a fault were inherent in the herbs decided to heal in the weather highways that linked committed by the patient or and minerals rather than a consult an “old natural world. one side of empire to the a neighbor, resulting in an result of an endowment of Indian whose This elite status other, the construction of anti- angry god or a curse. They magical attributes by the gods occupation was could only seismic buildings so sturdy believed that only through (Prioreschi, 482). There is that of healing be protected that they stand today, and the use of natural remedies even archeological evidence among the if healing the formation of a universal and supernatural pleas could in Paracas and Cuzco that the Indians” (166). Cabo then Microcosm Assignment by Mary Kate Oakley remained a difficult and rare language and religion, despite the patient be healed. They Inca may have had hospitals went on to describe the practice (Selin and Shapiro, the empire consisting of more were careful to perform as well as centers and schools herbalist’s actions: “The old out about that herb, and he 242). than 10 million subjects. It rituals correctly to ward off for the teaching and training Indian stepped a little way off promised that Indian such good The Inca had several stands to reason, then, that evil spirits and ensure the of doctors (Marino and the road (they were outside pay, with flattery and kindness, different types of doctors, they would be advanced in patients remained unharmed Gonzales-Portillo, 942). of town), and he picked out that he promised to show it to though there are some their medical practices as well. and healthy. These rituals Because the Inca a certain herb which he him. Although he did make the discrepancies in modern day The Inca did not usually involved some kind of had no written language, immediately smashed between promise, he never kept it. He kept sources between what they practice medicine as we sacrifice: guinea pigs, llamas, their knowledge of herbal two stones so that it could not putting the [boy’s father] off with were called and what their think of it today, but food, cumbi cloth, seashells, remedies was passed down be recognized, and it never a variety of excuses until winter roles were. Sir Weldon rather incorporated a blend silver, gold, corn flour, chicha, orally, usually between family was” (166). Cabo wrote that came with its frost that made the Dalrymple-champneys of culture, religion, and and/or coca. The animals members. Their inability the juice from the herb was fields wither, which the Indian described two different types knowledge on herbs and were killed, the food burned, to record and share curative so potent it cut the bone off considered sufficient reason to not of healers, hampi-camayocs minerals. Prioreschi writes in and the chicha, a type of beer, discoveries greatly hindered without causing the boy any keep his promise. (167) and soncoyocs, in his article in 4 5 the Proceedings of the Royal the overall somatic, emotional, explained why there might (Dalrymple, 388-389). As a gold, obsidian, or silver and be in use at that time, such as Society of Medicine. The and pathological stages of the be such disagreement among warring nation, constantly other types of chisels such as the star-shaped stone porra. hampi-comayoc was a priest- illness. The second type was modern-day sources: “There battling other civilizations the crescent bladed tumi as Other types of skull fractures magician-doctor that offered the Hanpeq (also Hampeq) were many other grades [of for increased territory and surgical instruments, a 9 out of may have caused blood clots sacrifices, heard confessions, who applied their knowledge healers], but there is a good wealth, doctors also often 10 survival rate is impressive. and pressure on the brain, also gave advice, healed by driving of diseases, blended herbs deal of confusion in the use dealt with the injuries and Some patients had as many as possibly resulting in behavioral out the disease-causing and minerals, and attended to of the appellations by the old wounds of warfare. seven operations performed disturbances and headaches. demon, and averting plagues remedies and post-treatment. Spanish historians” (388). All of these diseases (Marino and Gonzales-Portillo, Another theory is that it was and pestilences (387). In their In Cabo’s story, the “old The empire was were treated through the 946). not a surgery performed for article “Preconquest Peruvian Indian” was likely a Hanpeq. vast and heavily populated, combination of natural and Ancient trepanation natural reasons, as outlined Neurosurgeons: A Study of The third type was the Paqo, however, so the number of supernatural practices, though has been studied extensively, above, but one performed under Inca and Pre-Columbian doctors (no matter the type the Inca’s natural techniques and researchers think they’ve supernatural considerations. Trephination and or gender) per person are often considered advanced discovered some of the methods The surgeon would have the Art of Medicine was often not enough to for their time. Given they the Inca may have used. The removed part of the skull in in Ancient Peru,” meet demands. Barbara were a civilization with no most frequent was cutting four order to release the malicious Marino and Gonzales- Somervill wrote in Empire written language and had grooves into the skull which spirit that had possessed the Portillo refer to of the Inca that in Inca not yet invented the wheel, it separated a quadrilateral portion patient and caused his or her these doctors, who communities healing is considered remarkable by of the cranium, the grooves were sickness. There are others treated the nobility, involved all members. some that there is evidence occasionally curvilinear instead who believe the surgery as churihampi-camayoc The women in each ayllu of surgical amputation, of straight. This square portion occurred for both the natural (947). Somervill calls were in charge of caring bloodletting, expert wound was then raised and removed. and supernatural reasons, them collahuayas in for and feeding the sick. care, metal-based dental Another method was scraping. depending on who performed Empire of the Inca People rarely lived alone so fillings, bone transplants, The Inca sometimes would chip the operation. The trained (101). Soncoyocs, or there was always someone casts and splints, gauze and or abrade considerable amounts hampi-camayoc performed ccamascas, were healers around to attend to the cotton bandaging, surgical of bone before cutting. A third trepanation to fix cranial that practiced among patient (103). sutures and cauterization, method involved drilling. They injuries and the more shaman- the common people Despite the increased laxatives and diuretics, would puncture the bone in a based healers, the sancoyoc, (Dalrymple, 388), interactions between caesarean sections, birth circular pattern and then break practiced it for mystical reasons though Marino and communities because control, abortion, hypnosis, the walls between the holes (944-945). Gonzales refer to them of the Inca Empire’s sinus surgery, cranial surgery, (944). The biggest as sirkaks or sangradors continued expansion, no and many other medical Researchers have had a concern when performing (947). known epidemics broke practices (Selin and Shapiro, harder time discovering why the these operations, besides Numerous Unusual Point-of-View by Allyson Mann out in the Andean peoples. 225-226). Incas performed this surgery. the necessary anatomical sources listed the Through examining The cranial surgery is Evidence of trepanation has knowledge needed to avoid Incas as having three main whose job was to treat the mummies, ancient ceramics, known as trepanning, and the actually been found worldwide, penetration of the dura mater, types of doctors that were soul. They used rituals, and the chronicles of Inca excelled at it. Though and each culture had its own is antiseptics and anesthesia. divided by the type of care plant and animal medicines, the Spanish, researchers there is evidence of a high reasons. One hypothesis is that The Inca could not have they offered rather than the and healing stones to return have found evidence of mortality rate among patients the Inca practiced it in response achieved such high survival class of people they worked balance between the body and tuberculosis, syphilis, leprosy, of the early Inca in the 1200s, to warfare injuries. When rates if they were unable to with. The first was the spirit (O’Neill, n.p.). rheumatism, typhus, warts, by the time the Spanish a skull fragment was driven prevent infection, and the Watukk who diagnosed Some studies claimed respiratory illnesses, kidney arrived, the Inca had reached below the surface after being surgery would likely not the disease through the use only men were allowed to stones, tetanus infections, survivability rates of ninety hit with some sort of weapon, have been performed nearly of divination, visions, and become healers, while others acromegaly, club foot, hare-lip, percent. This is evidenced likely a stone headed war club, as often if anesthesia was dreams, found the origin of stated that both men and epilepsy, ringworm, eczema, by the regrowth of bone in intracranial pressure would unavailable for the patient. the sickness by observing women became shamans, tapeworms, lice infestations, the trepanned skulls. Given have caused illness and aberrant The Inca, fortunately, had the patient’s everyday life though there may have and many others. There is a their inability to provide a behavior. Incan skulls have been access to both. There is (referring to the source of been an unstated distinction curious lack of evidence for sterilized environment for found with craniotomy holes evidence of hallucinogenic the curse, not necessarily the between healers and midwives. any cancers other than what the patients and their use of in locations that exactly match substances which would have scientific origin), and tracked Dalrymple-champneys might have been osteosarcoma scalpels of copper, bronze, the shape of weapons known to served as numbing agents: 6 7 coca, mescaline, curare, in ritualistic sacrifices, which are a few examples of various treated eye infections. Chilca two brothers and had recently sicknesses given their novelty nicotine, quinine, psilocybin, were important both for remedies the Inca had at their leaves could be used in a been decimated by smallpox, and how quickly they spread. belladonna, Ayahuasca, the supernatural side of the disposal, sometimes through mixture to relieve the aches which had travelled down Setting back Inca healing even dopamine, and ergot alkaloid healer’s powers and also for their knowledge of how to of rheumatism. Sarsaparilla from Central America where more, the Spanish forbid the d-lysergic acid. Genipen- Inca religious beliefs. Coca is utilize a single plant in wide was used in the relief of the Europeans had already use of certain plants and herbs based agents were used used for these things among variety of ways. The molle painful sores (Somervill, 102). invaded. Pizarro quickly in order to further subjugate for cleansing the wounds the indigenous Andean people tree is a perfect illustration Potatoes were freeze- the natives. as they have antibacterial today (Landau, n.p.). of this, mentioned before for dried and crushed into With so many dead, properties (Selin and Chicha was another its role in chicha making, but chuñu, which treated so much forbidden, and Shapiro, 235). important remedy among also considered a universal ulcers, spasms, syphilis, no written records to fall The Inca found the Inca, used for its ability medicine for all the Inca’s and even verruga, a type back on, much of the Inca that not only were there to alter behavior and act as ailments. The tree’s resin of Andean wart. Plants knowledge on medicine plants good for aiding an anesthetic. It is known as was used as a purgative and such as cabega, vilca, and healing has been neurosurgery, but for use the drink of the Incas and is treated melancholy. When espinco, and mocomoco lost. Current sources in many other medical a type of beer (National, 153). added to wine it was used were all combined with of knowledge about contexts as well, such Corn, or maize, was the plant against dropsy (Selin, 841). magic to induce fertility. the Inca are laid out by as reducing fevers and most often fermented, though Dried and pulverized, the As a culture that deemed Selin and Shapiro: “(a) coughs, increasing fertility, manioc root, quinoa, and the resin was applied to ulcers childbearing important, contact period chronicles, increasing or decreasing seeds of the molle tree can and used to treat diseases those who took herbal (b) ethnographic or libido, use in tonics, all be used to produce chicha of the respiratory system. medicines causing anthropological studies infusions, and ointments, as well. Chroniclers wrote When cooked and added to a sterility were punished that report contemporary alleviation of cramps and that it was this beverage’s bath, the leaves treated gout. with death. Those who indigenous medical chills, stopping the itching consumption that prevented Boiling the leaves produced a chose to undertake this customs and beliefs, and, from insect or animals bites, kidney and bladder stones liquid good for those suffering method of birth control (c) the archaeological and many others. The Inca from forming (Selin, 841). from eczema. Oil could be and escaped punishment evidence that provides were well versed in the Wilson et al. reported in 2013 prepared from the leaves and were understandably physical remains for the properties of herbs in each that after using incremental was used to combat pain in the not forthcoming, but assessment of disease microenvironment. Peru liquid chromatography tandem joints and stomach sickness. chroniclers think the Unusual Point-of-View by Emma Disterhoft vectors and their ranges from coastline to mass spectrometry on the hair The fruits could be used herbal remedy may have treatment” (230). rain forests to mountainous of a 13-year-old child sacrifice, against stomach complaints been an infusion of the So despite being, elevations, and the Inca they concluded that these two as well when made into a sogue leaves (Selin, 843). The killed the emperor, Atahuallpa, overall, extremely detrimental had mastered the herbs remedies, coca and chicha, plaster. And crushed, the fruit Inca were also the first to and began the systematic to Inca Empire, the Spanish found in each climate were given to children who produced a juice that could be use quinine, extracted from take-over of the Incas. These also provided the first of only during each season (Selin were about to be sacrificed drunk to alleviate kidney and tree bark, as a treatment for conquistadors brought more three sources available in and Shapiro, 242). Coca, in due to the remedies’ religious bladder complaints (842). malaria. In fact, many of than just guns and metal the study of Inca medicine. particular, played a huge importance and their ability Quinoa was important the ingredients in the Inca’s armor, though; they also That being said, determining role in Inca medicine and to keep the children calm and in medicine as well as in herbal remedies are found in carried with them those same the specifics of the interplay religion. A domesticated peaceful (13322). the Inca diet as it was used our modern day pills. diseases that had weakened between Inca culture, religion, tropical shrub that today The chroniclers for, as Selin lists, “stomach However, as the empire in the first place. and medicine is difficult when is highly controlled due to described only a few hundred complaints, inflammations, with every great ancient Epidemics swept across the consulting only primary its use in the production of the possibly thousands spasms, swellings, fever, and civilization, eventually the Andes and killed millions. sources from the contact- of cocaine, back then it of different herbs the Inca liver complaints and so on” Inca Empire fell. In 1532 Diseases like smallpox, the period. The Spaniard’s was a mild stimulant, used, and researchers agree (842). Hemostasis could be the Spanish, led by Francisco measles, and the flu, to which ethnocentrism resulted in anesthetic, hunger and that it is more likely a lack achieved through extracts Pizarro, invaded the Andes. the Native Americans had paragraphs like the following thirst suppressant, alleviator of competency on the part of of the Andean ratania root, It was through a very unlucky no immunity, are estimated from Father Cobo: of pain and fatigue and the chroniclers rather than a pumachucha scrub, and (on the part of the Inca) series to account for 90% of all altitude sickness, and dry lack of use in Inca medicine. mixtures high in tannic of events that Pizarro was indigenous casualties during This ignorance is so general mouth cure due to its Though all the herbs and acid (Marino and Gonzales- able to conquer the Incas so the European colonization era. among all the Indians that not ability to increase saliva their different uses could be Portillo, 947). Matecclu, a quickly. They were in the The Inca doctors stood little one of them, unless he is well its own book, the following species of wetland plant, 8 production. It was burned midst of a civil war between chance in combating these versed in Spanish, knows how 9 to inform the doctor about his like a veterinarian who cures an their ancestors. Shamanism ailment and what could have animal, to explanations as he sees and healing are taught in caused it. Regardless of what fit. (165) specialized schools, and when God Bless the the illness may be, when the There is currently visiting Peru, tourists can patient is asked what he has, he a revival of Inca medicine see some of the ritualistic can only answer that his body occurring, with indigenous ceremonies performed as Combine hurts or that his heart is hurting people tapping into their roots well as purchase some herbal Dana Wolthuizen and bothering him. Therefore, and exploring some of the remedies the ancient Inca the doctor has to resign himself, traditions handed down from used. Recipient of the John Allen Award References ENGL 240: Personal Essay

Cobo, Father Bernabe. Inca Religion and Customs. Ed. 1990 of 1653 ed. Trans. Roland Hamilton. United States: Uni versity of Texas Press, 1990. Print. This assignment for Personal Essay is a narrative emphasizing characterization Dalrymple-champneys, Sir Weldon. “Preventive and Curative Medicine in Ancient Peru.” Proceedings of the Royal Dianne plopped herself and plot elements. Dana’s unforgettable portrait of her Aunt Dianne also Society of Medicine 51 (5 Feb. 1958): 385-393. Print. down in the floral recliner illustrates defamiliarization, or what Gerard Manley Hopkins styled as the that looked like it had been “widowed image.” We remember Dianne for the unexpected layers of her Elferink, Jan G.R. Sexuality, procreation, and Inca ethnobotany. LINCOM Studies in Anthropology, 2014. Print. snapped from Archie Bunker’s character: her inimitable voice, her simultaneous affection and narcissism, and her defiance of authority. It is a tenderly funny narrative. living room. Wiggled her -Joshua Dolezal Gale Group. “Inca Religion, Arts, and Sciences.” Early Civilizations in the Americas Reference Library, 2005. Web. behind to get situated. Pushed her glasses over the bridge Handwerk, Brian. “Inca Child Sacrifice Victims Were Drugged.” National Geographic July 2013. Print. of her nose. Slippery little a fly,” chuckled my grandpa. Dianne had been suckers. They never could diagnosed with Down Landau, Fred. “Notes on Coca Erythroxylon coca and E. nogagranatense.” University of Las Vegas, Nevada. N.d. His smile lines crinkled at the Web. stay put. Rubbed her thighs corner of his eyes. syndrome as a baby. My with her hands as though she “Buzzzzzzzz. No flies grandparents tried their best Malpass, Michael Andrew. Daily Life in the Inca Empire. United States: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996. Print. hoped to spark a flame right here you pipsqueak.” But just to provide a normal childhood there in her lap, and clapped in case some of those buggers for Dianne. She went to school Marino, R. Jr. and M. Gonzales-Portillo. “Preconquest Peruvian neurosurgeons: a study of Inca and pre-Columbian her tiny chapped hands hadn’t made it on her radar, until she was 16, attended trephination and the art of medicine in ancient Peru.” Neurosurgery 47.4 (Oct. 2000): 940-950. Web. gleefully. she threw her arms up for a church, and had play dates “Oooooo doggie!” Her few good swats. She needed with the neighbors. But as McEwan, Gordon F. The Incas: New Perspectives. United States: W.W. Norton & Company Ltd., 2006. Print. squeal and giggle exploded some sustenance after that she started to grow up, this midair, showering us with little fiasco. lifestyle became harder to National Research Council. Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide grins and chuckles. “Birthday. maintain. When she turned 18, Cultivation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1989. Print. “No presents. Cake Present time. I’m 30.” time.” my grandparents finally made O’Neill, Patt. Glossary of Terminology of the Shamanic & Ceremonial Traditions of the Inca Medicine Lineage. 3rd ed. “No Dianne. We’re the tough decision of moving April 2014. Web. going to chat for a while, *** her to Village Northwest and then you can open your Unlimited. The Village is a Prioreschi, Plinio. A History of Medicine. Ed. 2. United States: Horatius Pr, 2002. Print. gift,” corrected my grandma. My dad and I stepped community of people with Dianne puffed out her cheeks into the house, making sure disabilities living and working Selin, Helaine. Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. 2nd Ed. Vol. 1. and blew air out the side of that the door closed behind together on one campus. The United States: Springer, 2008. Google eBook. Web. her mouth like she might us and peeked into my Aunt campus had over 200 residents burst from excitement if she Dianne’s room. Her Coca- living in multiple cottages, Selin, Helaine and Hugh Shapiro. Medicine Across Cultures: History and Practice of Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. The didn’t leak a little out. She Cola bed spread showed not a allowing Dianne to build Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003. Print. threw her head back thrusting single wrinkle and her walls relationships with her peers her chin straight up in the air and find a sense of pride and Somervill, Barbara. Empire of the Inca. United States: Shoreline Publishing Group, LLC, 2005. Print. were lined with magazine and let out a stifling yawn. I clippings of A&W Root Beer, purpose through supporting Wilson, Andrew S. et al. “Archaeological, radiological, and biological evidence offer insight into Inca child sacrifice.” couldn’t help but feel the same hamburgers, and wedding herself. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110.33 (18 June 2013): 13322– way. announcements, but no The most important 13327. Web. “You’re going to catch Dianne. thing to remember when 10 11 around Dianne is to keep a while; because on her way “Bobert! Big brother!” combine,” murmured Steve. palate when it came to French *** an eye on her at all times – down, she fell and broke her “Little sister, how is From that day on, that’s how fries. None of that off-brand actually, two eyes would be leg. My dad and I wanted to your leg doing?” Dianne ended every blessing crap. I unfortunately made When Dianne was best. She had a nasty habit make sure she was recovering “Shhhh…Vanna is on.” at the dinner table. “God the fatal mistake of eating the born, the doctors told my of running away. It had well. Plus I hadn’t had the No one dared to say another thank you for family and Ore-Ida fry and taking a swig grandparents that she happened at least six times. chance to sign her cast yet. word. Once the sponsor food.” There usually was some from the Coke. wouldn’t make it to be a Enough times that the staff Debbie, a cottage employee, advertisements flashed humming and incoherent Dianne came in the teenager, but Dianne didn’t felt a need to insert sensors in poked her head out from the across the screen, Dianne singing in between, but it front door with Grandpa and have a habit of listening her pink crocs to alert them kitchen. grabbed Steve’s hand who always finished the same – made a beeline for her chair, to anyone. She lived to be when she made it within so “Oh hi, Robert and was sitting in the recliner every time. “God bless the only to find that there was not 35. Not long after her 35th many yards of next to her. Steve combine.” a crinkle fry and a full can of birthday, Dianne’s health the door. Dianne was her friend – Coke waiting for her. That began to deteriorate. It’s laughed in the strictly friends. *** was traumatic. common for people with face of shoe I had once made “Orrrrrrreeeeeee-Ida! Down syndrome to have sensors. She must the mistake of The relationship No fry!” She flopped down to heart defects ranging from have noticed that calling him her between Dianne and I didn’t the ground and began flailing mild to severe. Dianne’s were someone always boyfriend. I can start out on the best of terms. her legs in the air. But in the severe. The doctors called it popped up when still remember Chalk it up to a French fry middle of her meltdown, she an Atrioventricular Septal she made it close her furrowed and my gender insecurities as caught me in the corner of her Defect. To put it simply, to the door; eyebrows and a four year old. She couldn’t eye. she had a hole in her heart. because before stern face quite get my name down, so I “Dan ate my fry!” All Dianne’s condition became her last escapade expression. became known as Dan. of my family members looked too strenuous for the staff at out of the house, “Steve not Sunday afternoon. at me and shook their head – the Village, so she we moved she had gouged boyfriend. After dinner. I sat on the some with pity, others with her to a nursing home for the the bottom of her Friends.” plush blue carpet of my disappointment. Meltdown last six months of her life. crocs to remove “But you hold grandparent’s living room in number two. This time it was The move from her family at the sensors. The hands and dance my red and black plaid dress mine. There were lots of tears the Village was devastating doctors said that with Steve. with lace trim at the bottom. in the time-out corner. for both Dianne and the Dianne had the That’s what Dishes clanked and clattered So after the French fry others that lived there. The comprehension people do with in the kitchen as Grandma blunder, I wasn’t too hip on staff members went without of a six year-old their boyfriends washed them and the rest of running into Dianne’s open as many hugs. Someone and the speech Dianne.” Steve the grandkids dried them with arms. else had to say the prayer capabilities of a and Dianne were flour sack towels. Sometimes “Dan! Here boy . at supper every night. Her three year-old. always the couple I lucked out for being the . . Here boy.” I scurried squeals and serenades no I thought they at the annual ball youngest. Dianne held out underneath the little table that longer echoed through the were grossly fundraiser for the her arms and started walking held my grandma’s ceramic hallways, and Steve watched underestimating Collaboration and Transformation Village. No one towards me from the dining birds nesting on doilies. Vanna by himself each night. her. After she got rid of the by Mackenzie Foldes could out dance them. room. “Dianne. My name Debbie, the staff sensors, she had taken off and “But Dianne have Dianne always visited is Dana. I am not a boy.” member, grabbed my elbow climbed up into a combine Dana. Dianne is in the sitting other friends too. Nick and Grandpa and Grandma’s I thought I said it with before I walked through the that she discovered in a corn room watching Wheel of Ted.” What a stud magnet. I house every Sunday afternoon. authority – despite the fact cottage doors with the last field on the edge of town. I Fortune.” Of course. Silly didn’t know what her secret My grandma would place an that I was cowering under the box full of stuffed animals, could just picture her in the us visiting during Wheel was. open Coke can at the head of table. Dianne got on her knees her eyes shining with tears. seat, grasping the wheel in her of Fortune. We made our Dianne used her other the table right by the remote. and patted my head. She pulled me into a hug and hands admiring her perfectly way into living room to find free hand to point at her light The television had to be “Good Dan. You a whispered in my ear. painted nails – sparkly pink. Dianne with her leg up in an pink cast already graffitied turned to channel eleven, and girl.” Progress was so sweet. “Dianne brings so Chipping was unacceptable. easy chair and firmly grasping with signatures. my grandma couldn’t forget A couple years down the road, much joy. That’s why she has Dianne, Queen of the Crop. a Diet Coke, mirroring the “Scary, but God bless the plate with a single crinkle she even got a hang of calling a hole in her heart. It can’t She must have gotten bored of polar bears on her Coca-Cola the combine.” Ore-Ida French fry. Dianne me Dana. hold all the love.” 12 reigning over the stalks after robe. “God bless the had a highly sophisticated 13 *** all day.” I covered my mouth siblings and I carried her “Shhh…Ruthie Ann with my hand to trap a giggle. down the aisle. The pews sleeping.” Dianne held her Too late. Ruth Ann noticed. were full of Dianne’s family. Power Struggle finger to her lips and pointed “So you think that’s funny?” Some by blood, some not, but Carmen: to the opposite end of her Dianne came to my rescue. She all by love because Dianne room that was separated by looked confused. didn’t treat anybody as less. I and Exoticism a navy curtain. This was her “Ruth Ann watch it tried to listen to the various third month at the nursing with me.” My father chuckled. speakers and join in with the Brandon Mennenoh home, and my family and I “You watch it Ruth hymns, but all I could think came to visit at least three Ann?” of was Dianne sitting in the times a week. “Now don’t go thinking floral recliner. Her pink crocs. Brandon’s anthology selection is an excerpt from his Senior Honor’s Thesis. “I’m not sleeping any that I ask for it.” She wagged Ooooo doggie. The magazine I chose to nominate Brandon’s writing because his analysis is original and more Dianne,” grumbled her finger at us. “Dianne clippings. Vanna. A crinkle HONR 499: Senior interdisciplinary, and is supported by thorough research. Brandon and I had Ruth Ann. The curtain leapt asks me to watch it with her. French fry. Pink nail polish. Honors Thesis many long and enjoyable discussions about gender representations in music, to the side, revealing a petite Have you tried saying no to Coke. Here boy. and about how music reflects the time and place in which it was composed. frame in a wheelchair. Her your sister? Besides I might “Let’s bow our heads Hopefully after reading Brandon’s insightful analysis of Carmen, you will think The exotic life of the twice about what today’s music says about who we are. head was donned by a pink as well since I know all the in prayer.” All swirling, -Cynthia Doggett bonnet protecting the rollers damn songs.” That confession spinning, blurring. Hot gypsy as depicted in Carmen in her hair. We must have just was enough for Ruth Ann. sparkles streaming. I peeked reflects the political unrest missed her daughter Suzanne “Now hush up. I’m trying to over at my grandma, dabbing of nineteenth century France attractive in nineteenth- who came to curl her mother’s sleep.” She yanked the curtain her eyes with her white cotton and the power struggles century France because of the Ambiguity was what made hair every week. shut. Dianne shrugged her handkerchief. of race, social class, and political strife. The French gypsy life so attractive. “You know she’s been shoulders. “In Jesus’ name. gender. Bizet’s setting of had suffered a civil war in Gypsies were renegades from playing the damn animal “Sometimes Ruthie Amen.” I kept my head the plot reflects his political the year 1848 followed by a pre-modern culture who did movie all day. I’m tired of it.” Ann grumpy. But we friends.” bowed. A moment of clarity. opinions regarding the French the Franco-Prussian War. not have to live within the “I’m sorry Ruth Ann,” Focus. The prayer wasn’t government’s actions toward This war brought a great bounds and structures of a said my father. “But that’s *** over. Dianne would have had minorities. The musical defeat to France and placed modern Western society. A how Dianne likes to pass her nothing to do with that sort of exoticism written into the role the country in a humiliating character like Carmen defied time here. She gets bored.” I took my place by ending. of Carmen, a classic femme position in world power.1 the lines of social class and “Hmmph. Well you the casket behind my brother “God bless the fatale, reflects contemporary After the war with Germany, authority in a time when try listening to singing cows and grabbed the handle. My combine.” beliefs regarding sexuality, there was an eight-month the French government had class, and race. She is an rise of the communist partial responsibility for the “other” in opposition to the party known as the Paris carnage of the Commune. hegemony of the white male Commune. The Commune Carmen and her gypsy Caucasian represented by Don was a movement to counter community were a threat Jose. Bizet’s use of exotic the government of Versailles, to society because of the compositional techniques which was implemented after unrestrictive, obscure life that portrays the carefree life of the the overthrow of Napoleon they led. Gypsies, Jews and gypsy and reflects the racial, III. In Paris, anti-bourgeois other ethnic minority groups socioeconomic, and gender attitudes were rising again were considered outsiders attitudes of the time period. and the resulting massacres and aliens even if they lived Through musical analysis were leaving thousands of on French soil. These ethnic and historical context, I will citizens dead in the streets.2 minority groups became a return to the true voice and more prevalent force when message of Carmen—one that 1 Dallas, Gregor. “An Exercise in the bourgeoisie employers would have been understood Terror? The Paris Commune, 1871.” extended employment to them by audiences at the time of its History Today, February, 1989, 38-44. due to the revolutions in 1830, premiere. 1848, and 1871. While they The image of the 2 Wrong, George M. “Paris in were functioning members of Unusual Point-of-View by Olivia Cotton gypsy figure was very 1871.” The Lotus Magazine, March society, they were considered 14 1918: 279-80, 282-88. 15 inferior to the white French century France there was a for sexual favors. Don José In exoticist research “the est un oiseau rebelle) is the most distinguishing feature of population and required to fascination with the exotic, surrenders himself sexually Other” is often used. The famous exotic work because gypsy life.16 Below is an stay in their place. They were specifically with the East and there is a battle of control. definition of “the Other” it is based on a Cuban dance. excerpt from the scene that feared and labeled a danger and the Orient; this will be Don José interprets the act as simply means something or In the below excerpt from the Mr. Locke makes reference because they straddled the mentioned in greater detail a long term commitment and someone outside the norm. aria, the melody line descends to. The fortune telling line of European and Other, later in this paper. A figure Carmen treats it as repaying This included gypsy and chromatically giving the song scene “conveys ethnic or and their communities were commonly associated with the a debt and a temporary sexual ethnic minority populations a promiscuous feel, and the exotic characterization seen as an outlet for lechery exotic was that of the gypsy encounter. Carmen is an that immigrated to France lyrics of the aria are enhanced without ethnic or exotic and corruption.3 They spoke woman. untamed spirit who knows not such as: Persian, Jewish, by the sensuality of the piece. style…”17 The viewer can the French language but In Bizet’s opera, the bounds of subordination; Greek, African, and Spanish The opening lyrics of the aria see that there is no extreme also remained fluent in their Carmen is a free spirit that has she does not submit to Don communities.11 When Bizet summarize Carmen’s way of chromaticism like in the native tongues.4 Don José to be controlled. The character José and does not regard the composed this opera, “the life: “Love’s a bird that will example from Habanera represents order with the of Don José reflected the white lines of gender, race, and class. East” and “the orient” became live in freedom…”14 This and the scene remains in power to destroy, while bourgeoisie attraction to the Don José fights to regain personified as a woman. aria is reprised at the end of F major. In this scene, Carmen represents the people free, spirited life of the gypsy. control and to control Carmen “The East as a whole became the first act before Carmen the characters of Carmen, of the commune who defied Don José’s attraction becomes which ultimately leads to him ‘feminized …and just as escapes military custody. Frasquita, and Mercedes the law and fell victim to the fatal because of his need to slaying her.8 Don José…the audience is are dealing the cards government in the end. control her. Society gives Don Exoticism and lured into in order to reveal their The life of a gypsy José control over Carmen chromaticism are the most Carmen’s fortunes. (La vie bohème) portrayed in because he is a white, middle prevalent features of Carmen. world Carmen was also a personal class male. The military A figure commonly associated ‘almost expression for the composer occupation of Seville draws with the exotic was that of without for two reasons. First, he was the lines of gender, class, and the gypsy woman. During having not accepted by his wife’s race at the opera’s opening. the time of political unrest in wished it.”12 family and was referred to as a The white Spanish soldiers are France, there was a fascination Even “Bohemian and an outsider.”5 trusted to keep the peace while with the Orient. Musicologist though Spain Second, as a member of the women are the laborers. Susan McClary states that was a part the French military he had The soldiers stand by and “…the ‘Orient’ (first the of Western experienced the political gawk at the women as they Middle East, later East Asia, Europe, massacre firsthand and leave and enter the cigarette and Africa) seemed to serve it was 18 expressed in letters to his factory. While the factory girls merely as a ‘free zone’ for considered 15 The opening mother-in-law his distaste for are in an inferior position to the European imagination.”9 an oriental country. The Musicologist John Locke scene as well is oriental society: first with Napoleon, the soldiers because of their Setting musical works in the Spanish in France were stated in his research that because of the Spanish then with government under gender and race, they still orient gave composers the known as Arabs who were exoticism is not only music scenery and costuming Adolphe Thiers, and lastly, serve as a spectacle for the opportunity to criticize their Christian. Artwork from that sounds exotic but even though the music at with the bloodshed that men.7 own culture. Don José is an Spain was brought back to appears exotic in costuming, this point has no Spanish was occurring during the Carmen becomes Don example of how a European France and Spanish literature scenery, and situations. He traces. Some of the gypsy Commune.6 In nineteenth José’s subordinate further man can be drawn into the became extremely popular. highlights that the Card aria music in Paris was not after she stabs a white factory sensual nature of the orient.10 The gypsy community became from Act III is exotic because authentically Spanish, even 3 the epitome of Spanish culture while French in its musical though Bizet researched McClary, Susan. Carmen: Georg- laborer who calls her a slut es Bizet. Cambridge University and is placed under Don José’s because of literary and artistic construction, it depicts the Spanish music. “Gypsies Press, 1992. 13 guard. Audience members may 8 McClary, 60. depictions. practice of fortune telling, a

4 Carmen’s aria in Act McClary, 34. perceive Carmen as dangerous 16 9 McClary, 29. I the Habanera aria (L’amour Locke, Ralph P. “A Broader View because of this action and the 14 Bizet, Georges. Carmen. Edited of Musical Extoicsm.” The Journal 5 Curtiss, Mina, and Georges Bizet. fact that she convinces Don 10 Spain, Exorcising Exoticism: by Nicholas John. London: John of Musicology “Unpublished Letters of Bizet.” The José to disobey orders and “Carmen” and the Construction of Caler (Publishers) Ltd, 1982. (University of California Press) 24, Musical Quarterly (Oxford Univer- 11 McClary, 29. Oriental. “Jose F. Colmeiro.” no. 4 (Fall 2007): 477-521. sity Press) 36, no. 3 (July 1950): help her escape in exchange 15 Comparative Literature (Duke Bizet, Georges, H. Meilhac, and 375-409. 12 17 University Press on behalf of the McClary, 31. L. Halevy. Carmen: Opera in Four Locke, 510. Acts. Translated by Ruth and Thom- 6 University of Oregon) 54, no. 4 Curtiss, 1950. 7 13 18 McClary, 47. (Spring 2002): 127-144. Colmeiro, 127. as Martin. New York: G. Schirmer, Bizet: Carmen, 264. Inc., 1875. 16 17 performed their exotic songs captured with dissonance and on who he is singing with. Carmen musically portrays tonality, and character century France. The opera and dances for the benefit of chromaticism.22 The first excerpt is from the gypsy life with its exotic representation reflect the also highlights the struggle popular audiences in Paris Bizet created the Act I duet between Micaela depictions and chromatic power struggle and political between the dominant male and Bizet often frequented character of Micaela as a and Don José, Parle-moi de elements. The plot line, tension of nineteenth- figure and the femme fatale. their haunts of ill-repute for direct contrast to Carmen. ma mère. The tonality of the entertainment.”19 While Carmen represents piece remains in the major key Bizet incorporated a life of free-spirit and with little chromaticism. Any chromatic harmonies and no limitations, Michaela chromaticism that appears is melody lines represent exemplifies conventionality used to highlight the emotion promiscuity and sexual desire. and piety. The example below of the news that Don José’s In the opening scene, the is from Micaela’s aria from mother is sick and wants to Works Cited cigarette smoke from the Act III. Unlike Carmen, see him before she dies. factory women is represented whose arias have a very chromatically. The cigarette chromatic, seductive Bizet, Georges. Carmen. Edited by Nicholas John. London: John Caler (Publishers) Ltd, 1982. smoke also shows the sexual nature, this aria is lyrical availability of the gypsy and symbolizes purity Bizet, Georges, H. Meilhac, and L. Halevy. Carmen: Opera in Four Acts. Translated by Ruth and Thomas Martin. New women and their sensuousness and chastity. The tonality York: G. Schirmer, Inc., 1875. and unpredictability. This of Micaela’s aria has a Colmeiro, Jose F. Spain, Exorcising Exoticism: “Carmen” and the Construction of Oriental. Comparative Literature (Duke is also a historical reflection heavenly nature to it. University Press on behalf of the University of Oregon) 54, no. 4 Spring 2002): 127-144. because in nineteenth century The plagal or “Amen” France, it was not socially cadence appears in Curtiss, Mina, and Georges Bizet. “Unpublished Letters of Bizet.” The Musical Quarterly (Oxford University Press) 36, 23 acceptable for women to the accompaniment. In 25 no. 3 (July 1950): 375-409. smoke. If a man saw a woman this example, the tonality The final excerpt is taken smoking it often meant she remains in F major and the from the scene leading up Dallas, Gregor. “An Exercise in Terror? The Paris Commune, 1871.” History Today, February, 1989, 38-44. was a prostitute. The excerpt instrumentation and tessitura to Carmen’s death. In this below is taken from the scene, Don José’s vocal Freeman, John W. The Metropolitan Opera: Stories of the Great Operas. (New York: W.W. chorus of factory women. line ascends chromatically. The chromaticism in the The chromatic ascension Norton & Company, 1984). orchestra embodies the shows Don José’s sexual Grey, Thomas. “Opera in the Age of Revolution.” The Journal of Interdisciplinary History (The MIT Press) 36, no. 3 rising cigarette smoke frustration with the fact (Winter 2006): 555-67. and the vocal lines of the that Carmen cannot be women represent their controlled. Locke, Ralph P. “A Broader View of Musical Extoicsm.” The Journal of Musicology (University of California Press) 24, sexual availability.20 no. 4 (Fall 2007): 477-521.

24 McClary, Susan. Carmen: Georges Bizet. Cambridge University Press, 1992. give the song an angelic feel opposed to Marinov, Ivan. Carmen: Alexandrina Milcheva, Nicola Nikolov, Lilyana Vassileva, Nicola Ghiuselev, and the Sofia National Carmen. Opera Chorus and Orchestra (Delta Music, Inc, 1995). Because the roles of Wrong, George M. “Paris in 1871.” The Lotus Magazine, March 1918: 279-80, 282-88. Micaela and Carmen 21 are meant to foil one Bizet’s Carmen. DVD, dir. Francesco Rosi (1984; Culver City, CA: Triumph Films). Don José is represented another, Don José’s diatonically while Carmen is tonality changes based 26

19 McClary, 34. 22 25 McClary, 55. Bizet: Carmen, 65.

20 McClary, 47 23 26 McClary, 80. Bizet: Carmen, 378.

21 Bizet: Carmen, 38. 24 Bizet: Carmen, 301.

18 19 entire problem. The audience ways to portray Ariel’s magic as if they’ve been recycled from believes that Ariel is invisible on stage. In 2012, a troupe an adult extension course in Ariel’s Guide to Invisibility: because Prospero and Ariel at the Theatre Royal in Bath maskmaking (Marks). say so. However, it’s up to the performed the play with Creating Magic on Stage in cast and director to actually Ariel dressed in a creative While special effects and portray the magic accurately. outfit: “Ariel is done up in make-up can create an illusion Shakespeare’s The Tempest For example, if Ariel were blue warpaint and a shock of of magic, it’s up to the to enter a scene, and all the candyfloss for hair” (Letts). actors to portray invisibility Jasmine Fugate other characters looked over While this seems unimportant, accurately with proper and focused on Ariel, the play it actually allows the character positioning, body language, can no longer claim that he is to look magical without going and where the actors focus invisible. Saying something too far with special effects and their attention. As the ENGL 346: Shakespeare is helpful, but acting out cheapening the play overall. Shakespeare Theatre proved, The theatrical problem solving assignment asks students to use performance as a way of understanding how a textual problem might be clarified by imagining Ariel’s invisibility using With Prospero’s decree of if the actors don’t portray a performance on an early modern stage. Jasmine’s interest in how invisibility facial expression and body invisibility, plus the outfit, the their roles well, the audience In William can be staged in The Tempest presents an excellent response to the “invisibility” language is necessary to make role is easy to accept. After all, won’t understand the irony. Shakespeare’s, The Tempest, problem by exploring contemporary performances and proposing her own Prospero’s words intelligible. if Ariel looked like Trinculo Therefore, there should be a magic is a prevalent theme. theatrically intelligible solution. In this particular or Stephano, the audience may mixture of special effects and - Walter Cannon Prospero, master sorcerer and scene (3.2.42-152), Stephano, doubt his power. If Ariel is staging. one of the main characters, Caliban, and Trinculo are dressed as someone out of this Alan Dessen says that learned the arcane arts from Tempest” (120). Since The invisibility on stage, the plotting to kill Prospero and world, the audience is able to there are three questions one his books. Others, like the fairy Tempest makes the most audience can see the irony in take over the island. Ariel accept the magic much more. must consider in order to Ariel, are blessed with the references to invisibility in Ariel’s presence – he is clearly comes into the scene, invisible Unfortunately, that’s accurately depict invisibility gift, and can become invisible early modern drama it is visible to us, but not to the to the other characters, and not enough to make the or, more specifically, the word to the human eye. Ariel uses obviously a significant part rest of the cast. overhears their conversation. audience believe. The actors “vanish” on stage: “(1) what this ability to play tricks on of the play, but since we In Act I, Scene II, In three separate instances, have to invite the audience would the original playgoers Prospero’s enemies to make have few other instances of Prospero instructs Ariel to Ariel calls out, “Thou liest” in; if they cannot, then the have seen at such moments? them see the error of their it, it’s difficult to determine approach the other characters (45, 62, and 75). This tricks play will surely fail. In (2) how can we tell? and (3) so ways. Specifically, in Act III, how it’s achieved or what its using invisibility: “Go make the others into believing 2005, a reporter from the what?” (120). This breakdown Scene II, Ariel uses his gift to effect might be. How can the thyself like a nymph o’ th’ Trinculo is speaking. The Washington Post did a review allows for an easier depiction trick Stephano and Caliban actors, through performance, sea. Be subject / To no scene is supposed to be of the Shakespeare Theatre’s of magic and invisibility on into believing that Trinculo is show the audience invisibility, sight but thine and mine, comic, but by being invisible production of Tempest. While stage. We must put ourselves calling them liars, provoking and more importantly, how invisible to every eyeball else” and overhearing the whole the special effects were great in the shoes of the playgoers their anger. However, there is does this problem affect the (1.2.304-6). According to scheme, it sets up Ariel and (when they actually used and actors from early modern a problem; while it’s said at the rest of the play? If the actors David Bevington, author of Prospero to overcome evil. them), the actors themselves drama. What did they see beginning of the play and in don’t portray the magic to “Hearing and Overhearing in Without Ariel’s invisibility were mediocre at best: when they first performed the the stage directions that Ariel the audience right away, the The Tempest,” this declaration (or, at the very least, a good play? The most important is invisible, it’s not said how rest of the play is hard to should be enough to convince portrayal of it), it wouldn’t But the production’s question is the “so what?” Ariel will achieve it. How does believe. The key to making the audience that Prospero have been possible to overhear sporadic demonstrations of Understanding what the stage an audience see and not see the audience believe is a and Ariel are invisible: “An the conversation and the novelty are clouded by lackluster directions meant in 1611 can invisibility? mixture of special effects and audience consents readily to audience would be deprived of performances and a surfeit of shed light on what they mean Barbara D. Palmer, in staging; costume and make- the theatrical event by doing the pleasure of irony. less than dazzling effects. The now. her essay “Staging Invisibility up must be implemented for what the dramatist stipulates: It’s obvious that the stagings of a few of the wordier With this in mind, in English Early Modern Ariel, and the whole cast the audience accepts that Ariel others can’t see Ariel, but scenes . . . are so wooden and there could be many ways to Drama,” states, “. . . although must work together through is now invisible and takes how is the tricky part. It’s drawn out that you end up tuning depict Act III, Scene II. After invisibility plays a significant facial expressions and body pleasure presumably in ‘seeing’ one thing to state that the out. And while Breaker’s midair careful consideration, two of role in a range of plays language to create the what is ‘invisible,’ thereby characters are invisible – it’s antics wittily suggest Peter these interpretations seem [from 1580 to 1642], the illusion that Ariel is there, sharing magical power with another thing to portray that Pan as a native of Stratford- to be the most believable. term invisible is found only but nobody can see him. By Prospero” (102). While this on stage. Modern productions upon-Avon, the production’s In the first, Ariel would five times, three of them in 20 using these tactics to create is helpful, it doesn’t solve the of The Tempest find different more earthbound images feel hide on stage in view of the 21 audience but not of the other characters and make faces at them invisible is play, fun, and pay attention to the be confused or shrug like they as well. With Ariel in plain characters. Preferably, the them. He could gesture to cleverness . . .” (120). I agree; conversation instead of the were imagining things, which view, they see for themselves other characters would be the audience, giggle into his the characters should be fun shenanigans going on around would sell the invisibility. that the magic is happening; placed at the front of the hands, and mouth absurdities to watch, whimsical, especially them. They should direct After the staging is they have been given proof stage. There would be pillars to the audience like, “Look Ariel. Therefore, as director, their attention to each other. all set and done, Ariel could without having to be told that a foot or two behind them, at these fools!” Whenever it my ideal staging would be the For example, when Triculo also sport a wild costume; things are the way they are. with Trinculo near the pillar comes to his announcement of more open version of the play, is accused of yelling, “Thou his make-up and clothes Ariel engrosses the audience on the left-hand side. Then, “Thou liest,” he could sneak where Ariel prances around liest,” they should gang up on could be flashy, possibly in the magic as he becomes Ariel would be placed behind behind Trinculo and yell over in plain view while the other him, get in his face, and push fairy wings to symbolize an active part of the scene. the left-hand pillar and his shoulder; it would allow characters are oblivious. I him around. That way, they’re his race, or something with Later in the play, when Ariel positioned so that he can peek the characters to look in would place the men near the focused on the physical action nature involved, like leaves or confronts the villains that out from hiding front of the stage. of the scene, rather than flowers. As the review from did Prospero wrong in Act so the audience They would stand what’s happening outside of the Theatre Royal proved, if III, Scene III, the audience can see him. Or, near each other so their circle. It’ll create an Ariel were to look the part, is taken in by the illusion; if that wouldn’t they can converse illusion of two worlds, reality he’ll be able to make the part the audience is captured, be possible, Ariel comfortably, but and magic. believable. He would stand like the other characters, can be placed leave enough space It may even add out from the other characters by what is happening on in the balcony; in between so Ariel another layer if Ariel poked and draw attention to stage and believe that Ariel that way, he can can weave through them, messed with their hair, himself, but because the other and Prospero are powerful. overhear without them and play or fluffed their clothes; they characters can’t see him, the Therefore, when Prospero needing to hide prankster. I think could react at that point, audience would know that he confronts his enemies and as much. It would this version invites maybe swatting at Ariel’s is invisible. His appearance forgives them, the audience be simple to the audience to hands or glancing around in would be the “special effects” understands how he did it and achieve, as there become entranced confusion. This would set of the scene – no other props accepts it instead of feeling wouldn’t need with what is up the illusion that Ariel is would be necessary. After all, unamused by cheap tricks. to be any special happening on there, but the others can’t see it doesn’t matter how many Without Ariel’s trickery from tricks; the actors stage. The him. Ariel is still interacting bells and whistles you have earlier, it would be easy to wouldn’t have Shakespeare’s in the environment, an active if you can’t stage the show dismiss his participation and to pretend that Theatre review part of the scene. However, correctly. believe the whole play to Ariel isn’t there. proved to me that it would still hold a sense of What does this be a ruse; by demonstrating This placement staging is key, magic, as the others wouldn’t portrayal mean for the whole his invisibility and magic on would give the and if I have Ariel be able to identify what is play? Because the magic is stage, the audience can now whole play a new hiding the whole happening to them. The obviously present, it’s easier believe in the full extent of his meaning – Ariel time, it may get other actors can pretend to to believe the rest of the play power. isn’t actually stale. Rather, I “invisible” to the other “Blue” by Ashton Mayer want him actively involved so characters, but hidden, so the audience pays attention; Works Cited there’s a less magical quality. Trinculo’s direction and would he’s listening just like they However, it would allow even seem like he spoke, rather are, keeping track of who says Bevington, David. “Hearing and Overhearing in The Tempest.” Who Hears in Shakespeare?: Auditory Worlds on Stage his character to take on a than a voice hidden away from what. In this sense, he’s tricky, and Screen. Ed. Laury Magnus and Walter W. Cannon. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson UP, 2011. 101-12. Print. deceptive quality. view. This way, everyone is in hilarious, and useful. On the other hand, on the joke, knowing full well It would be up to the Dessen, Alan C., and Leslie Thomson. “Recovering Shakespeare’s Theatrical Vocabulary.” A Dictionary of Stage Direc Ariel could avoid hiding, the other characters can’t see other characters to portray the tions in English Drama: 1580-1642. Cambridge: Cambridge U, 1999. N. pag. Print. winding between the other Ariel playing tricks on them. gimmick by ignoring Ariel on characters through the whole Palmer says that she stage. If they look at Ariel and Letts, Quentin. “A Storming Tempest Given a Lift by Jedward.” Daily Mail (London). N.p., 31 Aug. 2012. Web. 8 May 2014. conversation. It would be up “would take a more whimsical, acknowledge his character is to Ariel to make it known perhaps even childlike present at all, the whole scene Marks, Peter. “Only Ariel Escapes This Earthbound ‘Tempest’” The Washington Post. N.p., 30 Mar. 2005. Web. 8 May that he is enjoying every approach to the stagecraft of will be ruined. Therefore, they 2014. moment of his trickery – he vanishing. Making objects should look at each other, could go behind the other and people vanish or turning avoid eye contact with Ariel, Palmer, Barbara D. “Staging Invisibility in English Early Modern Drama.” Early Theatre, 2008. 22 23 The dehydrated farmhouse sitting on the worn decided to take a broomstick leaves crumble in my sofa without her were lacking and crush the birds’ hand, signaling that my without her gentle presence. construction. We then fed the Roots grandfather will be baling Grandpa Lyle remained an baby swallows to the kittens. this cutting soon. Grandpa optimist though, and did When my mother came out Holly McKinney Kenny is from my maternal his best to remain happy on and saw what we had done, side, also characterized by the farm. He always carried we received a harsh scolding. farmers. His work reflects his on extremely educating The assignment for Nature Writing and Environmental Literature was to write The shame of destroying an essay about a sense of place, including attention to both natural and cultural parents before him, my great and thought provoking something so innocent, so history and connections to the course readings. I was most impressed by Holly’s grandparents Lyle and Helen. conversation. Grandpa loved by my grandfather ENGL 213: Nature and imaginative reconstruction of her ancestral past, her ability to weave narrative Grandpa Lyle epitomized contained seemingly endless still lingers in my memory. Environmental Literature threads throughout the essays, and her use of metaphors as both explanatory and the farm. His slightly bent, knowledge and continually Every creature had a place self-reflective devices in this essay. It has some of the most stunning shuffled walk marked a life sought to learn. He taught imagery I’ve seen in essays for this course. on that farm, no matter how Escaping the mid- - Joshua Dolezal of hard work and service to me many lessons, both bothersome they seemed. August heat, I sit to rest his country during World intentionally and through I am grateful that my under the shade of a great War II. His rough, knobby subtle instances. great grandpa’s tolerance knuckles nursed sick calves Grandpa Lyle loved passed down to his son. pin oak tree in my back roots also dig deep into this bought into this way of life yard, gazing across the field. back to health, fixed various barn swallows. The red and There were many times that land, this agricultural wonder just like millions of people machinery, and played with blue striped tin barn was a certain little creature, me, This year, the field abounds called Iowa. Generations of across Ireland. Like those with the leafy clover look his three children, eight their domain, branded by would pester him during his hard workers, dreamers, and millions, they evacuated. I grandchildren, and assortment their plaster hotels made of farming duties. He let me alike, alfalfa. Plum, violet, innovators, all eventually often wonder of the Hess and lilac polka dot blooms of great grandchildren. From mud and feces. Their unique tag along to feed the cows, leading to me, Holly Anne family’s journey to America his farm co-op ball cap, infrastructure was indicated measure out grain to feed the accent the emerald sea when McKinney. My ancestors’ as I venture out into the field, the plant is in full bloom. overalls crusted with dirt and by large piles of excrement chickens, and reach into nests stories are embedded into my crunching through the thick tractor grease, down to his below. In other words, this to collect eggs. Venturing Now, however, the alfalfa has own history, shaping it but alfalfa stalks. The wind ripples been cut, and the air is filled Velcro tennis shoes, I could minute bird was capable of into the haze of feathers not defining it completely. across the foliage, and it turns never picture Grandpa Lyle a big mess. To most, this while breathing in scratched with the fragrance of late What I choose to do with their to ocean waves. I close my summer, sweet and grassy. any other place than the farm, common little cobalt bird up dust and manure always memories is up to me, and eyes and am transported back his home. I was forced to see was a nuisance, but they are proved to be a guessing game. My grandfather has already their knowledge, combined about 175 years, astride the cut it three times this year, Grandma Helen outside of essential for the control of Would there be a hen on the with my own, helps me ocean bound vessel. Scanning her household, since much insects. They were as much a nest, beak poised and ready and the large round bales discover where I belong in this the rolling water and inhaling guard the edge of the field of her later life was spent in part of the farm as Grandpa. I to strike? Although I enjoyed land. some of the salty spray, I the sterile nursing home. She cannot think of a time where time spent in the henhouse, like sentries. He will cut it In order to get to the ponder what the future has once more, maybe twice before always seemed out of place I did not risk being dive I preferred a quieter activity. land, my ancestors first had in store since my livelihood and restless there, but some bombed or angrily chattered Perhaps my favorite time autumn comes. This resilient to sail across the Atlantic. has just been pillaged. What forage legume, depending of her happier moments were at as I neared the barn. One spent with Grandpa Kenny Six generations ago, paternal would I do if everything I had spent outside when we would instance, my brother and I during my childhood was the on the harvest schedule, can lineage fled away from the known and worked for was be cut at a high nutritional wheel her out on the home’s were luring kittens out of hours I kept him company in agrarian disaster known as stripped away? The Hesses veranda to talk. Grandma their hiding places with the the cab of his tractor. I have value up to five times in its the Great Famine. This was a may have failed in Ireland, but growing season. The cut Helen would cry when we tease of a long switch of since outgrown the small tumultuous time of starvation, that gave my hard working would leave her, breaking grass. It took time, but the space I used to fill, but I can plant is then left to dry – later disease, and emigration in ancestors a chance to begin a to be raked and wound into our hearts. She had to be expert animal tamers we were still sense the calm, rhythmic Ireland’s history due to the whole new legacy. The trek to taken away from her home, eventually got the best of the motion of the tractor and the small rectangular bales or potato blight ravaging crops a new land brought about new large round bales. Alfalfa is and now we were leaving curious cats. We played with grinding, white, mechanical island wide. It can almost be opportunities, a chance to start her too. Visits to the farm the kittens for some time, all noise the equipment produced resistant to drought, having thought of as a plant genocide, over. I lean over the railing an extremely deep root after Grandma Helen had the while being scolded by while bumping across the since the effects were partly and extend my hand to the to be moved always seemed irritated swallow parents. Fed fields. Farming, although it system that can sometimes brought on because of the water, but as I draw it back I dig down to more than fifteen incomplete. Afternoons spent up with the constant enraged is full of unknowns and risks, monoculture of the crop. The am only left with a fistful of inside the dim, creaking drone, my brother and I has moments of such serenity 24 feet (“Alfalfa”). My family’s Hess family, my predecessors, alfalfa leaves. 25 that many people seek for in year dealt the tree its final ducks herd around me as I throughout my hometown. share the same feelings as from where the wheel rolled this world. David Masumoto, blow, ripping the tree in half. paddle across the nearly mile With just over seven hundred John Price’s grandfather. This over the backs of each small nontraditional peach farmer I have become accustomed long body of water. Like people, it is hard to ignore non-fiction nature author mammal’s back. I do not want and author, describes it best to the green giant’s absence, the painted and snapping the large McKinney clan. explains this state of mind to be like those stunned bats, when he says, “Farming with the stump as my only turtles, I enjoy the feeling of Their neighborly attitude in his Iowa based narrative, becoming so comfortable and provides many opportunities reminder. The tree’s memory the sun’s rays from atop the has embedded itself into me, Man Killed by Pheasant and sleepy that life rolls over me, for contemplation, escapes is carried with me, as well as shallow body. My kayak glides and I am always kept busy Other Kinships, “I can see the which it tends to do in this from the tedious physical pace. all the recollections of times I through the liquid like one with community service signs of the migrant spirit… sleepy, detached Iowa town. I do my best thinking while ventured high into its sticky of the northern water snakes projects such as raking leaves, Grandpa was always restless.” There is the true shoveling weeds or driving a branches. From its viewpoint, that inhabit this area. I often volunteering through my Although Iowa is a great place conflict I have. My love for tractor” (Masumoto 17). I have a wide angle view of come alone, finding solace in church, or helping during the to have been raised in, it is the beautiful rural setting, I am not a farmer, the entire yard. My mother’s this wild place. It is one of the annual summer festival, Old becoming less appealing to a which is all I know, and the and I do not live on a farm. elaborate and eclectic gardens, most naturally diverse places Settlers. I love this little rural discontented young adult. craving for something new. Somewhere along the family filled with grasses, hosta, in the county, still containing town, but there comes a point There were other Iowa has given me my roots lines, the desire tall grass where I want to be on the animals on Grandpa Lyle’s through both the landscape to pursue prairie as well boat with the Clarks, setting farm that we disrupted, as and my family history. The agriculture as upland off on a new adventure. I have well. Ones that still flew and Hesses chose to reside in dissipated. timber, and tasted all that this place has contributed to the elimination Iowa for some reason, and Nonetheless, is used for to offer, and there will come of the insect population, who I have caught glimpses of it growing up in recreational a time in the next several also symbolized their presence during my short legacy. The rural Warren bird watching years that I will need to be with piles of guano. Bats. The tight knit family farming County Iowa and hiking reseeded. barn provided many rafters for community, the days mixed has become a as well as No matter where I the night dwellers to reside, with hard work and play, the defining part of hunting. By end up, part of me will always but we discovered one day postcard scenes of a blood my life (Warren the end of the be an Iowan. My easy going that the bats had chosen a red sun sinking low over and Madison summer, my Midwestern attitude will be slightly different place to hang a cornfield on a summer’s County to be “Reflection” by Ashton Mayer recreational carried with me wherever during their daily off hours. evening. I see those Iowa specific, since I live about a use is expired. The marsh in I reside. The gravel and The sliding barn door was values reflecting back at me mile away from the county coneflowers, among many mid-August is now filled with dirt road threads that tie gaping open, and my mother from the gently curving lines line). My home sits on a others are just pinpricks of moss and reeks of bird waste, together quilt patches of corn went to close it before we left of the fallen hay in the field. fourteen acre plot of land, color. since it is their natural latrine. and soybeans will always the farm for home. She was The memories and beliefs with about six of those being To the north of my I am curious to see be a security blanket to me. having some difficulties as the passed down from generation designated to crops, five for vantage point, I can just make if my time in Iowa is also Unpredictable southern Iowa door seemed to be stuck. Not to generation are mine now to timber, and three for the house out a shimmering outline of coming to a close. This land weather has taught me to be one to give up, my mother keep. They will follow me to and yard. I have inhabited a native wetland. Past our has offered me so much in my flexible and able to adapt at gave the door a great pull and wherever I land. I keep that in this particular piece of terrain property just over a mile is upbringing – it is closely tied a moment’s notice. I think yanked it shut. Mysterious mind as I grab a dried alfalfa for all of my nineteen years the Jensen Marsh of Madison to countless memories with of an instance from my brown blobs began raining stalk, crush some of the fragile on this planet, and it has County, where I spend my family. They have worked childhood that later taught down from the frame. Bats. leaves, and let the wind carry provided me with all the countless hours. The wildlife this soil in order to make a me to be aware and ready Upon closer inspection, there them off of my palm into the ingredients for a healthy area is almost 200 acres and is living and provide for their for what life has to offer. I were slight indentations air. life – plenty of sunshine, cut in half by the abandoned loved ones. They sought out food, and natural beauty railroad tracks. In the late Iowa as a home, as comfort in all around. Three towering spring and early summer when the face of being uprooted and Works Cited Douglas firs line the drive, the water is high, I invade the having to start a new life. I “Alfalfa.” Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 5 December 2014. . the wide, flat stump. The old my kayak, pushing aside like alfalfa seeds and have tree was damaged during an jewelweed, goldenrod, fowl been cut and dispersed into Masumoto, David. Epitaph for a Peach; Four Seasons on My Family Farm. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers, ice storm several years ago, bluegrass, and woodnettle. the community. McKinney 1995. Print. and a windstorm from last The Canadian geese and is a well-known name 26 Price, John T. Man Killed by Pheasant and Other Kinships. Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa Press. 27 for her affair with Tom. Her portrayal of Tom Buchanan. Jordan and Myrtle, the two life with gas station owner In Act I, Scene I, Daisy, most ethically questionable Gatsby Changes George Wilson is nothing Jordan, and Nick sit and chat female roles, call for mezzo- like she expected, and she like old friends. When Tom sopranos. The lower, more now longs to be with Tom, bursts onto the scene, the ominous tone of a mezzo is his Tune who treats her “like a queen” orchestra is abruptly silent, used in this work to evoke (Harbison 59). Another then accompanies Tom’s feelings of trouble or distrust Lexus Waymire unique convention of opera is harsh words with dissonant from the audience. Gatsby the use of a chorus. Harbison and staccato strokes from is cast as a high, lyric tenor, The cultural transformations assignment asks students to consider how chose to give Gatsby’s party- the string section. Tom’s asking the audience to other artists have transformed the Gatsby materials into another art form. goers a singular voice, sympathize with him LAS 410: The Great Gatsby How does a different genre necessarily distort the novel, and to what effect? using a chorus of and his selfless love Lexie presents us with an excellent study of how John Harbison’s opera singers to show how for Daisy. Another transforms Fitzgerald’s novel into a different register with a new set of little Gatsby’s guests fine example of cultural meanings. The art of music has - Walter Cannon cared about their host. the use of musical the ability to be beautiful, As the chorus sings at line in character inspiring hope and happiness one of Gatsby’s grand portrayal is Harbison’s in its listeners. However, art longing to repeat the past, and infuriated when the author’s occasions, they do not compositional style for that truly imitates life cannot their pursuit of the American original work is not followed care “where the money Daisy. The audience be exclusively beautiful; dream. to the letter. Rather than comes from” just “as senses Daisy’s trouble viewing a work of art may be Since the early 1900s, reimagining the figures in long as Gatsby’s lights soul through her a challenging experience. A opera in the United States The Great Gatsby, Harbison are on” (Harbison 44). dramatic change in prime example of such art was often viewed as a form of uses several unique elements One of Fitzgerald’s vocal timbre. When is John Harbison’s operatic “highbrow art” (Levine), its of opera to dig deeper into themes is that all Daisy is in a social adaptation of F. Scott European roots suggesting Fitzgerald’s characters. One humans are flawed and setting, she puts on a Fitzgerald’s novel The Great that primarily the refined and element is the addition of selfish, and it is difficult mask portraying the Gatsby. As a “high-brow” art intelligent of the upper class the aria. An aria is typically for the reader to “perfect little fool” she form, opera often conjures may attend. Today it carries used as a way for a character imagine such careless wants her daughter negative connotations. This, a similar reputation, along to express his or her inner individuals. However, to grow up to be. in combination with with the stigma that opera thoughts or struggle. Because Harbison provides Her voice is high and Harbison’s non-melodic, is dull, incomprehensible, Fitzgerald uses Nick as a a unique alternative wistful, hardly landing dissonant compositional style, and old-fashioned. While narrator, many of the feelings perspective by allowing on a note before makes the opera one of the it is true that opera takes a of the other characters us to see into the minds whisking to another. lesser-known transformations certain amount of education are left to interpretation. of each character, However, when Daisy of Gatsby. However, the prior to appreciation, this Harbison chose to use his perhaps justifying, or at Unusual Point-of-View by Cheryl Wells becomes insightful success of Harbison’s opera is is not to say that only the interpretations of these least explaining, the reckless or angry, she reverts to her irrelevant to its importance upper-class can appreciate feelings and gives the audience actions that take place in deeper, earthier timbre. This and merit. Harbison expertly and enjoy opera. While the a closer look into the minds Gatsby’s world. vocal lines are also written is Harbison’s way of showing uses original songs and arias, twentieth-century techniques of other characters. A good Perhaps the most in a brash, non-lyrical style, how Daisy can manipulate vocal timbres of individual in Harbison’s The Great Gatsby example is Myrtle’s second powerful aspect of music is reflecting Daisy’s description her feelings, and the feelings characters, and harmonic may not be ideal for a first- aria, “Waiting”, during which its ability to influence human of her husband: “hulking”. of others, by putting on a tension to bring Fitzgerald’s time opera goer, its loyalty Myrtle Wilson waits for emotions and subconscious. From the very beginning, show. Harbison’s portrayal characters to life. His use to Fitzgerald’s plot makes it her lover, Tom, to return Harbison harnesses that aspect the audience is swayed by the of Daisy is different from of modern compositional easy to follow for readers of to the gas station where she and uses it to comment on orchestral and vocal color to many other transformations techniques asks the audience Fitzgerald’s novel. lives with her husband. In the character traits of each of consider Tom a villain. of Fitzgerald’s novel, as the not necessarily to enjoy, When a classic novel Fitzgerald’s book, we only get Fitzgerald’s characters, subtly Harbison also excels audience gains more explicit but to feel the tension that is transformed into a film, to know Myrtle on a surface swaying the listener’s opinion at choosing specific voice insight into her thought constantly lurks behind play, or, in this case, opera, level. Here we see more about each one of them. The parts and timbres for specific process. By the end of Act I, Fitzgerald’s characters, their dedicated fans are often deeply into her reasoning clearest example is the musical characters. For example, Scene III, we see Daisy reflect 28 29 on how she has sacrificed comments in the final scene costuming and scenery, once sings, “his dream must have critics and listeners have to absorb, but it is a work of simple happiness to fit into at Gatsby’s funeral, “He again using music to take the seemed so close. He did not little use for it. One reason art that does not have to be the American Dream mold got what he deserved— he minds of the audience to another know it was already behind could be Harbison’s seemingly beautiful to make a statement. by marrying Tom and acting came too far, he built too place, time, and mindset. him” (Harbison). Harbison random use of dissonance It is unfortunate that opera the part of wife and mother. high (Harbison 65). We root If the music was so reached into the many themes and angular rhythm. It is largely associated with the In two of her somber arias, for Gatsby throughout the masterfully composed, one may in Fitzgerald’s novel and is almost as if Harbison is upper class, as the unique she seeks “the old warm show, but know that the wonder how this opera received pulled out the hopelessness trying to make the listeners musical emotion Harbison world” (Harbison 12), fearing world does not always work such mixed, and often negative, of past dreams, using musical uncomfortable by using presents to his audience that her youthful happiness in favor of the deserving. reviews. A review by Zachary motives and repetition to harmonic tension that goes cannot be experienced in is “gone forever” (Harbison Gatsby dedicated his entire Woolfe in The New York Times make this idea the core of his unresolved, representing the any other art form. This 12). The only dissatisfying life to winning Daisy, but claims that Harbison’s opera opera. turmoil underneath the surface transformation of The Great vocal choice is that of Nick Fitzgerald’s plot tells us lacks energy, heart, and the While this opera of the seemingly perfect lives Gatsby, through the many Carroway as a bass. Nick is that fate is uncontrollable. ability to carry itself without celebrated some limited of the upper class. At times, faces of musical composition, often portrayed in the book Perhaps Gatsby’s character is the use of the “pseudo-1920s success, it seems that most this opera is truly a challenge truly takes on a life of its own. as unsure and unstable, and Harbison’s way of conveying pop songs” (Woolfe). All music the bass tone is far too rooted the fragility and ultimate not stemming from 1920s for Nick’s character. hopelessness of chasing the jazz is reviewed as something Works Cited In addition to vocal American Dream. incomprehensible, and there Harbison, John, and F. Scott Fitzgerald. The Great Gatsby: Opera in Two Acts. New York: G. Schirmer: 1999. Print. interpretation, Harbison In addition to the are not many critics who enjoy seems to have a different idea colorful cast of characters, The Harbison’s use of modernism. Levine, Lawrence W. Highbrow/lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard of Nick, and consequently Great Gatsby is recognizable When all is said and UP, 1988. 144-146. Print. Gatsby, and their roles in the for its 1920s setting. Harbison done, what is Harbison trying Woolfe, Zachary. “The Rich Are Different: They Can Sing.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 14 July 2013. story. Nick is “transferred once again uses music to to say? He seems to return Web. 24 Nov. 2014. from narrator to supporting seamlessly connect modern again and again to the same player,” and now serves opera to 1920s jazz. Harbison themes: the allusion of a dream more as an observer and added newly composed and the elusiveness of the past. occasional commentator” jazz pieces to be sung by a As mentioned, Daisy frequently (Woolfe). Perhaps his bandstand singer at Gatsby’s sings of her search for “the old deeper voice was meant to parties, as well as on the warm world.” Throughout the make the audience feel they radio. The pieces were course of the show, we watch as could trust his opinion, but so authentic that listeners she realizes that perhaps the life in many performances it believed them to be original to she has is not the life she truly seems that Nick is just out the period. Act II, Scene I is wants, but it may be too late for of place. With no narrator, the most intriguing example her to recover the past. Gatsby, “Gatsby is forced to explain of a weaving together of jazz also obsessed with reclaiming himself and the import of his and modern opera. Daisy the past, comes into her life and story in excessively literal and Tom exchange in a shows her a glimmer of what arias” (Woolfe), taking some heated conversation in a non- could have been. Harbison of the mystery out of our melodic operatic style, which clings to Fitzgerald’s line title character. In addition transitions into a jazz solo by “repeat the past,” letting the to his lyrical tenor voice, the bandstand singer. After characters at Gatsby’s party Gatsby’s overall character the solo, Harbison combines exchange the motive repeatedly. development and portrayal the two styles, with the singers Both Daisy and Gatsby long asks us to view him as a continuing in the angular to have what they once had, “Blue” by Ashton Mayer tragic figure. We admire style of modern opera, while while Nick insists that “you him for fully committing the orchestra accompanies can’t repeat the past.” Harbison to his dream, but pity with the melody from the melds the ideas of the American him as we watch him fall bandstand singer. Harbison’s dream and the unattainable past short of his dream. Jordan ability to go beyond the 1920s at Gatsby’s funeral, where Nick 30 31 escribiendo este soneto a y “gentil” (1). La voz poética de la rosa, que representan la una rosa por el uso de un habla sobre la “fragante gente del mundo (191). El engaño de la belleza en apóstrofe. También, la poeta sutileza” y “la belleza” de la Como el símbolo de la aborda este objeto inanimado rosa en esta estrofa también rosa, Sor Juana exhibe el tema “A una rosa” de Sor Juana por el uso del pronombre (2-3). Sin embargo, este tono de belleza durante todo este de sujeto de “tú” durante el positivo empieza a cambiar poema. Muchas descripciones Inés de la Cruz poema. Por ejemplo, en la en la segunda estrofa cuando de la belleza de la rosa están primera estrofa, la voz poética la autora escribe, “Amago en la primera estrofa: “Rosa Elizabeth Carman escribe, “Rosa divina que en de la humana arquitectura, / divina que en gentil cultura / gentil cultura / eres, con tu ejemplo de la vana gentileza” eres, con tu fragante sutileza, SPAN 323: Intro. to fragante sutileza” (1-2). Por (5-6). Estos versos son / magisterio purpúreo en la Hispanic Literature Elizabeth’s paper stood out for several reasons. First, the poem on el uso de este pronombre indicadores obvios del símbolo belleza, / enseñanza nevada which she chose to write--a Baroque sonnet by Mexican nun and poet de sujeto y el símbolo de de la rosa en relación a “la a la hermosura” (1-4). En Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz--is quite challenging linguistically, formally la rosa en este poema en humana arquitectura” (5). esta estrofa, es obvio que and thematically. I found it admirable that Elizabeth decided to focus general, la autora está usando Sor Juana empieza a referirse Sor Juana está escribiendo Sor Juana Inés de la on this particular poem (which we did not read in class). Second, personificación también. a la rosa como un “ejemplo sobre la belleza de la rosa Elizabeth aptly demonstrated how to conduct a close reading of a Cruz fue una autora mexicana Normalmente, no se invoca de la vana gentileza” en esta en términos positivos. literary text, zeroing in on the sonnet’s intricacies, yet never losing conocida por sus obras sight of the overarching theme of her paper -- the rose as a symbol of un objeto inanimado con estrofa, pero expande esta idea Aunque parece que la voz literarias en el movimiento youth’s vanishing beauty. Finally, Elizabeth’s paper is noteworthy for “tú.” También, Sor Juana le en la tercera estrofa (6). A la poética tiene una perspectiva barroco. Desde que era its overall organization and flow and appeals to appropriate literary da características humanas a rosa, la autora dice: “¡Cuán optimista de la belleza de la joven, Sor Juana perseguía vocabulary and grammatical accuracy in Spanish. la rosa, especialmente en la altiva en tu pompa, presumida, rosa en esta estrofa, el uso de una vida llena de estudios -Kathleen Korcheck tercera estrofa cuando escribe / soberbia, el riesgo de morir palabras como “presumida” y conocimiento (Friedman, “¡Cuán altiva en tu pompa, desdeñas” (9-10). En estos y “soberbia” en la tercera Valdivieso y Virgillo 190). presumida, / soberbia” (9-10). versos, la autora describe la estrofa indica que la belleza Aunque eventualmente se Una persona normalmente le arrogancia de la rosa. Estas puede provocar sentimientos hizo monja para que pudiera cambia en la segunda estrofa todos estos temas crean el da este tipo de características características negativas de vanidad (9-10). Como estudiar, decidió abandonar cuando Sor Juana empieza a mensaje principal en este a otra persona, pero ya que contrastan con las de la rosa ha escrito Galicia Lechuga, sus estudios para enfocar en hablar sobre cómo una rosa soneto. Aunque este poema la autora le atribuye estas bella en la primera estrofa. “mientras que los cuartetos la vida monástica debido a la imita a la humanidad por no es muy largo, Sor Juana características a una flor, la Por este contraste, Sor Juana eran una alabanza de la presión de la Iglesia (190). La su vanidad (5-6). La poeta todavía usa simbolismo y poeta nos ayuda a entender quiere que sus lectores sepan rosa, los tercetos la atacan” poeta murió joven en 1695, continúa hablando sobre la complejidad para ofrecernos la situación de una rosa que la rosa tiene arrogancia cuando explican la vanidad pero a pesar de su muerte arrogancia de la rosa en la una perspectiva bastante en relación con la de la debido a su belleza y de la rosa (222). Para la voz temprana, escribió muchas tercera estrofa, enfatizando pesimista de la belleza y la humanidad. Por su referencia juventud. Ya que la rosa es poética, esta vanidad no es obras famosas y complejas, especialmente la ignorancia juventud. Por examinar el a “la humana arquitectura” un símbolo de humanidad una característica deseable. incluyendo el poema “A una de la rosa en relación a su símbolo de la rosa y los temas en el poema, Sor Juana nos en esta obra, Sor Juana está En la última estrofa, escribe rosa.” Esta obra es un soneto muerte (9-10). En el fin, de belleza y tiempo en este revela unas características de comentando sobre la vanidad que la rosa tenía una “necia típico de esta época que tiene la rosa se marchita y se poema, específicamente en la gente del mundo (5). Sin de humanidad también, vida” debido a su arrogancia catorce versos organizados en muere (11-14). Por su vida relación a la antítesis y el embargo, en la segunda mitad particularmente en relación y vanidad (13). También, Sor dos cuartetos y dos tercetos. y belleza, la rosa engaña a carácter didáctico de la rosa, del poema se puede ver que con los jóvenes. De hecho, Juana refuerza su perspectiva Antes del principio de la la humanidad, pero por su argumento que Sor Juana no todas las características de Sor Juana introduce esta negativa de la belleza por sus obra, hay una descripción que muerte, la rosa enseña a la usa el símbolo de una rosa la humanidad son positivas. idea antes de que el poema descripciones de la naturaleza introduce el argumento del humanidad sobre la vanidad y para mostrar a sus lectores El símbolo de la rosa empiece. Por el argumento engañosa de la belleza de la poema y el concepto de una la brevedad de la vida (14). la inutilidad de la belleza de en esta obra representa la de “En que da moral censura rosa. Aunque la rosa tiene rosa a los lectores. Después de Como muchas otras juventud. vanidad de la humanidad. a una rosa, y en ella a sus una apariencia bonita, dicha este verso, Sor Juana empieza obras del barroco, “A una Durante todo del El soneto empieza con semejantes,” Sor Juana nos apariencia es engañosa la obra por invocar una rosa. rosa” tiene temas como la poema, la voz poética presenta descripciones vívidas de una presenta con la relación entre porque el carácter de la rosa La autora dice que tiene belleza, la desilusión y el el símbolo de la rosa. Por rosa. En la primera estrofa, una rosa y humanidad por realmente es arrogante en belleza y elegancia (1-4). Sin tiempo (López-Portillo 157). el título de “A una rosa,” se Sor Juana describe la rosa mencionar la “moral censura” vez de “gentil” (1). La autora embargo, el tono del soneto El símbolo de una rosa y puede ver que la autora está con palabras como “divina” de la rosa y las “semejantes” escribe “viviendo engañas” a la 32 33 rosa en la última estrofa (14). el tono de las antítesis en el engaña a sus observadores en una “necia vida” (13). rosa” no es de “carpe diem,” por las antítesis y el carácter Este verso indica que, para Sor poema cambia cuando la voz debido a su belleza breve y Por su muerte, la rosa nos como el mensaje principal didáctico de la rosa en la obra. Juana, la belleza es engañosa poética empieza a hablar sobre porque “el riesgo de morir enseña la realidad de la vida del soneto de Góngora Por observar la “necia vida” y no es necesariamente una el carácter engañoso de la desdeñas” (10). Sin embargo, y la juventud con un mensaje (Luiselli 144). En lugar de la rosa, un lector puede característica positiva para la rosa en las últimas estrofas. con el tiempo, la rosa bastante pesimista: la belleza de esta lección, Sor Juana reflejar en su propia vida, rosa y para seres humanos por A la rosa la voz poética dice, agonizante está “desmayada y de la juventud es inútil. enseña a sus lectores sobre la enfocándose especialmente en lo general. “con que con docta muerte y encogida” (11). Su belleza de Este mensaje le da al lector inutilidad de la hermosura de la fugacidad de la juventud El concepto de tiempo, necia vida / viviendo engañas juventud ha desaparecido. la oportunidad de reflejar juventud. Primero, la autora (13). como el tema de belleza, es y muriendo enseñas!” (13-14). En las antítesis sobre sobre su vida de una manera usa el símbolo de una rosa En total, la rosa en “A uno de los más prevalentes Aunque estos versos tienen la vida y la muerte y el diferente. para expresar sus opiniones una rosa” no es una maestra e importantes tema del tiempo Aunque una rosa de juventud. Por la rosa, se por su belleza, sino por su temas del soneto. por lo general, parece una flor bastante puede comparar su vanidad y vida breve y vanidad durante Sor Juana usa también aparece cotidiana y normal, Sor vida breve con la arrogancia su juventud. Como otros este poema para una rosa didáctica. Juana aborda el tema de de la gente joven. Segundo, autores del barroco, Sor Juana mostrarnos Esta idea emerge una rosa en una manera que el poema incluye el tema Inés de la Cruz nos muestra que la belleza en la primera quizás cambia la perspectiva de belleza para expresar la por medio de una rosa que de la juventud estrofa cuando del lector sobre la belleza hermosura de la rosa. Después las cosas no son siempre lo no dura, y Sor Juana escribe, de la juventud. Los temas de exponer estas descripciones que parecen. Irónicamente, emplea métodos “enseñanza nevada presentados en “A una rosa” positivas, sin embargo, la esta autora también murió a diferentes a la hermosura,” son típicos del movimiento voz poética sigue por hablar una edad joven, similar a la durante la obra frase que una vez barroco (Luiselli 145). De del carácter engañoso de muerte de una rosa (Friedman, para enfatizar más describe la hecho, “Soneto CLXVI” de la rosa. Aunque la flor es Valdivieso y Virgillo 190). este punto. belleza de la rosa, Luis de Góngora es otro bonita físicamente cuando es Sin embargo, la memoria Primero, la y también nos poema que se puede comparar joven, desdeña “el riesgo de y los pensamientos de esta autora incluye muestra el carácter con el de Sor Juana (Luiselli morir” y finalmente se muere autora viven todavía hoy en su unas antítesis en didáctico de la 144). Los dos poemas usan “desmayada y encogida” (10- literatura. Por su invocación a el poema, una flor (4). Según la ideas sobre la naturaleza para 11). Por último, Sor Juana una flor, Sor Juana nos enseña característica voz poética, sin mostrarnos lecciones sobre los incluye el tema de tiempo sobre el lado negativo de la típica de la poesía embargo, la rosa temas de la belleza, juventud, para enfatizar su perspectiva belleza de juventud y nos sorjuaniana también enseña por y tiempo. Sin embargo, el pesimista de la juventud. Este ofrece una perspectiva distinta (Luiselli 143). otras maneras: “[v] mensaje central de “A una concepto del tiempo aparece de la vida de una rosa. Se presenta la iviendo engañas y primera antítesis muriendo enseñas” en la segunda (14). La rosa “es Works Cited estrofa: “la cuna una maestra no Friedman, Edward, Teresa Valdivieso and Carmelo Virgillo, eds. Aproximaciones al estudio de la literatura hispánica. 7th alegre y triste Collaboration and Transformation por su hermosura, sepultura” (8). Esta antítesis by Sara Rodriguez sino por su brevedad, pues ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2012. Print. es una comparación entre el muere en cuanto nace” Galicia Lechuga, David. “Carpe diem y vanitas vanitatum en los sonetos de Sor Juana.” Acta Poética 31.2 (2010): 205-31. nacimiento feliz y la muerte un tema similar a la primera (Galicia Lechuga 222). Por Print. triste de la rosa y parece fluir antítesis—los temas de vida y la enseñanza de la rosa, Sor con las descripciones positivas muerte—estos últimos versos Juana nos revela su mensaje Juana Inés de la Cruz. “A una rosa.” Aproximaciones al estudio de la literatura hispánica. 7th ed. Eds. Edward Friedman, de la rosa “divina” y “gentil” nos ofrecen una visión muy principal de este poema. La Teresa Valdivieso and Carmelo Virgillo. New York: McGraw Hill, 2012. 191. Print. en la primera estrofa (1). Las diferente de esta rosa. Galicia juventud y la belleza de la López-Portillo, Carmen. Sor Juana y su mundo: una mirada actual. Memorias del Congreso Internacional. México D.F.: ideas de “cuna” y “sepultura” se Lechuga explica que “la vida juventud no duran. Aunque Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1998. Print. refieren al concepto de tiempo, de esta engaña a las personas estas características de la rosa particularmente en relación por su hermosura, mientras nos muestran la hermosura Luiselli, Alessandra. “Tríptico Virreinal: Los Tres Sonetos a la Rosa de Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz.” Y diversa de mi con el cambio dramático de que su muerte invita a la y la perfección de ser joven, misma entre vuestras plumas ando: Homenaje a Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz. Ed. Sara Poot Herrera. México D.F.: Colegio de México, 1993. 137-57. Print. una flor desde su nacimiento reflexión sobre la brevedad según la voz poética, esta a su muerte (8). Sin embargo, de la vida” (222-23). La rosa belleza solamente resulta 34 35 severely problematized“ (978). he hasn’t cared to elaborate importance of context. The Up until the chapter on his real parents. She has environments in which The Saleem and Shiva of his birth, we are lead to impatiently waited for him Saleem and Shiva are raised believe that Ahmed and to tell her the story of his have a great effect on the Principle in Rushdie’s Amina Sinai are Saleem’s birth, only to find out that boys’ lives. They come from parents. Family history the genealogy he has been two very different social makes up a large part of recounting isn’t even the classes and this is important Midnight’s Children Saleem’s narrative. He history of his biological family. to their development and Kaity Sharp gives a detailed account of Padma feels tricked and calls interactions later in the story. Amina’s side, starting with Saleem a monster, but he does Actually, this is the reason ENGL 375: Studies in his grandparents, doctor not see it this way: Mary switched them in the 20th Century Literature I was impressed by Kaity’s ability to analyze a difficult, encyclopedic text like Aadam Aziz and Naseem “the first place. She was in love Salman Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children. One of Rushdie’s main ideas is that “To un- Reverend Mother,” before No: I’m no monster. Nor have I with a radical named Joseph derstand just one life, you have to swallow the world,” and he tries to incorporate even getting to his own birth. been guilty of trickery. I provided D’Costa who was strongly Although Saleem’s the whole sub-continent of India into his 533-page novel! Kaity was able to find a After he reveals Ahmed and clues . . . but there’s something opposed to the divide between original intent is to tell his thread in that elaborate tapestry and trace it through from beginning to end, thus illuminating the entire magic realist novel in the process. One can see an exemplary Amina as his parents, (or at more important than that. the rich and the poor. So own story, he believes that reader and writer in her essay. least two of many “parents”), It’s this: when we eventually out of love for Joseph and in order to satisfactorily do - Michael Harris he refers to them as such for discovered the crime of Mary his ideals, Mary switched so, he must also tell of all the remainder of the novel. Pereira, we all found that it the nametags on the boys, the other lives and stories He does, however, make a made no difference! I was still which she knew would mean that have impacted him: “I such opposing outlooks on Saleem’s life even though questionable comment after their son: they remained my “giving the poor baby a life of have been a swallower of lives; life. Furthermore, Saleem and it’s Shiva who is in her belly. Amina announces to an angry parents. In a kind of collective privilege and condemning the and to know me, just the one Shiva’s different viewpoints Ramram declares, “‘There Muslim mob that she is with failure of imagination, we rich-born child to accordions of me, you’ll have to swallow balance each other out by will be two heads—but you child: “But although my learned that we simply could not and poverty” (135). Although the lot as well” (4). I think portraying the optimism shall see only one—there will mother was right about her think our way out of our pasts ... both babies were born at the one of the more interesting and pessimism in Midnight’s be knees and a nose, a nose public announcement, she was (136-137) stroke of midnight, it is the stories interwoven with Children. In the end, I believe and knees’” (Rushdie 99). also wrong. This is why: The wealthier of the two who gets Saleem’s is the tale of Shiva, Rushdie disproves the idea Amina is worried that she will baby she was carrying did For Saleem, the people who the attention for it. Mary the fellow midnight child with that you can be “anything you give birth to a two-headed not turn out to be her son” actually raised him are his becomes Saleem’s nanny and whom Saleem was switched want to be” in life, however child, but we soon learn that (86). As with other parts of family because that is what according to Saleem, both at birth. Shiva is aptly named by incorporating traits of both Ramram was speaking of Saleem’s story, we don’t fully they have always believed she and Amina coddle him after Hinduism’s major god characters he creates a hopeful both Saleem and Shiva. The understand this statement to be true. Their personal and fight for his affections, of creation and destruction outlook for the future of India phrase “knees and nose” is until later. Eventually he histories have had a greater showing him off around (Cartwright). He serves as (148). significant because the boys’ explains how Mary switched influence on his life than Methwold’s Estate. It is a foil to Saleem throughout Although Saleem special abilities are tied to his nametag with Shiva’s. those of his biological parents. Saleem, not Shiva, who gets the novel and Saleem is and Shiva seem to represent these two body parts: Saleem’s Saleem actually belongs to a Furthermore, he sees himself, a personal letter from the acutely aware of their strong oppositions, their lives cucumber nose and Shiva’s poor accordion-playing clown Shiva, and all the other Prime Minister declaring connection. Toward the are very intertwined. M. monstrous knobby knees. called Wee Willie Winkie midnight children as “only his life will be “the mirror” end of his story he remarks, Keith Booker observes that Both of them are mentioned and his wife Vanita, who died partially the offspring of their of India’s own (143). It’s “Shiva and Saleem, victor Rushdie often constructs dual in the prophecy because their in childbirth. Methwold, the parents” anyway, because “the no wonder he grows up and victim: understand our oppositions with characters fates are intricately linked. English owner of the estate children of midnight were also under the impression that rivalry, and you will gain an “only to deconstruct [them] Saleem and Shiva are both where they live, is implied to children of the time—fathered he’s extremely special. As understanding of the age in by demonstrating that born at the stroke of midnight be his biological father after . . . by history” (137). Saleem John J. Su points out, “From which you live (the reverse of apparent polar opposites are and switched before given a scene with Vanita, making recognizes he is not only the outset of the novel, this statement is also true)” in fact interchangeable and back to their parents by Saleem’s identity even more connected to his family, but Saleem constructs a set of (Rushdie 515). Examining mutually interdependent” Saleem’s nanny, Mary Pereira. complex. also to history and the context expectations that correspond their individual upbringings (978). For example, when Booker explains, “In a sense, Saleem’s caretaker, in which he grows up. with . . . an epic hero“ (550). is essential to understanding Ramram Seth prophesizes to then, Sinai is ‘really’ Shiva, Padma, is understandably It seems Saleem He believes his destiny is how they are each “victor and Amina, it’s interesting to note and Shiva is ‘really’ Sinai, so upset when she learns that is right in noticing the inextricably linked to that victim” and why they have 36 that he accurately predicts that the polar opposition is 37 of his country’s, making him Being the two children takes it upon himself to shut But soon the questions about counter poisons . . . she could to meet by the divine destiny essential to understanding born closest to the midnight him out of the Midnight Shiva’s disappearance begin cure sores and consecrate of their names, were united in India’s fate: “I was already hour, Saleem and Shiva possess Children’s Conference to surface: the children talismans” (478-479). It is a moment of victory” (465). In beginning to take my place at the greatest special powers. altogether. After finding out realize Saleem has closed also Parvati who reminds Hinduism, the goddess Parvati the center of the universe, and They both want to take charge that Mary switched them at off part of his mind to them. Saleem of his true identity is Shiva’s wife and the mother by the time I had finished, I of the Midnight’s Children birth, Saleem is afraid that They launch a collective after he loses his memory and of Ganesh (Cartwright). These would give meaning to it all” Conference, a meeting of Shiva will learn the truth and attack, accusing Saleem of becomes a Pakistani soldier. three make up some of the (148). mental voices possible through claim his birthright as the “secrecy, prevarication, high- With her powers, she makes most important and beloved While Saleem’s ego Saleem’s telepathy. As the prophesied child. Although handedness, egoism” but he him invisible and transports Hindu deities. In Midnight’s grows, so does Shiva’s anger. midnight children get older, Saleem could have come still cannot him back to India in a wicker Children, He has a horrible home Saleem notices new tensions up with some noble reason bring Saleem is life. After Vanita’s death, and divisions among them for exiling him, he actually himself the one who “something harsh and bitter” at these meetings because admits to the truth: to tell ends up creeps into his father’s voice “the prejudices and world the truth marrying and although Winkie claims views of adults began to take . . . refusing to accept that the about his Parvati, it’s only asthma, it gets worse over their minds” (306). But prophecy of Ramram Seth had birth (357). thus and worse. Saleem says that as a child born into a world been intended for Winkie’s boy, Gradually, inserting Shiva feels at fault, “silently of possibility, Saleem is that it was to be Shiva that the distrust himself bearing the burden of being hopeful that the children will prime Ministers had written, causes in the the cause (or so he thought) overcome their differences and for Shiva that fishermen large famous trio. of his father’s slow decline” and unite to form a “third pointed out to sea . . . placing, groups of However (150). Shiva is teased for principle” (306). However, as in short, a far higher value on them to because his appearance and after he he is mentally broadcasting his my eleven-year-old sonship than stop tuning Saleem blinds one of the bullies with message of peace and unity, on mere blood, I resolved that in to the refuses a sharp stone, Winkie comes Shiva butts in and begins my destructive, violent alter ego Conference. to marry to Methwold’s Estate and to mock his idealistic views. should never again enter the Soon only Parvati at leaves his son “to enter the Shiva has experienced the increasingly fractious councils Saleem’s first, Shiva dark labyrinths from which unfairness of life firsthand, and of the Midnight Children’s advocate, is still only a war would save him” he takes an every-man-for- Conference; that I would guard Parvati- involved. (150). Later we learn that the himself approach. To Saleem my secret—which had once been the-witch, According father-son relationship was and in the minds of all the Mary’s—with my very life. will talk to Saleem, even worse than that; Winkie other children, he replies, “No, (339) to him, but even she is 50 Ways Assignment by Hannah Laflin Shiva became a “notorious tried to break Shiva’s giant little rich boy; there is no third upset with his behavior: “‘O, seducer” during his military kneecaps with a hammer. principle; there is only money- True to character, Saleem Saleem,’ she said, ‘God knows career and “at the height of After losing his singing voice, and-poverty, and have-and does not like the idea of what that Pakistan has done basket. She keeps her gift his philanderings there were Winkie believes he can make lack, and right-and-left; there someone else taking the to you; but you are badly a secret by working in the no less than ten thousand more money begging with is only me-against-the world!” attention and importance changed’”(357). magician’s ghetto of Dehli, women in love with him” an injured child, but Shiva (307) Shiva believes that away from him, especially Parvati-the-witch thus making her magic power (488). Yet Shiva would lose is quick to defend himself. only people with money and if that person is his self- seems to be another point appear only an illusion. In the interest as soon as he got He breaks Winkie’s wrist resources can afford to have proclaimed nemesis. He blocks of contention for Shiva and ghetto, she tells Saleem that any of the women pregnant. in between his knees. From dreams; the rest have to fight. his knowledge of the truth Saleem throughout the novel. he is not the only midnight Saleem therefore believes a young age, it’s clear that He thinks Saleem’s overly from the children to protect Parvati’s gift of sorcery child she has seen. She reveals that Parvati summoned Shiva Shiva needed to be a fighter. optimistic view makes him too his authority, but it is this makes her one of the most a lock of hair and says that to her using the lock of his His stubbornness, anger, “mushy” and “sentimental” to very secrecy that contributes powerful children, as she, too, Shiva gave it to her when they hair; she purposefully became and superhuman knees be taken seriously and in the to his downfall. When Saleem was born near the stroke of briefly met during his military pregnant with his child, eventually make him into a end, Saleem is defeated (307). returns from Pakistan after midnight. In fact, Saleem says travels. This causes Saleem to knowing Shiva would leave powerful military leader. But Saleem has good several years, he reconvenes there is little she could not contemplate the significance of and Saleem would marry her his characteristics also make reason to feel threatened the Conference and they are do with her “white” magic: their encounter: “Parvati and to preserve her honor. So in Saleem his rival. by Shiva, which is why he all happy to be back together. “ she could cure disease and Shiva, Shiva and Parvati, fated his story, Saleem becomes a 38 39 part of the Shiva and Parvati country’s history and prove his Shiva who brings a glimmer Aadam Sinai is aware of this, and because he new beginning. Additionally, pairing while also maintaining own importance. But John J. of hope for Saleem in the end. named after Aadam Aziz, knows Aadam actually belongs little Aadam has already Ganesh’s original parentage. Su points out that Saleem does After being captured and Saleem’s grandfather. to Shiva and Parvati, he shown an incredibly strong Despite all these not become the traditional sterilized by Indira Gandhi Karamcheti points out that naturally compares Aadam to willpower and Saleem sees attempts to take on Shiva’s hero: “In contrast, the novel is “the Widow,” Saleem is because Aadam Aziz’s actual the “elephant-headed Ganesh” him having great potential: fate and emphasize his preoccupied with his failures” depressed by the thought that grandson is Shiva and Shiva (500). This comparison is “We, the children of own importance, Saleem (554). In the end, Shiva still the midnight children can no is the true father of Aadam only strengthened because Independence, rushed wildly begins to lose his optimism surpasses Saleem by becoming longer pass on their magical Sinai, the original family like Saleem and Shiva, Aadam and too fast into our future; as he realizes he has been “India’s most decorated war abilities to achieve his desired line is back on track: “So has a defining characteristic: he, Emergency-born, will unsuccessful. All his life, hero” while Saleem himself “third principle.” But while Rushdie’s genealogy takes enormous ears. According to be . . . more cautious, biding Saleem has been contemplating us full circle: from Aadam Sumanta Sanyal, Ganesh is his time; but when he acts, told, “Anything their sad Aziz in Kashmir through the “reputed to be a remover of he will be impossible to you want to be you fates, Saleem displaced Saleem and Shiva obstacles” and is consequently resist” (507). Here is where can be: You can begins to to Aadam in Bombay, the “propitiated before the I see the optimism coming be just what-all laugh heartily true great-grandson of his beginning of any new venture” through. Perhaps the child you want” (148). at a happy great-grandfather. No one is (“Encyclopedia Mythica”). So that represents a combination It is rather ironic realization. who or what they claim to be, both the prophesied family of Saleem’s ability to dream that Mary is the If the stories and yet, at the last, they are line falling into place and the and Shiva’s realistic view of one who sings about Shiva exactly where and who they incorporation of Ganesh are hardship holds the greatest this little tune fathering should be” (84). Saleem is also suggestive of a prosperous promise for India’s future. to him because countless by switching children during his nametag his military with Shiva’s, career are she sets them true, then, as up for different critic Indira opportunities in Karamcheti Works Cited life. But in the end explains, “it is this doesn’t matter; Shiva who is Booker, M. Keith. “Beauty and the Beast: Dualism as Despotism in the Fiction of Salman Rushdie.” ELH 57.4 (1990): 977-97. JSTOR. Web. 02 May 2014 it is still Shiva, the progenitor not Saleem who of the sons of Cartwright, Mark. “Shiva.” Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited, 20 Nov. 2012. Web. reaches success, history, and a 09 May 2014. leaving Saleem to link to India’s claim Mary’s song precolonial Karamcheti, Indira. “Salman Rushdie’s ‘Midnight’s Children’ and an Alternate Genesis.” Pacific Coast Philology 21.1/2 (1986): 81-84. JSTOR. Web. 09 May 2014. is “the greatest mythological lie of all” (552). past” (84). Rushdie, Salman. Midnight’s Children. New York, NY: Avon, 1982. Print. Saleem may want Furthermore, to place himself at the center Collaboration and Transformation by “like the Hindu god of Sanyal, Sumanta. “Ganesha.” Encylopedia Mythica. Encyclopedia Mythica Online, 26 Aug. 1997. Web. 09 May 2014. of everything, but he admits Mackenzie Foldes and Sara Rodriguez procreation and destruction” Su, John J. “Epic of Failure: Disappointment as Utopian Fantasy in ‘Midnight’s Children’” Twentieth Century early on that there are many Shiva has now fulfilled Literature 47.4, Salman Rushdie (2001): 545- 68. JSTOR. Web. 13 May 2014. things he did not have control both meanings to his name over: “From ayah to Widow, ends up in the magicians’ (Karamcheti 84). In that I’ve been the sort of person ghetto and then a pickle moment Saleem sees “a to whom things have been done factory (486). Life has a funny new generation of children, . . .” (285). He later observes way of working itself out. begotten by midnight’s that “Most of what matters in In spite of Saleem’s darkest child . . . being raised life takes place in our absence” pessimism about not achieving towards the future” (Rushdie (509). Throughout his story, greatness, his story doesn’t 525). And of course Saleem’s Saleem attempts to insert leave us feeling hopeless. In own son, Aadam Sinai, is one 40 himself at the center of his fact, it is none other than of these children. 41 off the train that I realized descent, walked by smoking minutes by herself during the what I’d done. The signs what was either marijuana only time of day when there is at Les Gobélins were oddly or incredibly pungent cheap violent crime in Paris. At least placed, so I completely missed cigars and yelling in some she was in a neighborhood she La Lune the fact that I went the wrong language other than French. somewhat knew; I was taking way, winding up about nine The digital display suspended a serpentine line that stretched throughout the city, so the odds Emily Fiscus stops in the wrong direction from the ceiling that had been from my foyer (residence hall) ominously blank revealed of me finding my way home, let at Île Saint Louis. By now it it would be twenty minutes alone doing it on time, were next was midnight on a Thursday until the next train. The to none. To make matters worse, ENGL 240: Personal Essay night. The trains wouldn’t run lone woman walked away, I had no cash for taxi fare and I chose the piece first because like all good travel writers, Emily for too much longer. I was exasperated. people who use ATMs alone at knows her place--in this case, Paris and its Metro. But also like all night are easy targets. good travel writers, Emily is still able to find surprise and wonder in at Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, three I thought about my The Métropolitain, that place she knows so well. stops away from the terminus program director, Mme I made it to my stop by Paris’ subway system, - Keith Ratzlaff of the line in the suburbs Cavaness’ warnings of 12:30. Climbing the steps that consists of sixteen lines, (the French equivalent to pickpockets, the perceived led away from the platform, I numbered 1-14, 3bis, and the Projects) and I needed vulnerability and obliviousness felt a rush of normalcy. When 7bis (bis essentially signifies to get to Pont Marie at the of Americans, the apparent I was approaching ground a division, like saying 7a counter. This is followed by a the Latin Quarter, close to city center before a) the lack of employees at the level, something about the light in English). The stops are hallway that bisects into two Place d’Italie. It’s a part of trains stopped running and station, and how few minutes outside seemed different. Instead all named for significant stairwells leading to platforms Paris that’s so charming the b) my residence hall began I had on my phone, making of the usual orangey jaundice events, people, and points of facing each other. The walls streets actually seem sort its nightly lockout hours, a the prospect of successfully of the streetlights contrasting interest within the city such behind each platform display of clean. I remember being so-called safety precaution calling her in a panic highly against the cloudy night sky as Invalides (the name of the giant advertisements and disappointed that the café lasting from 1:30 to 5:30 a.m. unlikely. I took out my French there was something white. How building where Napoleon’s cobalt blue signs with the where we were did not serve I completely exited newspaper and put on what could there be a single thing left tomb is) and Père-Lachaise name of the stop in white alcohol, especially because we the stop and re-entered, as I Americans describe as my in this city that had not been (named after the cemetery letters. In the hallway just were playing a boring French couldn’t find the stairs leading bitch face, attempting to stained some shade of grey or that houses Jim Morrison and past the turnstiles there are strategy game about creating to the hallway that would blend in. I mentally chanted brown? Édith Piaf, among others). signs listing the next stops a civilization. When the game allow me to change platforms to myself, “Don’t look scared. Once on the sidewalk, Most stops share the same on the line and displaying was finally over, we walked to without going through the Don’t look scared. Don’t look I scanned my surroundings, aesthetic features of wrought big arrows pointing toward Les Gobélins (a stop named turnstiles. There was no one scared.” No one appeared to looking for drunks or bums or iron fences surrounding the the appropriate platform for for a factory, not a mythical behind the counter and the pay attention to me, but that anyone who might try to give stairs leading underground each direction. Riders who creature), chatting about a lights were off. I saw on a didn’t mean I trusted them. me trouble. What startled me and a sign displaying what get on a train going in the little bit of everything. They TV monitor that there were After all, the best criminals are in a far different way than any line the stop is on. After wrong direction can use this asked me which way I needed buses running, but I never the ones no one suspects. street harasser could have was entering the stop, a rider hallway to change trains to go and I glanced at the understood the bus system Finally, I could hear the giant iridescent orb I spotted approaches ticket-vending without exiting the stop. sign, deciding I needed to go in Paris and I wasn’t about the train approach. A few through the trees and could not machines and a service There were only two times the same way as them. After to start that night. The few moments later it rolled into fully view until I approached the counter with employees when I did this. The second all, I was taking the 7, which other people on the platform the station. I bolted to the intersection leading to the bridge wearing surprisingly chic time was no big deal, but I felt I knew like the back of were the less-than-romantic doors, aggressively turning that serves as the métro stop’s and well-tailored navy blue maybe that’s because I learned my hand since I used it almost representations of life in Paris: the handle to open them. I namesake. and mint green uniforms. For so much from the first time it every day get to school, go A tired Eastern European- must have been visibly tense What was that sphere some reason, there is typically happened. grocery shopping, or change looking family with a baby. for the entire ride. Not many reflecting upon the rapidly a photo booth in this area; I The intern from trains trains at Châtelet-Les A woman in a short black weeks before, a friend of mine rippling current of the Seine? have no idea why. my service learning at Halles, the world’s longest skirt and boots who would riding the last train home Why was it so big? Did it A regular rider scans the Centre Socioculturel subway stop, to go to my probably throw me onto the on the edge of the city had have something to do with how a prepaid monthly pass Belleville, an NYU student, service learning. electrified tracks if I looked at been forced to get off two far north I was? on a purple pad on one of invited me to play board It wasn’t until after the her the wrong way. Two men, stops before hers. This meant Was it really the moon? the turnstiles just past the games with her friends in other Americans had gotten presumably of North African she had to walk forty-five To be honest, I couldn’t 42 43 remember the last time I’d I would have a hard time how I resented the constant seen it. In Iowa it came and giving up new habits like bombardment of ornate went as it pleased, giving eating pizza with a fork and architecture coupled with the Potential Benefits of a vague testament of the knife, drinking water from omnipresence of pigeons. Had passage of time. As a child, tiny glasses with no ice, and I just learned to ignore that Carbolic Acid I would stare at it on long using 24-hour time. As the stuff? car rides home during the days leading to my so-called On our way to the Steven Kibby winter, for some reason homecoming slipped by, I airport, my grandmother incapable of falling asleep. grew far too accustomed to asked me how excited I was to In Paris I’d been surrounded 60-degree rainy weather and finally go home. I pretended Students were asked write the introduction to a grant proposal to a by clouds and light pollution Saturday afternoons spent that I hadn’t heard her and HONR 191: Molecules that funding agency such as the NIH or NSF, focusing less on the science and buildings, not to drinking beer on the Seine. that reverse culture shock itself and more on the potential benefits to society. Steven really Changed History embraced this assignment by writing this portion of his grant from mention that my room with I successfully gave people wasn’t about to whack me the perspective of an assistant of Joseph Lister seeking additional a view of a courtyard faced on the street directions in over the head. I’m not sure if funding for his work. It is this creative aspect of the project coupled the wrong way for me to French that they at least it was as bad as I expected, Several months ago, with solid writing that led to my submission of this work to the see it, but where had it been? or if I just didn’t know what Dr. Joseph Lister successfully writing anthology. - James Shriver This was March; I had been to expect. Suddenly outdoor healed the compound fracture in Paris since January. How Was it really humidity and indoor air of an eleven year old boy. Rath- could I go months without conditioning seemed nothing er than amputate the fractured 50-55% for surgeries in typi- theory is correct, then micro- seeing the thing whose the moon? short of aggressive, everyone leg, Dr. Lister decided to soak cal hospitals and as low as 30% organisms are thriving in hos- gravity created ocean tides and everything took up too lint with carbolic acid, wrap it in army hospitals, the state pitals around the nation due to and whose cycles inspired much space and made too around the wound, and cover of mind for a patient about poor conditions. The germs, the first calendars? pretended to believe were much noise, the drinks were it with a metal sheet to reduce to undergo surgery must be as Pasteur calls them, could After I made it to correct, and I was on a entirely too big and they evaporation. Miraculously, the extremely wretched (Carbolic be multiplying on bed sheets my building and up the first-name basis with the made my teeth hurt. I tried to wound healed before infection 2014). Having a life-threaten- or in the air and being trans- five flights of stairs to my employees at Corcoran’s, an rediscover the things I used to even occurred. This is very ing surgery performed while ferred from one patient to the room, I collapsed on my authentic Irish pub next to love, like nachos and spending atypical for compound frac- under these terrible conditions next. For all we know, germs bed. My roommate was the Sacré-Coeur. hours going through the tures, which nearly always be- can only increase pessimism may be making infections far home on spring break. All My grandparents clearance racks at Target, but come infected regardless of the among patients. However, we worse and significantly in- of my friends in Iowa were came to visit me for ten days nothing felt the same. surgical dressing. Several more believe the bad conditions creasing the mortality rate for at dinner. My mom was on after the semester was over, One of the first nights successful treatments of com- of hospitals and wards cause people undergoing surgeries. her way home from work after which we returned to after I got back to Iowa, my pound fractures using carbolic more than just psychological Further research on carbolic and hearing about what Des Moines together. The mom told me I should stand acid followed, leading us to problems. acid could show that it plays a happened would probably city seemed surreal, just as in the front yard to look believe that carbolic acid played Louis Pasteur’s “The role in decreasing the amount just freak her out anyway. I it had when I first arrived at the moon. It was extra- some role in the astounding re- Germ Theory of Diseases” of germs in a wound, mak- settled on briefly describing in January. Once again bright since it was a honey coveries (Napoleon’s Buttons). states that there are microor- ing the infection less severe my night in the journal I the weather was gloomy, moon, whatever that means. If this assumption is correct, ganisms nearly everywhere and therefore increasing the made a half-assed attempt the streets were tiny, the Obscured through the trees of further research on carbolic we go called germs. This idea chance of survival. at keeping. It reminded me walking distances were our neighbors’ yards, it shined acid may revolutionize surgery comes from Pasteur’s expe- The standard surgery of how nature was used for too long, the drinks were whiter than I’d ever seen it of all kinds across the nation rience in the wine industry technique currently involves symbolism in The Great too warm, the hamburgers before—like freshly bleached in addition to advancing our showing that fermentation is amputation if a wound is Gatsby. weren’t big enough, and teeth under a black light. I knowledge of diseases. the result of microorganisms infected. Various other tech- I didn’t know why, the lack of Italian food was stared for as long as I could. I The current condi- acting on sugar. It was also niques have been attempted but that night never really depressing. Only, I wasn’t don’t think it reminded me of tion of hospitals and wards shown when Pasteur boiled including salicylic acid, car- left my head. Maybe it was the one who felt that way that night on the Pont Marie, is rather appalling. The air broth that these microorgan- bon dioxide gas, and mag- the first time I truly saw anymore. I remember my even though it probably flow is poor; it typically smells isms died under the harsh gots, but nothing has proven how much Paris had changed first day in Paris—how I should have. After all, it was of sewage or gangrene, and conditions, and the broth re- more effective at removing me. It was around this time almost went into hysterics the exact same piece of rock in bed sheets are rarely cleaned. mained clear rather than turn- an infection than amputa- that I knew without a doubt in the study abroad office, the sky. 44 With survival rates of only ing cloudy (ABPI 2014). If his tion has. However, amputa- 45 tion, while it does get rid of place. Carbolic acid use could chance of survival for patients a current infection, will often even be expanded to all aspects undergoing surgery. The prob- start a new infection at the site of surgery. lem may be caused by poor Educación y pobreza of the amputation known as If germs are indeed in hospital conditions. If doctors “hospital disease.” This disease the air as Louis Pasteur claims, and nurses cleaned beds and dentro España is most likely the reason why they may be getting into floors more regularly, infec- there is a 40% mortality rate wounds and causing infections. tions may not be as severe. Re- Grace Hirl among patients who have had Carbolic acid could potentially gardless, recent findings from an amputation (Napoleon’s decrease the threat of these Dr. Joseph Lister suggest that ECON 281: Quantitative Methods Buttons). Ideally, any surgery germs before they even reach a infections could be cured by This assignment required students to research and discuss the rela- for Business and Economics to rid a patient of an infection wound. To achieve this, car- applying carbolic acid to the tionship between pairs of variables; one such pair was education and will have a 0% mortality rate, bolic acid could be sprayed into wound. Further research must poverty. Beyond that, students could determine the particular direction of their own essay (e.g., poverty and education in Iowa, in the US, in so the process is far from op- the air around a patient, mak- be done on carbolic acid to “Education is the impoverished countries). As Grace was conducting her research, she ing it so the infection could not timized. If further research is determine if it does play a role most powerful weapon which commented to me that she had firsthand knowledge of this relationship, conducted on carbolic acid and continue to worsen. However, in the removal of infections. If you can use to change the as she saw it during her study abroad experience in Spain; this was the it turns out to lessen the se- extensive research would need research indicates that car- world” (“Nelson Mandela”, direction in which she wanted to take her essay. I appreciate this essay verity of an infection, amputa- to be done on carbolic acid be- bolic acid is a good alternative 1). Nelson Mandela not only because Grace was able to draw a systemic link between pov- tions would be much safer, and fore this could become a reality. to amputation for infections, conveys the fundamental erty and education in a novel way, but also because this work represents many limbs may not even need Something must be it may revolutionize surgery societal need for a strong in many ways the reasons Central College values the study abroad ex- to be amputated in the first done soon to increase the techniques nationwide. education: knowledge is perience: students are in a position to draw a deep connection between the springboard for global their own classes and their study abroad experiences. -Brian Peterson change, advancement, and Works Cited innovation, and has the ABPI - Resources for Schools. (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2014, from http://www.abpischools.org. ability to move the world Spain was able to construct student has the same skillset uk/page/modules/infectiousdiseases_timeline/timeline4.cfm?coSiteNavigation_allTopic=1 forward. An individual’s educational programs that as a graduate from a Spanish level of education aligns would benchmark a student’s university (Walker, 1). This Carbolic Steam Sprayer. (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2014, from http://artefact.museumofhealthcare. directly with his/her poverty ca/?p=523 progress and allow for a more has decreased the amount level. Within the country standardized education (Tiana, of mobility and educational Napoleon’s Buttons (17 Molecules that Changed History) by Penny Couteur of Spain, this relationship 310). According to Tiana, a legitimacy of educated exemplifies the importance student’s core curriculum, Spaniards. of a solid education amidst or ‘enseñanzas mínimas’, This struggle for its significant unemployed is currently regulated by a highly credible while population of university- two levels of authority: the accessible education has lead aged individuals fighting central government, and Spain into economic poverty for educational credibility. separately, within each of the and turmoil. The OECD Spain’s current education 17 Autonomous Communities connects Spain’s outrageous system has led to economic (312). However, while level of unemployment, distress, greatly influencing fabricating a cookie-cutter currently 23.7%, to its caliber the overall level of happiness education ensures a minimum of education, concluding that and social equality within the level of knowledge for its skills complement the country. Spaniards across-the-board, corresponding data (Walker, Historically, Spain quantity for the sake of quality 1). With 86% of 25-year- has positioned itself as has become a dangerous, olds currently living in their one of the game-changers countrywide struggle. The parent’s home today and within the European Union. Organization for Economic one-fourth of all 25-year- Officially introducing ‘key Cooperation (OECD) ranks olds unemployed, the payoff competences’ into the Spain at the very bottom of its for an individual’s education Unusual Point-of-View by Shelby Palm vocabulary of the public education index, claiming that is difficult to determine education system in 2005, 46 a Japanese high school-aged (Lacuesta, 14). While 47 thus report higher levels of the market. The skillset of the population holding a remain unemployed and seek when they are needed most backgrounds, demonstrating happiness (Cuñado, 185). a Spanish student does not university degree is among government assistance, which (Navarro, 1). As a result of their tenacity to succeed Education results in a feeling match today’s global demands, the largest (about 75% of defers the reality of their Spain’s slowly developing job despite their social status of self-confidence and self- which has led to overqualified the OECD average) and economic state. However, market and education system, (Ballarino, 4). In general, achievement, positively individuals remaining in Spanish educational reform educated Spaniards can also students are unable to keep an individual’s original affecting an individual more Spain to work low paying from the past two decades is begin working for a low up with the continuously socioeconomic status can than other variables, such jobs. Spain’s inability to keep still gradually developing, paying job in which they are advancing world. The people help determine a student’s as marital status, number of up with its fast-paced macro- unemployment among women overqualified (Alba-Ramirez, of Spain are now faced with level of success or failure children, or the individual’s environment has left a hole and young adults remains 10 11). Lastly, Spaniards have the challenge of moving the within the economic realm, general health (Cuñado, in its job market, leading to to 20 points above average the option to leave Spain country forward, providing and Spain is no different. In 192). A Spaniard’s individual severe levels of unemployment (Alba-Ramirez, 4). Spain’s to seek education and a competitive education Spain, studies have concluded happiness level can be and demand. This economic educational disparities employment. In fact, the in progressing fields, and that social class of origin determined by a host of factors, distress can attribute to a parallel its current worrisome housing bubble crash in 2008 establishing a highly skilled has a significant effect on but education and income level Spaniard’s socioeconomic statistics regarding commenced the ‘brain drain’, job market in order to escape labor market performance are among the most significant status and overall happiness, employment. its current (Ballarino, 14). determinants. which are two direct effects Additionally, poverty-stricken Finally, an individual’s A direct connection of high poverty rates. Spain the gap state. degree of happiness is between education level and will be required to compete between supply An closely linked to his or poverty level exists within within the global marketplace and demand individual’s her education and poverty Spain. While the country and increase educational has deeply education is level. Individuals with is full of educated young credibility, which will in affected Spain’s attributed to his more education generally people willing and able to return establish a positive economy. or her economic have higher income levels work, a gap between supply level of societal equality and While the situation, and a higher probability and demand exists within overall happiness. unemployment which can help of being employed, and rate continues determine his to soar, the or her societal Works Cited population equality and level of happiness. Alba-Ramirez, Alfonso, and Maite Blázquez. “Types of Job Match, Overeducation and Labor Mobility in Spain.” Universidad of educated Carlos III (2011): 1-15. ERIC. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. individuals First, education rises as well. is the major Ballarino, Gabriele. “Social Inequality, Education Expansion and Return to Credentials: A Comparison between Italy and However, over- channel though Spain.” University of Milan (2013): 1-15. Google Scholar. Web. 16 Nov. 2014. education, which Unusual Point-of-View which social by Mackenzie Foldes inequality is reproduced Cuñado, Juncal, and Fernando Pérez De Gracia. “Does Education Affect Happiness? Evidence for Spain.” Springer Science and can arise as a result of an Business Media (2011): 186-97. ERIC. Web. 11 Nov. 2014. increase in the population’s from one generation to average level of education which has led to thousands the next (Ballarino, 2). Kassam, Ashifa. “Spain Experiencing Brain Drain as Weak Economy Lingers.” USA Today. Gannett, 26 Oct. 2013. Web. 19 and a consequent change of young, eager minds to flee Socioeconomic status and Nov. 2014. . Spain for another country, education level variables in the composition of labor Lacuesta, Aitor, Sergio Puente, and Ernesto Villanueva. “The Schooling Response to a Sustained Increase in Low-Skill most popularly Germany, have direct varying effects on supply, has hindered the Wages: Evidence from Spain 1989-2009.” (2012): 1-26. ERIC. Web. 14 Nov. economic development of the United States, and Great one another. An individual the country (Alba-Ramirez, Britain (Kassam, 1). In 2013, from a high socioeconomic Navarro, Vicente. “Spain Is Experiencing a Period of Intense Social Crisis.”LSE European Politics and Policy (2012): 3). The high level of lawyers two thousand doctors left background may be exposed 1-4. Google Scholar. Web. 16 Nov. 2014. and lack of engineers the country, and nearly one to a higher quality of privatized education, whereas “Nelson Mandela.” BrainyQuote.com. Xplore Inc, 2014. 19 November 2014. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/ completing a university in ten engineers decided quotes/n/nelsonmand157855.html degree demonstrates the to flee (Kassam, 1). The an individual from a lower disproportionate level country’s ongoing fiscal crisis socioeconomic status may Tiana, Alejandro, José Moya, and Florencio Luengo. “Implementing Key Competences in Basic Education: Reflections on of supply and demand has left Mariano Rajoy, the have fewer educational Curriculum Design and Development in Spain.” European Journal of Education 46.3 (2011): 308-23. ERIC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. countrywide (Walker, 1). head of Spain’s conservative opportunities. Conversely, government, positioned to cut labor markets are shown to Educated Spaniards are Walker, Peter, and Lizzy Davis. “Graduates in Italy and Spain Have Low Basic Skills, Says OECD Report.” The Guardian. left with limited options. welfare expenditures at an favor high achieving students N.p., 9 Sept. 2014. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. . 48 49 to receive a good grade. Our was on the season finale where by all those generals and final senior paper is always they presented Carl Sagan’s emperors so that, in glory and a persuasive piece, and it is speech The Pale Blue Dot. Carl triumph, they could become Narrating Stories interesting to see what our Sagan convinced NASA to the momentary masters of a student body personally turn the Voyager 1 camera fraction of a dot.” This one Joshua Prokupek values as the most important back towards Earth when it quotation changed my outlook social issues. Roughly 90 flew past Neptune for one on not only war, but human Josh’s perceptive insights, friendly tone and sense of humor invite the reader to join percent of my class wrote last photo. Sagan called this life in general. It’s crazy to his thoughtful narrative as he explores philosophical concepts of self and identity. a paper arguing for gay photo “The Pale Blue Dot”. think of the odds it took for In fact, his transitions and twists so surprised me that I began to read his paper out loud. I appreciate his honesty and the way he integrates his own story with those of marriage, legalization of This speech, combined with us to be alive, and we have marijuana, or gun rights. this image, changed my life human beings killing other LAS 110: Scientific others such as Don Henley, Jerome Bruner and Neil DeGrasse Tyson. I like the way Josh describes his thirst for learning as well as his celebration of Carl Sagan’s “Pale While I won’t state which forever. This seems a little human beings for what? Oil? Approaches to Humanity Blue Dot” perspectives. Above all, Josh’s clear voice resonated with me long after of these topics I agree with overdramatic, but what it Land? Religion? reading the piece which is one of the reasons I nominated his “Narrating Stories.” and which Another - Mary Stark I watch educational I don’t, I section is “The videos a lot. I am not afraid did not take Earth is the only to admit that; I love to wheels in my mind turn ever a tattoo of their religious any of these world known so learn. There is something since. He said, “I want to or political beliefs, they are approaches. far to harbor life. so enticing about knowing talk about the importance of declaring that they will never I wrote There is nowhere that more information is being able to change your change their mind and discard about the else, at least in out there and we can access mind in general. The trick is anything that might challenge importance the near future, to it with our fingertips and to keep your identity separate their viewpoint. I am proud of NASA which our species a good Wi-Fi signal. By from your opinions. They are to say that I will never get and the lack could migrate… educational videos I don’t objects in a box you carry a tattoo of my viewpoints, of federal for the moment mean historical documentaries with you, and should be but mainly because I hate funding it the Earth is necessarily, but the library easily replaceable if it turns needles. However, a bigger is receiving. where we make of educational channels out they are no good. If you philosophical question arises (Did you our stand.” This on YouTube. To name a think that the opinions in the if we take into account that know that line validates few: SciShow, Veritasium, box are who you are, then we are not our opinions. NASA only my passion for SixtySymbols, Numberphile, you’ll cling to them despite Then what exactly are we? receives environmentalism Vsauce, CrashCourse, and more. any evidence to the contrary. Of course I am a human 0.46 percent “Self-Portrait” by Elijah Horton and strengthens The list goes on and on. These Bottom line: If you want to being who pumps blood and of the federal budget?) I the importance of NASA. This channels cover everything always be right, you need to breathes oxygen, but if you absolutely love the idea of really did was confirm most beautiful blue marble is all from history to science to always be prepared to change asked me to define myself then space and the cosmos. This of my previously held beliefs we have, and the only thing math. A personal favorite your mind.” I agree with this I would state my personal is due to two very important and even instilled new ones. that can stop our species from of mine is the channel CGP wholeheartedly; too many beliefs. I would say I am a people: Neil DeGrasse Tyson This one speech can change a dying is having a sustainable Grey; he explains a plethora people believe that their liberal, atheist, pro-choice, and Carl Sagan. It is because person’s opinions on war, life, planet or the ability to of things that are complex opinions are who they are. environmentalist, who is of these two people that I love religion, politics, humanity, migrate to another planet. with simple animations and If a person challenges pro-gay rights and so much space and science in general. I perspective, and curiosity. It The last part I’m going to rapid editing. A few months someone else’s religious or more. Sadly I don’t have time learned about these influential is so important to me that I pull from this amazing speech ago I watched a video of him political beliefs, then he or she to comment on one of the educators through a show actually have a framed poster is “To me, it underscores our answering questions from often takes offense to it. If an most difficult philosophical called Cosmos: A Spacetime of the speech in my dorm responsibility to deal more the community. The question individual’s opinion can be questions of the ages, so I will Odyssey hosted by Tyson, room. It is mainly about how kindly with one another, that was asked was, “What’s ridiculed, torn apart, and has focus on what I mean when I which is an update of the small the earth is compared and to preserve and cherish the biggest change of opinion no evidence, then he or she sign my name, Josh Prokupek. popular 1980’s version called to the vastness of the cosmos, the pale blue dot, the only you’ve had?” Although he shouldn’t have that opinion. Many high school Cosmos: A Personal Voyage and in addition, how small we home we’ve ever known.” My did not answer the question A person should also never seniors at my school dread the which was hosted by Carl humans are. To quote a few political beliefs aren’t founded directly due to it being too say that he or she will never idea of a final senior paper. Sagan. lines wouldn’t do it justice, but by the idea of money, but by personal, he gave an answer change his or her mind. For It is extensive and requires One of the most I will try. Sagan says, “Think my care for other humans. 50 that has been making the example, when people get a lot of hours and research important moments for me of the rivers of blood spilled The reason I am a liberal is 51 because I think that people are marry even though America we have to deal with when the flagship book for “new” girl that I was walking home our choice to share it with the the most important factors in is supposedly secular. Like lying awake at night. Carl atheism. This book really with about what the song world. We develop by taking any political system. So we Macklemore says, “America Sagan put it so eloquently: answered many questions I means. It was the first time in the world around us and must take care of our own the brave still fears what “Both the Freudian and had and gave me things to I shared the deep thoughts I deciding if we should absorb it fellow human beings, not have we don’t know / and ‘God the Platonic metaphors think about. After a year or had, at least as deep as a 5th or not. We must take in all the divisions of race and country, loves all his children’ is emphasize the considerable two of debating inside my grader could go. I used this evidence and realize that who and realize how lucky we are somehow forgotten, / but we independence of and tension mind, I came to the conclusion song to explain why I fell in we were three months ago to be alive at this point in paraphrase a book written among constituent parts to wear my badge with honor. love so quickly (I am really isn’t the same person as who time. 3,500 years ago.” of the psyche, a point that However, as stated before, stretching the definition of we are now. Each moment we In my AP Government If you couldn’t tell characterizes the human I will never get a tattoo of love). I explained “If you are taking in new information, class during senior year, we from my tone, I have no condition and to which we it. Now that I identify as an find somebody to love in this and we can’t hold onto these had an assignment in which religious affiliation. I proudly will return” (78). Whether atheist, I respect minority world / you better hang on opinions and act like it is who we had to explain why we are classify myself as atheist; it is the Platonic two horses groups’ political rights, and I tooth and nail. / The wolf is we are. I am a human who liberals or conservatives. I, as however, it’s difficult to do and charioteer; Freud’s understand the importance of always at the door” (Henley). holds certain momentary stated before, chose liberal. so without having people’s id, ego, and superego; or protecting them. Personally, I also used this song to opinions. These beliefs are Despite heavy opposition from image of you change. It’s MacLean’s triune brain I know to take full advantage explain why I smiled all of not who I am, but I am the my father, who is an avid fan model, we all have to admit of this life I have right now the time and forgave so easily. ship that carries them. I know of Fox News, I stuck with my that there is something so because it is all I have. “You better take a fool’s that I will never exempt decision. My reason being that much more when we dig I don’t live for an advice, / and take care of any cargo from inspection. I agree with almost every left- We must take care deeper. The big question: if afterlife. I live for now. your own. / One day they’re In the famous words of Neil leaning social opinion there of our own fellow we had to choose an answer Life is too short, and that here; / next day they’re DeGrasse Tyson on the is. I am pro-choice, secular, of which self is the “true” is exemplified by a song I gone” (Henley). This mantra season finale of Cosmos: A pro-gun laws, green, pro human beings... self, what would it be? The listened to all the time called has stayed with me all these Spacetime Odyssey: “And when I health care, etc. Basically I socially acceptable self, “New York Minute” by the years, and I wouldn’t change have a feeling, I want to know am the opposite of my father which is the one we portray Eagles. I was slightly strange a thing. Life is too short to that it’s real, and that it’s not in every way, politically that hard not being truthful to to the world, or the raw, for listening to sad 1990’s hold a grudge, so love fast just something happening is. One of my biggest factors others about your ideas. emotional self that surfaces rock and roll at the age of 9, and live now because in a in my own head, because though was my advocacy As Bruner states, “For we during intense anger, sleep but I loved it. In elementary New York minute everything it matters what’s true, and for gay marriage and gay are forever mindful of the deprived dialogue, and school it was my very first life can change. our imagination is nothing, rights in general. How most difference between what we moments of intoxication? philosophy that I had created. We are what we tell compared with Nature’s conservatives could disagree tell ourselves about ourselves To get back on topic, I remember vividly telling a ourselves we are. It is then awesome reality.” with gay marriage boggles my and what we reveal to others” as I stop pretending to be mind. A song that exemplifies (46). It is strange how we Plato, my lack of religion my idea of gay rights is “Same all have two types of self. has really shaped who I am Works Cited Love” by Macklemore. This One version is the socially today. I had inklings that song blew up in popularity acceptable and morally there may be no god when Bruner, Jerome. “Self-Making Narratives” 2002. Comp. Joshua Dolezal. Intersections Perspectives on Human Nature. Littleton: Tapestry, last year, and I couldn’t be superior. This version is I was younger and was 2014. 45-53. Print. happier. The influence of this the one who thinks twice told that the wafer of bread song and the increase in gay before speaking publicly and physically turned into the Eagles. “New York Minute.” Hell Freezes Over. Don Henley, 1994. CD. pride made me hopeful for the knowing that your words body of a man 2000 years Q&A with Grey #2 (One Million Subscribers). Prod. CGP Grey. YouTube. N.p., 20 Nov. 2013. Web. 15 Oct. 2014. future of America. Another affect other people. This ago. I often thought if it reason why I’m so connected version is also the one that was considered cannibalism, Macklemore. “Same Love” The Heist. Ryan Lewis, 2012. CD. to this song is that my brother tries to argue with your but then again it tasted so Jace is gay. He is my role “raw self” when you have an good. As I wandered down Sagan, Carl, and Ann Druyan. “Cosmos: A SpaceTime Odyssey.” Unafraid of the Dark. Prod. Seth McFarlane. National Geographic. 8 June 2014. Television. model, and I love him to irrational, but raw emotion, the path of skepticism, death. It makes me so angry that you can’t help but feel. I decided to read more Sagan, Carl. “The Brain and the Chariot” 1977. Comp. Joshua Dolezal. Intersections Perspectives on Human Nature. Littleton: Tapestry, knowing that he can’t marry The constant battle between about it, and after some 2014. 67-78. Print. someone he loves because of the “socially acceptable self” research I discovered a book myopic politicians who say and the “raw, true self” is one titled The God Delusion by 52 it is unholy for two men to of the most difficult things Richard Dawkins. This was 53 living wage. This is an issue most difficult work there is. worked hard to keep up her that I knew about and had Another harmful appearances and was lucky The NYC Social discussed with my younger stereotype that causes a lack enough to have coworkers brother and brother-in-law of sympathy, and therefore who let her use their shower. back in Iowa before leaving inaction, is the stereotype of a Even those out Justice Program: for New York. I was arguing person who is homeless. It’s on the street are not all that it is not right for the easy to picture all homeless drug-addicted and lazy. A Reflection minimum wage to not be a people as lazy drug addicts/ Throughout my first week in living wage. They disagreed alcoholics that got themselves New York, I interned at New Madeleine Joy with me, saying Alternatives for that it is not the LGBT Youth. I GENR 390: Interdisciplinary We nominated Madeleine’s reflection essay because we were bowled over by government’s job got to know many Perspectives of Social Justice her thoughtful synthesis of her experience in the New York Social Justice to pay someone of the clients’ Program. Weaving together insights from our readings and class discussions, a living wage, personalities and her experience at two internship sites, and her participation in the Pride and a person struggles, and Parade, Madeleine beautifully describes how her understanding of social could always once I actually justice issues has developed and become more personal as a result of her Before arriving participation in the summer program. get another job, met them, I could in New York City, I was - Michael Harris and Kimberly Koza or better yet, not toss them into anxious and not sure what put forth some the convenient to expect. I soon learned effort and get a stereotype society that I did not know nearly the segregated a false sense that favor white people, and better education places on them. as much as I thought about of inferiority” (146). After many people are not aware in order to land Many clients were social justice issues, and reading it again in this class, of them. Before coming to a higher-paying coming in and many of my experiences in I believe what he wrote New York, I thought I was job. Their views putting forth effort New York made issues that holds true for most social pretty knowledgeable about display the on getting jobs. were once abstract concepts justice issues. The privileged social justice issues, but misconceptions They had resumes concrete. I had read Martin group tends to turn people after reading “The Case for and stereotypes looked over and Luther King Jr.’s “Letter into “others” that are not Reparations” by Ta-Nehisi a lot of people printed, talked from a Birmingham Jail” deemed worthy of certain Coates, I realized that even have about low- excitedly about previously for another class, rights or privileges. So, a I was blind to the major wage workers. work prospects but throughout my time in big part of social justice is housing issues that took I was not able or property (one New York, I took his views fighting to get people out of place in the past and that to change their client came in and analyzed other social the “other” status they were are still a huge issue because minds on the with a rug he justice issues with them. In unjustly placed into in order nobody has bothered to fix issue at the time, had dumpster- it, he makes the distinction to reinstate their rights and the damage that was done. as I was not as dived for with between a “just” law and an mental well-being. It is not enough for people informed on the plans on putting issue as I could “unjust” law while talking I also took note that to see each other on equal Positive/Negative Assignment it into his new about segregation. He writes, King was fighting to change terms; we must acknowledge have been, but perhaps by Daniel Weir camper), filled out paperwork “Any law that uplifts human systematic, institutionalized the wrongdoings of the the book Nickel and Dimed to get essentials like new personality is just. Any injustices in his work, and past and dismantle the could. When people confront in their predicament all on social security cards and birth law that degrades human I feel that that is important institutionalized racism that real people facing problems, their own. As I discovered certificates, and held steady personality is unjust” (146). to look for and fix. A lot has come out of it to ever like they do in Nickel and in Nickel and Dimed, there is meetings in order to track He goes on to talk specifically of people in the United come close to a truly just Dimed, it makes it a lot a surprisingly large amount their progress. about how segregation laws States believe that racism is society. harder to blame them for of people who are homeless I also learned about the are unjust, discussing how over because the president Another huge their own misfortunes. As we that are actually hard- added struggles of homeless segregation “distorts the soul is black and most people institutionalized issue is the learned, poverty is extremely working, low-wage workers. youth that belong to the and damages the personality” treat people of color with minimum wage that so many difficult to get out of, and The co-worker Barbara LGBT community. The and “gives the segregator a respect. However, there are people have to live off of, but low-wage work is not only Ehrenreich mentioned did not struggles are particularly false sense of superiority and still many systems in place that does not amount to a unpleasant, but some of the seem homeless because she rough for individuals who 54 55 are transgender. When it mistreatment, meeting Churches, which Middle is a explaining vegan values and stems from the riots that homelessness is not seen and comes to finding a homeless peoples’ immediate needs is part of, has a program called why they’re important so happened in 1969 at the race issues are slim-to-none shelter for the night, trans important as well. Like the Intersections where they that I can raise my (potential) Stonewall Inn, a gay bar that due to the lack of another women, who made up a worksheet from class that focus on the crossing over future children in a slightly faced frequent police raids. A race to interact with, most large portion of the clients had different forms of social of issues as well as helping more moral way than I was year later, the victory over of the issues in the world at New Alternatives, are not justice activism listed, it is people with differences find a raised. I have not gone out the police was celebrated can be easily ignored or allowed in women’s shelters, important to incorporate common ground and celebrate and purchased any other with the “Christopher unknown. I would make a and they are not welcome in many different forms rather each other. social-justice-related books Street Gay Liberation Day” point to partially educate men’s. Fortunately, there than to focus on one and Jackie, a pastor at since I do not plan on having march. The march was a myself on the issues and was was an LGBT shelter nearby, ignore all the others. If Middle Church, talked about a child any time soon, but I big deal since being “out” more active in combatting though it has a tendency to someone is fighting to better “rewriting the story”. I liked plan to purchase inclusive was dangerous back then, them than a lot of people in fill up due to the high rate of the lives of individuals who that idea right away. Stories and social-justice related and the march has morphed my community (I would not homelessness in individuals are homeless but not helping determine our culture, and books because it is important into the parades that now have come to New York if I belonging to the LGBT our culture dictates our to instill positive values at take place across the country was not concerned with the community. Most of the views and behavior. So, a young age. I recall the (Wythe). The movement social justice). However, clients were also people of change the story and LGBT conversation we had spread nationwide in just upon experiencing New York color. So, they had a lot of problematic views and in class where classmates ten years and succeeded in and coming face-to-face with strikes against them: being behaviors will change into talked about how much they taking homosexuality off diversity and the issues that homeless, LGB or T, and positive ones. Middle struggled with the values the Psychiatric Association’s came out with it, the issues non-white. Rachel and I Church is trying to rewrite they were raised with even DSM-II. The parades have have become more important sat in on a therapy group the story with the Freedom though they knew they were been turned into an event to me now that they are where we heard a lot of School project that the other not right, which goes to show called Pridefest (Today). concrete and personal. What their struggles which made interns and I spent most of how well those early values The parades are important I loved about Middle Church homelessness issues more our time working on. The can stick. because they are a safe place was how active they were. real for me. My experience aim is to get youth aware I was fortunate for members of the LGBT They not only preached social there made me look and interested in social enough to be raised to accept community to be themselves, justice, but they practiced it differently at the homeless justice issues at a young age LGBT individuals. I had and without the fearless too. They seemed to see it individuals I met on the through art. By doing this, even attended many Pride members of the first initial as the Christian thing to do, subway and in the street. I they are “rewriting” the way parades prior to the one I marches and those who if not a Christian duty, to would wonder what their children are raised to see marched with in New York. retaliated during Stonewall, protect the well-being and daily lives were like and the world in order to bring The parade in NYC was a they may not have a place to rights of all God’s children. what misfortunes they had about positive change in the more moving experience, show off their pride. It seems like a lot of people gone through. Unusual Point-of-View world as the children grow however, because it was by Ashlei Bos Before coming to New “preach” without practicing, Though I changed up and hopefully become much larger. I was actually York, I had abstract views on and I have realized that I internships, I was still able to invested in fighting for social participating in the march; I a lot of social justice issues. have not been doing nearly as help out homeless individuals them meet their basic needs, justice in ways big and small. marched where the original They were abstract because I much practicing as I could be. through Middle Church’s that someone is not doing as While Middle is working march had taken place, and never really ran into many of When I get a car, I would like Butterfly Project which much as they could be. on a huge project to bring I had researched into the them or into people who were to get re-involved with Foods made and handed out meals Just as forms about change, parents can Stonewall Inn and the history directly suffering from them. Not Bombs. I would also to those in need in nearby of activism tend to be do the same on a small scale of the Pride parade which Because of that, I was also like to look for other things I parks. I had given out food interwoven, so are social with the way they raise their gave me a better appreciation able to avoid thinking about can do to combat some of the through Foods Not Bombs in justice issues. At New children. It can be as easy as for the parade and what it them. In my predominately issues that are not so close to Des Moines before; but the Alternatives, there were reading them social-justice stood for. The Pride parade white Christian town, where me. Butterfly Project was much clients up against two, three, related books that get them bigger, and I was able to even four issues. During my thinking about the issues help out a lot of people that internship with Middle, I in an entertaining way that Works Cited afternoon. I realized that learned that they combated will stick with them the way “Today, as the Struggle for Gay Rights Continues.” NYC Pride. Heritage of Pride, Inc., n.d. Web. 14 July 2014. while I tend to spend much of many issues as well and cherished children’s books my focus on institutionalized recognized that many of tend to. My dad bought Wythe, Bianca. “How the Pride Parade Became Tradition.” PBS. PBS, 9 June 2011. Web. 14 July 2014. 5658 discrimination and them overlap. The Collegiate me some children’s books 5759 have multiple theorists come clip was from an old movie vanished from the face of the and discuss some sections called “Back to the Future” earth. It seemed as though Detroit: from the reading with us. produced in 1985. The plot the apocalypse had been There are currently only 395 was kind of awkward and triggered. It didn’t take long Travelers available, soon the graphics were absolutely for pomodigists to figure out Theoretical 1 to be 396 once the Lab has terrible, but the whole class what had happened. It was Perspectives completed some guy named loved it. The surprising simple: we had ignored the Robin Williams. She had element of a lot of these old warnings. No attention was Aly Garwood slim pickings, but Ms. Ping movies, however, is how given to the consequences SOC 450: Sociological Theory chose theorists that seem accurate the plots actually of time travel laid out so interesting enough. Their were. Many of these films clearly in almost all of the old names are Emile Durkheim, involved technology that did twenty-first century films. “One cannot and must not try to The assignment was to interpret selections I’d chosen from a book Karl Marx, Max Weber, Jim not even exist at that time When you mess with history, erase the past merely because it on Detroit using the theoretical perspectives we’d covered through- Powell, and Erving Goffman. or that scientists had written you mess with the future. does not fit the present.” out the semester. Aly’s paper demonstrated a clear grasp of how I always get off as being impossible – time Before the -Golda Meir someone using each perspective might approach those chapter nervous when I think about travel being the most popular pomodigists could even smack excerpts, and she did so using humor while providing significant Traveling. We just learned in one. their foreheads with the palm theoretical insights. I - Jon Witt History that “traveling” used It is argued whether of their hands, they were to mean simply going from the technology we have sending Cherita back. She had A jaw-popping yawn one place to another within today in 2120 only exists to undo whatever it was she escapes my mouth as I climb the same timeframe. People because of the ideas posed in did when she traveled back in up into our Lift and wait would seatbelt themselves these old movies or if they time. Since then, Traveling anxiously for mom to come school on the screen, and toward the school before into their gas-fueled metal exist because of the natural has been significantly out. Sleep eluded me once it feels like an eternity has mom has a chance to exclaim boxes with four wheels and progression of technology. restricted – and rightfully again, as it has all week. That passed before the rotators her usual: “Have a good “travel” from home to work How ironic is that? Quite so. The only Traveling happens when I am excited. I pick up enough speed to lift day, Honey Bunny!” Despite or from one part of the state frankly, I do not care either Machines currently in have been waiting for this day us off the ground. Like I said, me grumbling about it to another to visit family, way. It reminds me of an old existence are under the strict all year. Today is Traveler our Lift is pretty old. I rest every night at dinner, she and so on. It is certainly saying my grandpa used to regulation of pomodigists Day, the most beloved day of my head against the window continues to do it. How not that simple nowadays say -“Which came first, the in the West. Their current all high school students. I pop and watch as we zip over humiliating. I get to the (though, again, I sometimes chicken or the egg? Doesn’t project involving Traveling a Wake pill into my mouth the neighborhood. I read all Theory classroom and am wish it was). Traveling today make a damn bit of difference seems more like an extremely and select a water bottle on the advertising signs below, surprised to find that I am the refers to time travel, and it is to me as long as I get my risky game than anything the screen to be produced some new and some old. We last one to arrive. Everyone simultaneously awesome and breakfast.” The argument I do else. Basically, they send a from the Dash Printer. It just learned in History class else is already in their seats, terrifying. We learned the care about, however, is where pomodigist back to a specific takes a couple minutes to that signs and advertisements anxiously awaiting class latter the hard way. the development is taking us era wherein he or she has to print. We bought our Lift used to be painted on large to start. There are excited and if we should continue just sneak around until finding the brand new in 2117 but it is stationary billboards that whispers pulsating around II because we can. object of interest and return already three years old. It is stood vertically, rather than the room, quiet discussions It is this very undetected without changing not nearly as quick to print horizontally as they do now. of what the Travelers will be There were countless argument that almost anything significant. and has a lot less inventory to I guess that makes sense wearing, how they will look old science-fiction films and triggered the fourth World Recently, these choose from than the newer because people used to drive and smell and talk. novels produced in the early War. Time travel is now objects of interest have been Lifts. cars on the ground, rather We have five twenty-first century that highly regulated and for that than Lifts above. I think I Travelers visiting today - implied a lot about what Mom finally exits I am glad. When Cherita 1. Pomodigist: A term developed in the house and climbs up into would have liked to live in the most Jacksonville High people back then thought Sparrow returned as the the late twenty-first century combin- the Lift. I swallow the pill that era, where technology has had at one time. We just about time travel and its first human to successfully ing “postmodernist” with “sociolo- existed but did not control finished reading a really old possibilities. Occasionally gist” to describe researchers who that will ensure that sleep complete a time travel studied a hodge-podge of various continues to elude me - at everything like it does today. book in class called Detroit: we watch clips of these old episode, complete chaos topics. Pomodigists began to replace least until the school day is We set down in An American Autopsy, and Ms. movies in class and laugh ensued. Things got weird. what used to be called “scientists” the landing zone, and I am Ping thought it would be a at the horrible acting or as the traditional understand of “sci- over. She presses the pre- Entire buildings disappeared ence” became outdated and inappli- 58 programmed button for the out of the Lift and running fun learning experience to awful CGI. The most recent and countless humans cable to the postmodern world. 59 as simple as a strand of hair ensure that we never forget and stress of being woken how completely and utterly the world to leave toys for beside Durkheim had a from someone of importance our history and where we up in a completely different human they looked. They did children as they slept. I somber, intense expression so that pomodigists return come from. Philosophers and time period. The second not have exotic colored skin quickly searched the story that I had a hard time taking with the necessary DNA social scientists have warned procedure is an implantation or hair or eyes. They did not using my virtual glasses and seriously in combination with for cloning that particular for centuries that forgetting of the particular mission for wear wrist-phones or virtual found the name Santa Claus. his large, elf-like ears. individual. The most recent or ignoring the past means which they were awoken. In glasses or levitating shoes. This Santa-looking “I am also from Travel caused some major it will happen again; history this case, they were given They were simultaneously the man began talking in a heavy Germany, born in 1864, controversy. Pomodigists repeats itself. This is the the memory of having read most boring and fascinating German accent. Ms. Ping and I spent much of my life intended to send a guy back reasoning the pomodigists the book Detroit: An American humans I had seen with my briefly interrupted him in analyzing the sociology of to the year 2014 to obtain the argue to maintain that Autopsy. own eyes. This applied to all order to tell the class to turn religion and legal-rationality DNA of that Robin Williams cloning is a good thing. The These cloned except the last one to walk on the “translate” options on of bureaucracy. My name is guy I mentioned earlier. values and ideals from the Travelers are increasingly in the room. This one was our glasses so we could see Max Weber.” There was a mishap and past that are vanishing in being used in schools as wearing the costume of an the English translation of “Interesting. I suppose the pomodigists accidently society today are preserved interactive and effective old Disney character that what Santa was saying as he it is my turn?” asked the sent the man to the year in the minds of these cloned ways of learning history my virtual glasses instantly spoke. clean-shaven man sitting 1932, where he stuck out individuals. Never mind and other subjects. They recognized as Mickey Mouse. “I was born in next to Weber. “My name is like Robert Wadlow in a the fact that the clones (or are utilized mainly in more “Class, please give Germany in 1818. I am a Erving Goffman; I was born kindergarten classroom. Travelers, as the pomodigists affluent school systems that a warm welcome to our philosopher, a writer, and in Canada in 1922. I studied The black-and- prefer them to be called) can actually afford them, lovely guest speakers!” said a sociologist, among other the micro-interactionist white photo captured of the remain unconscious in large Jacksonville being one of Ms. Ping as she pranced to things you children would sociology of everyday life, pomodigist dressed so out chambers in the labs until these schools. So you can the front of the room and not understand. My studies particularly the importance of of place in the era of nice requested for use. imagine our excitement as we powered up some virtual centered upon theories symbolic interaction.” suits and fedoras became When requested by prepared to host not only one chairs for the Travelers to sit regarding class struggle, Ms. Ping nodded in an iconic image of the time schools, museums, or other Traveler, but five. on. labor, and the means of approval to Goffman. travel debate during the early institutions, there are certain Everyone was so production.” “Now, last but III completely entranced by Santa started to say certainly not least, Mr. the speakers that the “warm more but Ms. Ping politely Powell.” A deep, booming welcome” turned out to be cut him off. The last person was laughter and the sound of some half-assed clapping by a “Danke, Herr the one wearing the Mickey footsteps echoed off the walls handful of students. Ms. Ping Marx. Now for the next Mouse costume. of the hallway, making its frowned at us and turned to introduction!” she said, “I would venture way into the classroom. The the Travelers. gesturing to the bald man to guess that most of you excited whispers hushed “We are so very sitting next to Santa. are questioning why I am immediately as everyone excited to have you here with “Very well, then. My wearing this. The main turned in their seats to us today. Let us begin with name is Emile Durkheim, reason is because I thought face the doorway. Ms. Ping some brief introductions. born in France in 1858. it was funny – and let’s be appeared first, an energetic How about we start with you, My life work included honest, how many times do bounce in her step and Mr. Marx?” establishing sociology as you get the opportunity to twinkle in her lavender eyes The man she pointed an academic discipline and wear stuff like this?” as she made her way to the to was sporting a massively analyzing how society Giggles and murmurs twenty-first century. procedures the Travelers front of the room. A few thick, white beard. He functions in the modern era. surrounded throughout the There are also debates must undergo before the moments later walked in the looked familiar, but I could You may better know me as room. ensuing about the nature pomodigists allow them to most magnificent and strange not figure out why – until the “Father of Sociology” as I “Excuse me, Mr. of cloning. Much of the even step foot out of the lab. combination of humans I had it dawned on me that he have been named.” Powell, but we have the world remains at odds with The first is an implantation ever seen – and that is saying resembled a character from Santa let out a scoff, opportunity every day to its current undertaking. So into their brains of an a lot coming from a kid who an old, creepy fairy tale told and Durkheim shot him an wear stuff like that,” said a we can clone famous and artificial memory of sorts - an lives in a world where you in the early twenty-first insulted look. shy girl in the front row. important individuals from explanation of where they are can choose what you want century of an overweight man “How wonderful,” Ms. “Indeed you do. But the past, but for what reason? so that they are not shocked to look like. What was so wearing a red suit who would Ping said. “Next!” do you see the irony in doing 62 Pomodigists argue it is to and suffer from the confusion magnificent about them was sneak into homes around The man sitting 63 60 so?” inquired Powell. No one 61 said anything in response. between individuals and point, I’m afraid I will be And his mother ain’t coming South. Their reality, mediated A student with neon- “Hmm. Well, I will society at large - a mismatch unable to do so, Herr Weber. to get him. And you’re through signs, symbols, and orange hair near the back of explain my reasoning. May between personal standards There is no metanarrative thinking these kids don’t have words, was that moving to his room chimed in. I begin my dissection of the and wider social standards.” in this story of Detroit. It a fucking chance ‘cause they Detroit would mean owning “If they realized piece on Detroit, Ms. Ping?” Mickey Mouse is characterized by only don’t. And nobody cares.’ their own property and their perception of Detroit Powell asked. had been sitting patiently, micronarratives – many How ironic is it living a better life. This fake was wrong once they got “Certainly!” she nodding his head as Durkheim different small stories, all that in a society with perception of Detroit had there, then how is that a replied. “Thank you for stole the spotlight. legitimized simply by the increased mobilization become real to them – the simulacrum?” he asked volunteering. Please, begin.” “That is very true. telling of them. As such, and communication, map preceded the territory. thoughtfully. Now if I may explain?” asked there is no grand theme, no humans interacted less? Their perception of Detroit “Very good question! IV Mickey. ultimate meaning we can take Neighborliness became a became a simulacrum, an That is the irony of this “My apologies. I away from this discussion. rarity. The harmonious unsatisfactory image of the entire discussion. Nothing “My studies began tend to get ahead of myself,” We can no longer make structure of society that was real thing. What the black can be wrong. No perception at the beginning of an era replied Durkheim. generalizations. Every story the prediction can be wrong, called “postmodernism”, “Postmodernism is a is multiplex and fragmented and intention if nothing is an era of which you are time of Nihilism – a general with no whole to be found. of modernity true. And as experiencing the tail end. The nothingness. A time when But, because you requested so had failed.” I mentioned transition from modernity to nothing is known for sure. kindly, I will do my best”. Both before, a postmodernity was a strange In fact, it can be argued that The class was silent, Marx and defining one. Anomie became a normal Detroit is not even real. It is waiting out the awkward Durkheim let characteristic of aspect of our lives.” a social construction; simply a tension that was occurring out a scoff at the postmodern The bald guy, figment of our imaginations. between Durkheim and Mickey’s last era is that Durkheim, chimed in. Pastiche and irony plague Mickey. Then Mickey threw statement. nothing is really “Ah, yes. Anomie. postmodern society through his head back and laughed a “Detroit fake and nothing Characterized by no art, architecture, and even hearty laugh. is an example is really real. meaningful order, no sense day-to-day interactions “How fun is this?!” he of this failure. I am not of purpose. A time in which with one another. Things exclaimed. “To be arguing Page 43 even real. I am society provides little moral that did not correlate were my perspective with men who describes a copy of the guidance to individuals. We thrown together. It was a lived before me in an era in the Great real me. All of can see this happening in our time for playful reflection which none of us lived. The Migration us sitting at the 50 Ways Assignment piece on Detroit, no?” upon reality. That is why I irony is killing me!” of blacks and southern by Mackenzie Foldes front of the room are copies A couple students chose to wear this costume Durkheim looked at hillbillies: ‘Detroit was seen - clones of our actual selves. nodded. Durkheim continued. today. It is ironic; a beloved the other three Travelers and as the Promised Land, where But to you and even to me, “It occurs straight character of the early shrugged. a man could buy himself a man found in Detroit was the copy has become more away. Frankie could not modern era being worn “But I digress. house with a patch of grass, extreme segregation, forcing real than the original.” afford to fix his van. Bills by a postmodernist whilst Postmodernism signaled the just as long as he had a job him to live in densely packed, A few groans were went unpaid. They got behind speaking to a classroom of death of the social. America to pay for it. And Detroit substandard housing plagued heard throughout the on their mortgage; the credit students living in an era of was becoming richer in had plenty of jobs’. Why did by rats and rotting garbage. classroom. card companies offered no post-postmodernism.” democracy but poorer in people fall for the illusion that It is this very simulacrum “I know this is assistance. What was he to It was then I noticed civilization. A prime example Detroit was the Promised that characterizes the confusing, especially so since do? He told the car company Weber frowning and shaking of this was the child on the Land? The explanation postmodern era. Images this story is set during the to screw themselves, and they his head. bus, described on page 38 is a vital characteristic of or perceptions of ideas and transition from modernity took his van. It had to be done “Will you please in your books if you care to postmodernism – the idea things become more real than to postmodernity. But let this way because there was no move past this nonsense and follow along. of images and simulacra. the original. It demonstrates me provide an example. meaningful order; none of the get to the point?” Weber ‘A kid’s got the flu and An image of Detroit the idea that we were The bartender at the institutions in which Frankie asked of Mickey, sounding he vomits on the bus and all was portrayed to these beginning to live in a hyper- VFW claimed that mayor lived would provide any exasperated. the kids are laughing at him, individuals, an image of life reality, a world that replaced Young was to blame for sort of guidance. It portrays “The point, you say? and he’s so embarrassed he being much greater than reality and became more than the degradation of the city. 64 a breakdown of the bonds Try as I might to get to the gets off the bus into the cold. where they lived in the the real itself.” Frankie smiled and replied 65 62 63 with ‘I guess that depends Detroit – that metanarrative where people ate the very postmodern era.” owners as the Bourgeoisie. working class - blacks and on who you’re asking’. This had already been animals they were selling It was quiet for a They owned the land, natural whites - able to overcome response sums up what I delegitimized. There was no food for. And it was poisoned. moment. A deep, rich voice resources, the materials their differences and unite. am trying to get at. We all ultimate meaning or purpose It killed his dog. This melted over the classroom. It needed to survive. The The inevitable revolution live in our own realities, behind its downslide. It just explosion of choices utilized was Santa. Proletariat were those who would occur once class mediated by culture – by was. to exercise freedom was also “All that is solid melts did not own the means of conflicts ensued between the signs and symbols and words. This is simultaneously constricting and shrinking into air…” production, but rather owned lower and upper classes, as Modernity and postmodernity depressing and freeing. our worlds. We were more Santa wore a pained the labor power - themselves. opposed to only within the is characterized by a jumbled Anything became possible interconnected than ever but expression, worry lining his It is important to note that lower class. It would result up mess of race, gender, class, – people were no longer we realized it less. face. the ruling ideas of every in the death of capitalism. ethnicity, and so on. As such, constrained by the larger These interconnected “Ah, yes. I remember epoch are the ideas of the This is the ultimate inherent each of our own realities, metanarratives or ideals that networks also characterize reading that lovely quote of ruling class. The Bourgeoisie contradiction – capitalism our own stories, becomes lent order to society. They the transition to yours,” replied Mickey. “I had the power to structure would fail because it legitimate. It depends who could do whatever they postmodernity. We refer to believe I am finished, Herr the world the way they succeeded so well. you ask because each person wanted, be whoever they this as “rhizomatic” – there Marx, if you wish to take wished the Proletariat to see The secularization is living within is no particular over?” it. and increasing division of his own reality end or beginning, As such, the structure labor that characterized – there is no no single root or V of society always left people modernity turned humans longer one core. The increased wanting more. That is into a commodity. Everything overarching globalization and “Let me first propose a what fuels capitalism. If the became an economic reality, one interconnectedness question. What distinguishes Proletariats became self- exchange. Private property theme, one of the modern era men from other animals?” actualized, they would want was stripped away, just metanarrative is demonstrated Marx inquired of the no longer, and capitalism as the car company took that explains nicely in the classroom. A high-pitched would collapse in on itself. Frankie’s van, and he was why things gangster story voice answered. It is this very collapse of forced to take the bus. Detroit happen the way told by Sgt. “The ability to capitalism we see forming in initially offered a nice -if they do. Martel. Each reason?” the student asked in Detroit. unremarkable - middle-class We individual’s story response. Frankie’s life ‘if you committed your life see this again was connected “Ah! Wunderbar. Your neighborhood was collapsing to the machine’. Humans were when trying to with another’s. answer is not far off. More due to the extreme success becoming easily replaceable figure out how Each event specifically, however, we of capitalism – a consequence parts of a machine. Capitalism Detroit became led to another began to distinguish ourselves of modernity. No laborer devalued labor power, thus Positive/ Negative Assignment a ‘cadaver’ as the author by Shelby Palm in a massive web of as soon as we produced employed at the Dodge Ram alienating the working class. calls it. You might blame the interconnectedness. Stories the means of subsistence. plant could even afford one of The foundation, or postwar industrial policies; were no longer black What we are coincides with the trucks they were working infrastructure, determines the you might blame the riots wanted. Choice became the and white because every what and how we produce. to produce. It was to the superstructure. In the case and white flight; you might norm. It was expected. There individual story had a worth Men are the producers of advantage of the Bourgeoisie, of Detroit, this means that blame it on the gas shocks were more and more choices and legitimacy equivalent their conceptions. As such, the ruling class, that ‘few all social relations seen are or the trade agreements. for everything imaginable as a to every other. It signaled the history of humanity whites then seemed to think an efflux of the underlying The bottom line is this: all consequence of the success of the decline of the binary must be studied in relation much that the interests of the economy. This foundation of these are right and none modernity and globalization. and resulted in a world of to the history of industry black working class were the is unstable however; the of these are right at the Unlimited choice became hybridity. The author himself and exchange. This is the same as theirs’ even though capitalistic economic system same time. It demonstrates possible for things as simple became part of this gangster approach to which I will they did, indeed, maintain the was constantly changing. We the disappearance of a solid as dog food. How amazing micronarrative simply by dissect the phenomenon of same interests. The reason see this in the devaluing of foundation that characterized and ironic is this? Frankie hearing the story – ‘Suddenly Detroit. that this was advantageous Frankie’s house, in the decline the pre-modern era. Notice most likely purchased the I was in the middle of a It all boils down was because the Bourgeoisie of 75 percent of the shops in that no one blamed God or bag at his local general store gangster picture and I didn’t to who owns the means of desired to maintain power. south Warren, and in the rise some other transcendental – dog food made all the way have the script’. This script production. In the capitalistic Maintenance would no longer of drug sales and prostitution. being for the downfall of across the globe in a country no longer existed in the society, we refer to these be possible were the entire 6466 We see the unrest in the 6567 mobs that burned Detroit labor – that would inevitably your eyes,” she said. comprised one larger whole.” the well-defined state of the be, there is always something multiple times. We see it lead to the communistic I remembered talking collective consciousness. An collective remaining. Over in the urban renewal and revolution and the end of the VI about this in class before. act of crime is only viewed the years, I discovered that interstate projects that were capitalistic society. We may “Marx has nicely “So you’re a that way because the larger suicide varies inversely with rational decisions meant to not see the united action of explained some of the functionalist?” I asked. society deems it as such. the degree of integration in improve the area, but instead the Proletariat quite yet in consequences of the division “Yes, I would consider Woolfolk shooting the young the social groups of which displaced thousands of blacks this story of Detroit, but the of labor. As we know, this myself a functionalist,” girl or Alls being killed were the individual forms a part. and packed them further fall of the Bourgeoisie and division represented a Durkheim replied. criminal acts only because of This is extremely important together still. We see it in the the victory of the Proletariat fundamental challenge to the “If something disrupts the common consciousness regarding modern society. massive declining population were inevitable. It would not traditional social order. The the social order, society regarding crime. Crime is With no strong collective of Detroit: capitalism worked be long before the working- more modern we became, always adjusts and returns one aspect of modern society conscious and increasingly so well, that humans were class realized that they were the more differentiation and to a stable equilibrium. What that resulted in a sense of fragmenting lifestyles, where rationally replaced with the majority, suffering at the individualism that occurred, is not as evident, however, togetherness. would individuals maintain a machinery. It was efficient expense of the minority – the resulting in no singular sense is where the solidarity Modern society sense of integration? and rational. of morality or viewing the and equilibrium is coming responded to crimes with The answer is quite Capitalism was world.” from in the case of Detroit. restitutive law as opposed simple – within other groups. digging its own grave, just Capitalism “Precisely!” agreed It may seem that its very to the repressive law seen in Whether occupational, or as ‘the car made Detroit and Mickey, excitedly nodding his foundation is crumbling, more traditional societies. sport-related, or a gang, the car unmade Detroit’. was digging its head. as you emphasized earlier, They attempted to restore individuals are able to affirm The auto industry worked own grave... “Our collective Marx. The transition from relationships that were common values, identity, and so well that it brought about consciousness changed, as traditional to modern disturbed from the norm by purpose. There are examples its own demise. People could it does over time. One of society occurred so fast; the the crime. The essential jobs of this all throughout the no longer afford to buy the Bourgeoisie. They would be the ways we can see this is breakdown of norms and of the police, prosecutors, piece on Detroit. The VFW cars the Big Three were mad as hell and they would through religion. Traditional the increase in disorder and and prison sentences in the Hall of which Frankie is a producing. Their businesses not take it anymore.” societies were held together anomie was to be expected. story Martel told were to member provides a sense of were plummeting. The very “You’re right!” through religion. Modern What is less obvious is the dole out the consequences community for the Vietnam vehicles they were selling exclaimed a tiny, yellow- society experienced increasing fact that the violent crime for the committed crimes so Veterans. The gangs dealing were unreliable. People create haired girl to my right. “That secularity of religion. Where in Detroit, whether in the as to restore society to its out drugs and the tough- the world through their is what triggered the third would collective conscious form of mobs or in drive-by functioning state.” looking kids hanging on labors but become constrained world war!” come from in modern society? shootings, is actually normal An arm shot up in the streets all provide by the things they have Excited murmurs What would beliefs and and even necessary to the front of me. “What about those individuals a sense of created.” floated around the room as values be rooted in? Religion social system at large.” all time you spent studying belonging. Even mobs are “How ironic is that?” Ms. Ping made her way to the provided a sense of meaning A few scoffs and gasps suicide? How does that people with common values, Mickey asked, breaking the front of the class. and purpose for traditional erupted around the classroom. relate?” the student inquired. driven by similar goals. The spell I did not even notice “Yes, Herr Marx did societies. Overlooked were “So you think “Excellent question, examples go on and on.” I was under from the deep, accurately prophesize some the functional equivalents committing crimes like killing my friend. It is true - I always “But how is it good if hypnotic voice of Marx. aspects of the revolution on to religion we can see in and burning down buildings did find suicide a fascinating people can only find a sense “Ironic, sure. Laborers capitalism we saw nearly the case of Detroit. Certain is normal?” probed the yellow- subject.” Durkheim replied. of belonging in a group that in the story of Detroit are one hundred years ago today aspects of society, devoid of haired girl incredulously. “Ha! A sociologist does harmful things?” I asked. beginning to recognize already. However, there religion, continued to bind “Yes. It is normal in spending his years studying “That is not the only this irony, this alienation. are aspects of Detroit and people together. A type of the sense that it validates the the most individualistic of all way people in modern society They are the beginning of modernity that have not organic solidarity is evident. norms and values necessary acts. The irony! Will it ever find a sense of belonging. The the revolution. There was been touched upon yet that I The division of labor present to reinforcing the common end!?” exclaimed Mickey, bottom line is this: eventually, no longer ‘respect for the assume will be by our three in this modern society was consensuses of society. It throwing his head back in things that enhance order will working-class life’. It is remaining speakers.” increasingly fulfilling the role provides us with social facts laughter. stay and disorder will leave; this very alienation of the She turned and that once fell on common that lay out the boundaries “Though it appears it is the nature of advancing worker – this complete loss gestured to Durkheim. consciousness. Society and rules. to be an individualistic act, civilization. As a result, a of control over their own “Please, share with was increasingly made Besides, an act is only it certainly is not. However “good society” will emerge. If 68 products and their own us a view of Detroit through of interrelated parts that criminal when it offends individualized man seems to poverty, inequality, and crime 69 66 67 remain within this better I had the honor of meeting a particular, unswerving individuals developed a replied, ‘You’re gonna be the desire he had to take the society, it is because they are a sociologist by the name social role. This is necessary sense of loyalty and moral embarrassed for the rest of camera. advantageous for humanity as of George Mead. Though if there are to be clear, obligation to one another and your life that you got your The retired cop at a whole. It exists because we I did not understand much consistent social realities. respond accordingly to those ass kicked by a white guy the VFW hall told a story need it.” of what he told me then, I When something intended to on the outside. weighing a hundred and about shooting a black man “Ridiculous. The good do now. Mead described his remain backstage is accidently When drug sales and thirty pounds.’ In this case, who was running through society cannot and will not be theory through an example displayed on the front stage prostitution began to replace both Frankie and the black the alley. The investigating reached without a revolution!” any ten-year-old should be for outsiders (the audience) to industries in Detroit, it could man were completely aware sergeant walked over, pulled Marx argued, his eyebrows able to relate to: by play. see, we become embarrassed be argued that they arose of what their own and each a cap gun from his ankle furrowing and face reddening. When we are children, we and self-conscious. out of necessity since there other’s social roles were. It holster, and told the cop to Durkheim shook his lack the internal guides that You are going to were fewer and fewer jobs would be embarrassing for modify the story so that it head as Ms. Ping made her allow us to predict or judge love this one, Mr. Powell. I available. It could also be, the black man if Frankie had seemed like black man way to the front. actions of others; there is no discovered some institutional however, had pulled “Oh how wonderful! consistency from one role ironies during my years of that they the cap gun Such a heated debate! Let us to the next. Eventually, life study. A prominent one was arose first. That move along. Mr. Goffman, moves from being “play” to the mental hospital, wherein because way, the cop you have been sitting so a “game”, meaning that we I found mental illness to be it was would have quietly. I am sure the class realize our expectations and a social role like any other. ultimately been justified desires to know what is going obligations to others – you The formal organization of a what was in shooting on in your mind. I know I know your position in relation mental hospital, by its very expected of – it was am!” she sang, a sparkle in her to everyone else. You expect nature, works to create the the people self-defense. eye. others to do their part. In symptoms it is designed to living there. That was order to effectively function cure. This is due to a concept When how order VII in this way, each individual known as the Labeling white folk was kept has thus created a map of Theory. It is applicable to treated along Eight “Who in this room society in his head. This is nearly every social role, blacks Mile. The can explain the concept of the where reality becomes a social including criminals. like scum reason the ‘Thomas Theorem’?” accomplishment – when the There are instances of or when police could The yellow bird- map in your head aligns well this throughout the piece on they were get away like girl sitting next to me with most other individuals. Detroit. When Frankie rides too scared with this began answering before You come to understand the the bus and hears black men to even was because Goffman had even finished the world in an extremely similar calling each other ‘nigger’ and interact (like Frankie 50 Ways Assignment a black man question. fashion. Society exists inside threating to kill one another, who starting keeping by Tara Tralewski pulling a gun on a cop was “If someone defines of us, rather than something he should not be appalled. his daughters inside), it expected behavior. No one their situation as real, we exist inside of. It becomes These men are acting upon reinforced those social roles would even question if the then it will be real in their internalized. Humanity is social roles they have acquired everyone was expecting these beat him up because it would cop was justified in killing the consequences. So whatever quite amazing in this way!” given their positions. It would gangsters to carry out – they go against the expected black man. It would simply someone believes is how “Well, how does that be strange if they did not act came to be expected by the performance; were they to get have been considered the they are going to act,” she relate to Detroit?” someone in this fashion. If we go back police and the judge and in a fight, it was presumed roles they were socialized responded confidently. inquired. to thinking of interaction as the prison systems to act as that the heavier black into playing.” “Precisely!” Goffman “Detroit is a a dramaturgical performance, criminals and to engage in man would win. They are “But that is not fair or replied. “This is a key concept fascinating case when looking we can see that these men criminal acts. So, that is what functioning under the societal even moral!” exclaimed the of the micro-interactionist through the lens of a micro- constitute a sort of “team” they did. That is what they assumption that black males bird girl, her voice rising a approach to sociology. Reality interactionist. Remember, or “cast.” It is within this come to understand as their know how to fight more few octaves. Goffman nodded is the most profound social every single social interaction particular social group that reality. effectively than skinny white his head. accomplishment. The world is symbolic. We are all they identify themselves with Another example of ones. The black man chose “Though it may not as we understand it is entirely engaged in a never-ending and find moral support. It is this is when the black man not to fight Frankie because be fair, that is the reality of socially constructed. When array of tiny performances similar to what Durkheim tried to take Frankie’s camera the possibility of being the situation. Humans are I was only ten years of age, and expected to maintain the products of the culture 6870 was just explaining. These from him, to which Frankie embarrassed outweighed 6971 we have created. As such, and accepted that lifestyle. do not have. As such, classes crammed in run-down, rat- The last word seemed to backtrack their steps we lose a degree of control This is what allowed are stratified according their infested apartments, working to float in slow-motion past and locate the error made over our actions. We cannot capitalism to thrive.” relations to material goods, long hours every week for my ears and around the in the most recent Travel. change the rules except by “We learned in class whereas status groups are little pay, generally had room before I realized that Okay, hold on… this just first changing everyone’s way that you wrote your book stratified according to the diminutive social resource. all of the speakers were in: Pomodigists believe they of thinking. That is certainly in response to Marx. We principles of consumption, or It was next to impossible beginning to disappear. have found pinpointed the not an easy task!” replied referred to it as the debate “lifestyles”. Similar to what for these individuals to Confusion plagued their miscalculation. The most Goffman. between you and the ghost of Goffman was saying, there abandon their positions, their faces momentarily before recent Travel was in an “Splendid, splendid Marx. Can you explain that are certain expectations of particular way of life. They they simply vanished. Soon, attempt to bring back a indeed! Thank you, Mr. a little bit?” I asked, secretly those who wish to belong had negative estimations shouts and shrieks of horror strand of hair from actress Goffman. We will now turn wishing to see another heated in that particular circle. It of honor, which we can see sprung up around the and model Marilyn Monroe to our last speaker of the day,” debate. has a direct impact on the through their treatment by classroom as students also who lived in the mid 1900’s Ms. Ping said, curtseying “Sure. Marx and consumption of goods and the police, by upper-class began disappearing. The in order to clone her. It awkwardly to Weber, who I have similar theories social intercourse outside of individuals, by company very chair I was sitting in seems that the pomodigist had hardly said a word the regarding capitalism itself. those with similar lifestyles. executives, and by the assigned to this particular entire class. However, my studies revolved The Big Three general attitude of mission was misinformed. around the fact that capitalism companies in Detroit the larger society. He carried with him VIII would certainly not lead to functioned only because of But they continued a cell phone; a piece any sort of “good society”. the particular ethos of the to function in this of technology used in “I will first delve into The very essence of what it class of laborers employed manner. Without the the early 2000’s before the manifestation of capitalism means to be human disappears there. These workers are not means of altering Marilyn Monroe’s time. given the transition from within a capitalistic society. responding only to power their positions - He dropped the phone traditional to modern society. People simply become cogs in from the ruling class, the without access to and it was picked up by Capitalism would not the machine.” Bourgeoisie, as you explain, knowledge, skill, and a woman who snapped a function if fueled by greed “That is what Marx. There are other material resources - photo of the actress in her alone. It needs stability, order, instigates the revolution!” forms of power or authority what other choice did dressing room, instantly and rational decision-making. barks Marx. to which humans comply. they have? Detroit is altering the course of This implies that the labor Weber did not smile, In the modern society, it simply one example the future – or history, force must continue the line but there was a twinkle in his is no longer traditional or of the entrapment of in our case.” I was so of duty despite the money or eye. charismatic, but rather a a capitalistic society.” focused in on the story that material resources individuals “Ah, this is the very rational-legal authority that Silence shrouded disappeared and I fell to the I did not even notice that have or have not acquired. argument I have longed for,” fuels capitalism. The laborers the room as we waited for a hard floor. The News Alert I, myself, was beginning to The most effective way of replied Weber. “They cannot believe in the established response from Marx. I looked Warning system popped up disappear. I glanced around accomplishing this is through fight. Do you not realize norms and regulations over and gasped. He was in my virtual glasses to show the room one last time to workers internalizing this this? The best way to fight a dedicated to increasing staring down at his hands a hurried, anxious woman see nearly everything else particular work ethic, which is bureaucracy is ultimately to efficiency. It is because of as a look of horror spread explaining the phenomenon. had disappeared as well. exactly what happened in the become more bureaucratic. It this very rationality that over his face. He was quickly “It has happened I remembered learning transition to modern society. becomes a system of positions, capitalism has locked society disappearing. Whatever was again. Pomodigists are in History class about a In short, the internalization not a system of actual inside an iron cage – why eating away at Marx traveled currently unsure of what transcendental being named of this mindset stemmed individuals. No longer is any would humanity resort back down his arms to his chest has triggered this particular God that millions of people from the Protestant ethic and one human being important to acting irrationally? A and from his chest to his legs episode, but it seems that used to pray to in desperate Luther’s idea of a “calling”. or significant. An iron cage revolution toward a utopian and feet. Just before it could history has repeated itself times of need. Figuring I had When an individual believes has befallen upon society. society would be irrational envelop his head and mound once again. If you are still nothing to lose, I shot a quick his line of work is his life’s Look at Detroit. All and illogical. of wiry beard, I heard him present and watching prayer up to the guy, even “calling”, he will act as such. individuals are functioning The owners of the murmur, “All that is solid this, please remain calm. though I did not know him. It is his destiny. The worker under certain life chances big businesses certainly took melts into air…” Pomodigists are working Half a second later, the world no longer questions why he determined by the amount for granted the life chances went black. is doing what he is doing and kind of power and access their laborers were born 72 because he has internalized to goods or skills they do or into. Blacks and whites alike, 73 70 71 Illustration Credits

The editors of The Writing Anthology would Collaboration and Transformation like to recognize the following artists for the by Sara Rodriguez contribution of their artwork: Digital Print, Page 34

50 Ways Assignment by Hannah Laflin “Landscape” by Kathryn Zaffiro Ink and Watercolor, Page 39 Watercolor, Cover Collaboration and Transformation Microcosm Assignment by Mary Kate Oakley by Mackenzie Foldes and Sara Rodriguez Acrylic on Paper, Page 5 Digital Print, Page 40

Unusual Point-of-View by Allyson Mann Unusual Point-of-View by Shelby Palm Conte Crayon and Charcoal on Conte Crayon and Charcoal on Black Paper, Page 6 Black Paper, Page 46

Unusual Point-of-View by Emma Disterhoft Unusual Point-of-View by Mackenzie Foldes Conte Crayon and Charcoal on Conte Crayon and Charcoal on Black Paper, Page 9 Black Paper, Page 48

Collaboration and Transformation “Self-Portrait” by Elijah Horton by Mackenzie Foldes Graphite, Page 51 Digital Print, Page 12 Positive/Negative Assignment by Daniel Weir Unusual Point-of-View by Olivia Cotton Conte Crayon and Charcoal on Conte Crayon and Charcoal on Black Paper, Page 55 Black Paper, Page 14 Unusual Point-of-View by Ashlei Bos “Blue” by Ashton Mayer Conte Crayon and Charcoal on Ink, Watercolor, Acrylic, Graphite, Page 22 Black Paper, Page 56

“Reflection” by Ashton Mayer 50 Ways Assignment by Mackenzie Foldes Graphite, Ink, Conte Crayon, Charcoal, Conte Crayon and Charcoal on Latex Paint, Page 26 Black Paper, Page 63

Unusual Point-of-View by Cheryl Wells Positive/Negative Assignment by Shelby Palm Conte Crayon and Charcoal on Water Soluable Graphite, Page 64 Black Paper, Page 29 50 Ways Assignment by Tara Tralewski “Blue” by Ashton Mayer Ink, Page 69 Ink, Watercolor, Acrylic, Graphite, Page 31

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