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FISHERIES II MEIHEaLANDS NEW GUINEA
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NOUMEA South Pacific Commission 1956
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CONSOLIDATED REPORT
on
FISHERIES IN NETHERLANDS NEW GUINEA
H. van Pel
Noumea South Pacific Commission 1956. C PIT E N T S
Page FISHERIES OF THE NORTH COAST OF NETHERLANDS MEM GUINEA.
INTRODUCTION 1
THE LOCAL POPULATION'S FISHING METHODS AND SKILLS 2
THE WORK OF THE FISHERIES SECTION - DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES 2 Hollandia Station 2 Manokwari 3 Doom Island 3
FISHING AREAS, FISHING GEAR, CRAFTS AND FISH 4 Hollandia 4 Manokwari 6 Geelvink Bay 8 Sorong: Trawling g Trolling 10 Merauke 10
SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS 12
EXPLANATION OF THE DRAWINGS IN THE APPENDICES H
FISHERIES OF THE SOUTH COAST OF NETHERLANDS NEW GUINEA
INTRODUCTION 15
LOCAL FISHERIES INDUSTRY 15
FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS 16 General layout of the fishing grounds surveyed 17 Fishing trials - Table 19 Fish sales 20
DISCUSSION 21
INLAND FISHERIES 23
RECOMMENDATIONS 24
APPENDICES
1Om. MOTOR FISHING BOAT Appendix 1
SAIL FISHING BOAT WITH AUXILIARY ENGINE AND OUTBOARD PROPELLER SHAFT Appendix 2
120m. BEACH SEINE Appendix 3
BOTTOM GILLNET 18m. (NYLON) Appendix 4
TUNNY LONGLINE Appendix . 5A
FISH LURE Appendix 5B
OTTERBOARD Appendix 6 FISHERIES OF THE NORTH COAST OF NETHERLANDS MM GUINEA
INTRODUCTION
Following the request made by the Government of Netherlands New Guinea to the Commission, I arranged to break my journey to Noume'a in order to stay in that territory from July 6 to July 21, 1954. The Territorial Administration requested me to make an investigation of the Fisheries work done so far by the Fisheries Section of the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, and to give opinions on this work. I was especially requested to examine closely the trawl fishing experiments undertaken with the research vessel, "De Goede Hoop" as well as any research considered as justifiable for the near future. However, a fortnight is a short time in which to investigate such a large territory and consequently I was only able to survey personally four points on the north coast, namely the surroundings of Hollandia, Biak, Sorong and Waigeo. Estuaries and coral reefs were investigated from the air. Infor mation was gathered through discussions with authorities and fishermen as well as from three reports:
(1) D.O. Zwollo, The Sea and River Mouth Fisheries in the Merauke Area, Nov., 1953- (2) Annual Report of the Fisheries Section, 1953. (3) . O.J. Bottemanne, Sea Fishery, 1953.
I also intended to go to Merauke, but this trip was prevented by the cancellation of the flight. The Governor, Dr. J. van Baal has proposed that I should return in January, 1955 (see Summary of Recommendations - 14). I have omitted geographic and scientific details from this report since, as far as they are known, they have already been mentioned in the works of other writers. By agreement with the Governor of the Territory, I have only given technical advice likely to produce immediate benefit. The utmost assistance and co-operation was given by all those con tacted in the territory. 2.
THE LOCAL. POPULATION'S FISHING METHODS AND SELLS
The' doas'tal population uses very simple fishing methods: handline, troll line, sero, castnet, dragseine, shrimpseine, shrimp pushnet, setnet, scoopnet and spear, This equipment will appear simple, at least from a European point of view, but it can be said that these people have used exactly the fishing gear which they could handle and which they could afford under the circumstances. With some of this gear they use ordinary canoes or canoes fitted with outriggers. Some of the equipment must be taken into consideration in the development of fisheries: handline, troll line, sero , dragseine and setnet. The shrimpseine should perhaps also go into this category but I lack detailed information on this type of gear as existing and used in this area. Professional fishermen are few - most people are both farmers and fishermen and many fish for their own consumption only. Many (including women and children), also collect shell food. My general impressions are as follows: (1) some of the local inhabitants are able to mend nets; (2) most of the coastal people can handle a canoe, some a sailing canoe even in a breeze; (3) they are skilled in spotting and catching fish; ''(4) they can endure hardship. In other words, they are fish minded. Among the disadvantages, I would mention that most of them are illiterate and, for the time being, will have tn live according to their tribal customs. I observed, however, that natives trained by the Fisheries Section were a very valuable asset for developed fisheries work.
THE WORK OF THE FISHERIES SECTION - DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Aim FISHERIES
The main office, under the direction of the Head of .Fisheries, Mr. B.C. Zwollo, is situated in Hollandia, The Fisheries Section.has^stations. in Hollandia and Manqkwari and. a .temporary station on Boom Island .(Sprang). Hollandia Station: .. At the moment, the activities of this station are: (1) general control;, ,,. . . (2) storage of fishing gear for the section's research work and for sale to.private fishermen; (3) extension service; (4) research on troll line and beachseine fishing; (5) training fishermen in the use of motorised fishing craft.
Note (l) A type of permanent fish trap. 3.
... ,, This, station.has,, two, small open motor .launches, each : equipped-with. a 20 b.h.p. Bampva... diesel engine,, , , . • . , :j, j•'; Manokwari:.,... „ , ... The aotivities of this station.are: .... ,:,,.,, .;• .(•/!<)••• research,.on long. line, .fishing for tuna, etc..; . ; ,, .(?) research pn bait ifishing; :,,;. _•:••. .•...- .,.,.. (.?) research ..pn. troll, line j: : . ••".•: (4) training fishermen in the use of mptorised fishing craft. This station has an ,82ft. research .vessel powered hy a 200 h.h.p. Kromhput,diesel engine. .. The, name of the vessel is "Hollandia".and,its equip-. ment includes cold-storage. ••The station also has one small open motor launch equipped with.a 20 h.h.p. Samova diesel engine. • . . Doom Island; ...... •.,•"•. v ••• .. ,... . . The ,first,main fisheries station for Netherlands New.Guinea, was. established .on this island,hut when headquarters.,were removed, -ito; Hollandia. one person only was left there to service the research, vessel, '.'DeGoede. Hoop,". This vessel.is.use.d. for.the following work: •••••.. ,.,. (l) research on "bottom trawling; . -• • :•„•: ..(2) .hydrographic, work, (reconnpitering the. sea bed)-; ., .••:•• (3) research on troll line; .•;•.:.•'•„ '..'. (4). .training fishermen, in: the'Use of mptorised fishing craft; .,...,-.. (5) ..detection of ;.fish.with fish,detector.. • ; -, , ..,-.• ..;..": ... , "De. Goede H.opp" is tempprarily based, on Doom Island, her activities being pursued at the.moment near the. western part.of Netherlands. New Guinea.
Thj.s research, vessel is 72 ft. long and..is powered by:150 b.h.p... Kromhout:, ,.,..>.• diesel engine.. It-is. equipped with. a. cold storage installation, echO'-sounder: and fish detector (fishloop). . '••;,. Preliminary investigations had been carried.out previously .from PoelaUjDoom, mainly in connection with tuna fishing with poles. This offered; no real.,prospects, for. that,, area, under, existing circumstances. Since. 1953... . and up till the pres.ent, fisheries, research has been on. a.;much larger scale.. • This work has, however,..been, implemented,under great :difficulti.es caused by ;. lack of. trained personnel and mechanical breakdowns, :mainly affecting the research vessel "Hollandia". , ...... :;> ; > ;,,. .;- i-jou The choice of a peculiar type of Kromhout engine for the two research vessels has been unfortunate. If ordinary, types ;pf.the same. make,'-more- •'-••''-•'• commonly found in Netherlands New Guinea, had been selected, the trouble .. . , would npt. have been, so great..,,. In any cas:e, these ships have collected a wealth of, information, from.which one -can already form an idea of. existing possibilities. ,and necessary corrections to.be made. . It is evident that Mr., Zwollp and his. staff, have worked hard and. they already have a lead over 4.
many' other countries, some of -which are more developed than this territory. It is because they have home the heaviest burden of the organizational ' stage under difficult conditions that I am now able to give some advice •:--' regarding the continuation of the work'. •••'•••' I would like to make it clear now that any criticism of their work will be made in a constructive spirit with a view to the future. However, such comments as I have already made while in Netherlands Hew Guinea have been appreciated by all concerned. • ' -In the main, the''research so far has taken place along the' north coast and:off the western-most coast of Netherlands New Guinea. Long line fishing trials for tuna with the research vessel "Hollandia"' have not yet been carried out completely. Trawling experiments with -the research vessel "De Goede Hoop" have to be repeated near the Mamberamo area in the course' of • —•• one or two trips'. Mr.- ZWdllo has already investigated Merauke and his report was very useful to me in connection with data collected from a survey carried out before the war near'the'mouth of the Merauke River. The research vessel "Hollandia"', at present waiting for engine spare parts, will presumably soon be ready to resume operations so that a final decision regarding future activities of this kind can be made in January/February, 1955. '• As a starting point, my opinion is that the research vessel "De Goede Hoop" should commence her trawl and trolling in October 1954 along the^'south coast of Netherlands-New Guinea. Until October, this vessel would have- the opportunity to finish'her task along the north and west coasts. We cannot consider,' for-the time being, the ways and means of selling or preserv ing the fish. I have personally seen cases'where, even before one knew exactly if it were possible to catch fish and deliver it to the right place, the building of a fish cannery, fishmeal factory or cold storage plant was undertaken. It appeared afterwards that these installations were wasted,' either because there "was not enough fish Or'because they were built in the wrong place. '• The'primary issues at the moment are to catch fish and to decide which species and fishing methods are the most profitable. ' 'In-the next section I will deal separately with each station, the work they should undertake and the obvious prospects'. • '
FISHING AREAS, FISHING GEAR, CRAFTS,MP FISH •
Hollandia:-' ' •• The fresh fish supply in Hollandia is absolutely insufficient and one can say at present that the town is'in a very unfavourable situation in respect to any fishing grounds which could provide it with an abundant supply of fish. That is', of course, with the fishing'gear and boats at present in the hands of 5.-
local, fisl^rmen. , ;I have scouted the waters surrounding, Hollandia both with plane..and boat.; . These waters are mainly clear and deep and this makes the...!" case difficult since skilled fishermen would/be necessary,to work such an
area. .; For the .time being,' deep.water :j.s. considered, only; in connection'with troll lines operating from small motor boats, of the 10 metres type (see,! • 5 • Appendix l). .•.,..; .,....,„...... '...I'.!,_. . A really good, fishing ground is situated, before and on both sides of the mouth of the .Tarai River; in,.other w.ords, from the.Australian New Guine.a border to. Humboldt Bay. • Certain indications have been, obtained with baby seine and baby trawl. .This area should be.considered .mainly in con nection with two methods requiring the.use of the..8 metres 'type of boat (Appendix 2). The first method would use a simple beach.seine 12.0 metres long. (Appendix 3) with 120 metres•tow . line on each wing. The fisheries station has already a 60 metres beach seine (which is very small) and I observed good catches made with this baby seine. In three hauls of 10 minutes each, we caught, 20 kilos, of k'oero ,(fam. .Polynemidae.) and soesoe (fam. Lactaridae)
and a sawfish (fam.. Pristidae) of 62 kilos:.. t There, were also some shrimps in the net, ..., When fishing very near, the riv0r, mouth', the -leadxope of the seine would sometimes stick in the soft bottom but I have taken this into consideration when designing the enlarged 120 metres seine.- . A seine, equipped with a bag would be better but its use requires skilled fishermen. ;• 'Never theless, if it is later on decided to introduce this improvement.one merely has to take off a width and a depth,of,265 noshes,,.in the middle of the seine,. ,'
and add.to.it a four-sided bag.. Every, side, of the latter, must: be 265 meshes;., and tapered down.to .65 meshes,, every, mesh on,both sides reduced by half a ,,..-; mesh. The four sides must be seamed together. • . ••. • . The.second method would use a nylon .bottom gill net 18 metres long (Appendix 4). In connection with the. 8 metres boat it. would be necessary •;-_: to use a battery of 50 such .nets (900 metres). . 5 nets of this .type are, , , ;j
lashed together to form one unit :and a full;battery includes. 10..such units,
At the. junction of the units there is a junction line with ,a weight, (piece . .; of chain or a stone) and a buoy line going from the weight to the surface. • where it is attached to a buoy. The nets..are set in..such a way that the-., •; lead rope touches the bottom. It is thus possible to fish in depths up to ;J^:.,..';o.^' 20 metres. " '" ' The seine would be mainly used for daylight fishing and the bottom gill net mainly for night fishing, although it could also be used in the day time when the water is turbid. A coastal long line fishery can probably be undertaken later on with the bait which can be expected, among other things, from the seine and bottom gill net. 6.
It is: therefore suggested that the fisheries station should,'in the first place; Work with the three types of gear previously mentioned for fresh fish, inside a radius of 15 sea miles. Along these lines there is a reasonable possibility of providing a sufficient fish supply for Hollandia in the future, notably among the following species: ' ' ' With the beach seine: Bottom and pelagic fish, like koero (fam.' Polynemidae), soesoe (fam. Lactaridae), tjoetjoet gergadji (fam. Pristidae), manjoeng (fam. Ariidae), goelamah (fam. Sciaenidae), kemboeng (fam. Scombridae), lajoer (fam. Trichiuridae)', lida (fam. Soleidae), peperek (fam. Leiognathidae), selar (fam. Carangidae), tembang (fam. Clupeidae), etc. With the bottom gillnet: Bottom fish'like koero, soesoe, manjoeng, goelamah, • lida, peperek, etc. •With the troll'lines: . .':. .'Pelagic-fish like yellowfin tuna (Neothurinus macropterus Kish), tengiri (fam. Oybiidae) aloe aloe (fam. Sphyraenidae), koeweh (fam. Oarangidae), soenglir (fam. Oarangidae) and different - species of tuna. " With the long line: • ' Tuna, sharks and swo'rdfish;- 6 metre boats' (Appendix 2) could fish west of Hollandia (down to Sermowai River) arid1 sait their catch. With such boats one can enter the rivers and shallowbays and, if necessary, the craft can be run ashore in places where there is no surf. They could return to Hollandia after one week '- trips. It appears therefore that a reasonable fish supply could be found in the future and if it were possible to increase the catches in the west, -near the Mamberamo area' or the Schouten islands, it'might even be possible to con sider' a fish carrier service to Hollandia. The fishing grounds near Hollandia are, however, available to meet the first needs. It would be advisable for the Government to buy the boats and nets necessary and let these be tried'out by a crew paid with a share of the proceeds.
Manokwari: According to official data collected from foreign sources, large quantities of tuna could be found north of Netherlands New Guinea. The Govern ment was particularly interested in this fish since an export production could be expected if large catches were possible. The tuna research vessel "Hollandia" was accordingly bought and some training and orientation trips 7.
were started in 'the first half of 1953 in Radja Ampat area and around Geelvink Bay. The "Bollandia" is stationed in Manokwari. The first fishing experiments were carried out hy unskilled fish ermen' and without a long line winch. The long line had a length of 13,000 metres at first and it is easily understandable'that it took a lot of time to take it in hy hand. The'Conditions were changed when a long line winch was received.'- At this time different lengths of long line were used. The vessel noW has a' maximum of 19,800 metres of line. Regarding the construction of the long line, please refer to Appendix 5 showing a type used in the latter stages. It was mainly made of cotton line, 132 threads, or 156 threads. However, much trouble was experienced with hreakage and 240 thread line was ordered afterwards. Prom the data made availahle to me on the 1953 operations, the maximum catch per day was 3.8 tuna and 8.7 shark per 100 hooks. On many days less than one tuna per 100 hooks was caught. Some swordfish have also heen caught. Although the fishing was not regular, due to engine and cold storage installation troubles, it can he said that the catches were had. I very much regretted not heing ahle to meet the master of the research vessel, hut Mrl Zwollo gave me ail the information he had about these'operations. I understand that the halt was not satisfactory. Prom data made availahle to me, I ohserved that the fishing was done at places indicated as heing rich in tuna. The master of the ship is a man who had already gained experience with the long line in other areas of the Pacific. > ' I feel that one or more of the three following factors have heen responsible for-the poor'results: '' "••: ' ' (l) ' engine trouble; .. • tz).:;'.unsuitable. bait; (3) •'lack'of' fish in the' areas-'investigated-;'- •'' ••' Par'the time., being-, the fifst'two factors seem te-'hethe most'''" important.- .•Ulnde.ed- the'.-;third,- one does -not mean there-is no- tuna, since-'-only •'••••• a small, .part if 'the- tuna area was fished and these-waters were-indicated,' as: mentioned above j.^as.. being rich in tuna. Fortunately, the necessary engine parts will arrive soon and fishing operations can then be started again. A solution must be found for bait. A group of bait fishermen has already been investigating along the coast for a long time, in Geelvink Bay and around the neighbouring islands. They have at their disposal a motor launch, skiffs and bait nets. The bait catches are, however, very irregular. Experiments have been made with lamps, beach seine and liftnet. They some times have to seek the fish in far-away places and the bait often arrives at the destination in a very; bad condition. . 8.
I have advised experimentation with luxes (Appendix 6), of the kind used in the Java Sea and in the Celebes Sea for bait fishing. These are very attractive for herring and mackerel of various species which provide excellent bait. If fish is attracted it can he caught with a lift net or larapara and even, if the lure is anchored near the coast, with a beach seine. My personal opinion is that even if bait and tuna can be caught in fair quantities, tuna fishing cannot be carried out in a commercial way on the high seas by local fishermen or Dutchmen for the following reasons: (1) Long line fishing in.the open ocean is a hard job for fishermen and it can only be done by skilled people, none of whom are available in Netherlands New Guinea. (2) Skilled Butch fishermen earn a good income in Holland and would have to be paid twice as much in Netherlands New Guinea, which means an income equivalent to that of a high Dutch Govern ment official. In other words, they are too expensive. Tuna fishing research is only useful for: (1) Big concerns employing foreign fishermen. (2) A. tuna fishery with reduced long lines operated not' far from the coast by small motor ships with a.crew of local fishermen. For instance the 10 metre type of boat (Appendix l) with 10 to 15 . sets of long line. . ' Geelvink Bay: The "Hollandia" also devoted some trips in the Geelvink Bay area to trolling experiments. Very good catches were made near the reefs of Japen, Mios Noem, Mios Aoeri and Ajawi. A maximum of 61 kilogrammes of fish was caught per hour and a minimum of 17 kilogrammes per hour. The catch was com posed only of first class fish: yellowfin tuna (Neothunnus macropterua, Kish), blue bonito (Euthynnus alletteiatus affirms, (Cant)), Hondstand tuna (Grammatorcynus bicarinatus,(Q.G.)). kaalkop (Pomatomus saltator, (l)), tengiri (Scomberomorus (Cybium) commersoni (lac.) and Acanthocybium solandri,(C7.)), barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda,(C.7.)). bobaro or koeweh (fam. Carangidae), soenglir (Elagatis bipinulatus, (Q.G.)) ^and kerapoe lodi (Plectropoma maculatum, Bloch). From all the data available I am convinced that there are excellent possibilities for troll fishing in Geelvink Bay since the same catches can be expected with a small seaworthy boat. The "Hollandia" was fishing with 5 troll lines and this can also be done with the 10 metres boat (Appendix l), in good weather. .Should bad weather build up, the boat can find a safe anchorage behind the islands. If it should be thought that this type is too small, since I have no data after all regarding the winds, the same shape could be used, increasing for instance the dimensions to 14 metres in length and 4 metres beam with a 30 b.h.p. engine. In any case there are fish; there are line fishermen, and Biak, for instance, offers an outlet for the catch. 9.
I see a possibility in the Biak area for the 8 metres hoat (Appendix' 2) for troll line and hand line fishing. The "Hollandia" also fished with hand lines at night, and catches . were very good'. For 29 nights the crew was fishing for some hours every night in their spare time and the total catch was 2,547,kilogrammes, giving , an average of 88 kilogrammes per night for only a few hours' fishing. On the whole, my opinion is that motor fishing hoats, of a type suitable for' the use 'of the natives in connection with trolling and hand- line fishing, should he tried out in the Geelvink Bay area. It would he best to begin in Biak or Manokwari. Sorong; Trawling; "Be Goede Hoop" is stationed in Sorong (Poelau Boom). Mr. Zwollo asked me to accompany him to this station because the results of trawl fish ing experiments with'this research vessel were poor. She had, for instance, been fishing in the Mamberamo area from which one would expect good trawl catches. The results were nevertheless bad, the average hourly catch, being 28.5 kilogrammes of fish. This average is computed over 27 fishing days for a total of 240 hours' trawling. It is remarked that the echogram record ' ' " gave indications which probably meant fish.- The maximum hourly catch was 63.8 kilogrammes and the minimum 14.1 kilogrammes.' After going'on'board the master gave me all the data'about the trawl net,.which I found'to be correctly built. These dimensions were 61 ft. ,'headrope and 92 ft. groundrope, mesh width from 11 to 6 centimetres. On the 14th July, we started! fishing in the Kaboei Bay.' This is one of the Bays of Waigeo Island; The first drag was made in 50 minutes. Only 45 fathoms warps were used. We fished from deep to shallow water. When the trawl net was pulled in, it was found that all the fish in it 'were alive, which meant that they had been caught at the last moment arid that the net presumably had not touched bottom at all in the beginning. The catch weighed 325 kilogrammes.' For the second drag I asked the master to give more warp length. We fished with 60 fathoms' warp and were fishing' in 14 to 15 fathoms ' for 90 minutes. When the net was taken in we had to take over the cod-end twice. , This catch totalled 1,050 kilogrammes of fish. So in 140 minutes we caught 1,375 kilos of fish. • The detector showed fish not only on the bottom but also in the' higher layers of water. These were however too high' for the trawlnet and may have been kembungs (Scomber neglectus), There were some specimens of these latter in the net which had probably been driven into it by the false headline, which travels higher than the top of the trawl. '• Such an amount of fish had never been caught before in the same time. The indications after fishing 'were such that I feel quite sure that the 11.
Brawl fishing: . Type of trawl net, length, of warps, duration of drag, weather including wind direction and wind speed; temperature and salinity of the sea water near the surface, and also near the bottom if possible; data given by eohograph (depth and fish indications), indications given by the fish detector (fishloop), direction and speed of currents, moon phase, clearness of the sea water (using a white disc 30 centimetres in diameter); nature of bottom, direction and distance of drag, position of the vessel, fish species caught (with estimate of weight and particulars); date — the whole being signed by the Master. • The same should be done in connection with other types of fishing gear and the necessary data can be deduced from those1 indicated above. These data should be recorded for every drag with the trawl net or for every trial with other types of gear. Special attention should be paid to shrimps and prawns as I think they must be found in some places South of Netherlands New Guinea. Any information regarding these crustaceans will come from the trawl net. If some are found in the trawl net of "De Goede Hoop", a drag should be made with the shrimp net already available. The mouth and surroundings of the Merauke River will presumably prove a good fishing ground, suitable for the local people. It will there fore be necessary to have exact data on the speed and direction of currents, fall and rise of, the tide. ..In other words, a full report of the horizontal and vertical motion of the water. I would request special attention to be paid to spring and neap tides. Every fishing method used in this estuary will depend on the tide. 12.
SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS
(l) A beach .seine- 120 metres long.(Appendix 3) should he made and tried in front and :.on hoth sides of the Tami River. •
(2)' • • Nylon bottom gill nets .(Appendix 4) should he made or ordered and rtiried along the 'coast in maximum depths of 20 metres from Hollandia to the Australian-New Guinea border.
(3) An 8' metre sail hoat (Appendix 2) should he made or ordered and equipped with an aircooled diesel auxiliary engine of 4>5 h.h.p. with sidehoard shaft and propeller. This, hoat would he for native fishermen to use near the coast.
(4) A 10 metres fishing hoat (Appendix l) equipped with a 20 h.h.p. . diesel should he made or ordered for all kinds of line fishing with a.crew of native fishermen.
(5) Some fish iures (Appendix 6) should he anchored for bait, fishing in the Manokwari area. .
(6) Two new otter boards (Appendix 7) should be made for "De Goede Hoop" in order to ensure easier going over soft bottoms and give a better spread to the trawl net.
(7) Trawling experiments should be repeated in the •Mamberamo area with "De Goede Hoop" during two trips, using lengths of warps at least three times the depth of the sea: ,;'
(8) Trawling and trolling South of Sorong, among other places, in the Maccluer Gulf until October.
(9) From October on, trawling, trolling and handline fishing along the South Coast with "De Goede Hoop" based at Merauke. If shrimps or prawns are found, the shrimp trawl should also be used.
(10) An all-round survey of the south coast should be made with the gear mentioned in (9), and records should be kept of it as indicated on page 11 (Merauke).
(11) Nylon bottom gill nets in 7i 9 and 11 centimetres mesh widths should be made or ordered for the south coast. 13.
(12) An investigation of the horizontal and verticle motion of the water in the mouth of the Merauke River should he carried out (see page ll).
(13) For the time being, long line fishing with the "Hollandia" should he continued and some trials should also he made not far from shore. [This research work might he further discussed ' ...in. January or February.
(14) If it should he possible for me to make a trip along the south coast with Mr. Zwollb in January or February next and obtain a general view of the' Territory, there should be a consultation to decide: (a) what work must be continued: (b) -ghat has to stop: (c) what experimental boats must be built for the population; (d) how the fish can be preserved and marketed for inland consumption or export.
Explanation of the recommendations:'.
As I understand from the Governor of Netherlands Hew Guinea, it is His Excellency's intention to ask me to come again early in 1955 to carry out a-final investigation. Although this request has not yet been submitted to the Secretary-General of the South Pacific Commission, I have taken it into consideration in drafting the above'recommendations. I fully realise that not all these recommendations will be carries"" out by the beginning of 1955. For instance, all the nets will not be ready and the same applies to the boats designed for the population, but such things can be taken into account. I have kept these recommendations within the bounds of possibility. One might recommend more fishing gear, etc., but it is necessary to have the personnel for such experiments and this is already a scarcity point. The master of "De Goede' Hoop" must have a successor and a young fisheries tech nician must be found for Hollandia Harbour. Fortunately, however, it will be possible to find them. 14.
EXPLANATION OF THE DRAWINGS IN THE APPENDICES
Appendix 1. 10 metres wooden motor fishing boat of three metres beam with deck and isolated fish hold. Small'fo1c'sle in front with raised deck. Diesel engine of about 20 b.h.p. Auxiliary sail. Mast with two sprits. These latter are to be used for the trolling lines. Appendix 2. 8 metres wooden sail fishing boat, 2.5 metres beam with an auxiliary 4.5 b.h.p. engine and outboard propeller shaft. • Plat bottom build, equipped with a fishwell. Many boats in Holland have outboard pro peller shafts and sail in rivers and in Tsel Lake. This propeller shaft can be ordered from H.J. Hidderinkhof, in Hasselt (Netherlands). Excellent for shallow waters and easy to beach and to handle for simple men.
Appendix 5.
120 metres beach seine made of cotton. The meshes are horizontal between cork and leadline. "A" is 1,333 meshes long and 265 meshes deep, if hand made. If it is machine made, it should be ordered 265 meshes long and 1,333 meshes deep.
Appendix 4-.
18 metres nylon bottom gill net. The floating capacity of the corks is such that, they can lift the net but not the leadline. The nylon net does not require tanning but must be white. The rise yarns !'C" are shorter than the net so that it is hanging loose between cork and lead- rope. Holes of corks, and leads must not be much wider than the ropes.
Appendix 5. , (Needs no explanation). Appendix 6.
Fishlure for attracting fish. The leaves in the rope are one-sixth of a coconut leaf. If the bottom .of the sea is too hard or rocky, a stone is used instead of a bamboo anchor. The drawing indicates a bamboo float, but other types of float can also be used. The fish is always upstream of the lure except for black pomfrets (Stromateus riiger Bloch) which can be found on all sides. Appendix 7. The.otter boards of "De Goede Hoop" are a .little too heavy for soft bottoms and have no eyebolts on three quarters of their length. I have advised making otter boards according to the design in the appendix, which will give a better spread of the net. 15.
FISHERIES OF THE SOUTH COAST OF NETHERLANDS MEW GUINEA
INTRODUCTION
As a result of the request made by the Government of Netherlands New Guinea for an investigation of the fisheries on the South Coast of that Territory, I carried out a preliminary survey of that area from 26th January to 17th February, 1955. This report should he read in conjunction with my previous report covering the North and West Coasts of Netherlands New Guinea, which prompted this request for further investigations. My itinerary covered the Merauke area, and included two trips at sea with the fisheries research vessel "Be Goede Hoop". Mr. Zwollo, Head of the Fisheries Department, and the two fisheries officers working with him, Mr. J. Keus and Mr. J. Pronk, went along on the field trips. The South West Coast of the Territory still remains to he surveyed, although such a survey is not, in my opinion, warranted for the time being. It is quite possihle that good fishing grounds can he found there, hut the area is thinly populated and rather isolated, so that it would he particularly difficult to market any large quantities of fish caught in these waters.
LOCAL"FISHERIES INDUSTRY
The south coast of Netherlands New Guinea extends from the border of the Territory of Papua to Frederik Hendrik Island, and is a part of the, Merauke Administrative District. The only important town in this area is Merauke, with a population of ahout 3>000, including 300 Europeans. _ The • rest of the coast is very sparsely populated. Papuans, Indonesians and Chinese take part in fisheries activities, the latter mostly as owners of fishing gear or as fish merchants. • , Before the estahlishment of the Republic of Indonesia, fisheries; were more active in this area, since their products found a good market in other parts of the then Netherlands East Indies. The export -of "terassi" ('a solid paste made of shrimp, salt and flour) reached 26,9,000 kg. in 194-9, as, against 7,000 kg. in 1953. Nowadays, the catch is mostly consumed locally in the fresh state. Fishing is done mainly near heaches, on flats left' dry by low tides, and in rivermouths and rivers. The types of gear used include "sero" (a semi permanent fish-trap made of. wire netting or bamboos and sticks with a long arresting wall perpendicular to the shore, and one or more catch chambers, generally heart-shaped)., small beach-seines, shrimp-nets of various designs, 16.
cast-nets and ..lines. The -only., fishing craft used-ar-e-canoes,- Only a small proportion of fishermen or owners of fishing gear rely on fishing alone as a means of living. Most also cut copra, farm.or engage in trading. Details about the local fishing industry of this part of New Guinea are given in a report by Mr. D.C. Zwollo (De Zee en Eiviermondvisserij in de Onder-Afdeling Merauke, 1953'). On the whole, the consumption of fish is higher among the coastal populations of this area than in any other part of the territory, and prices of fish are also lower. It is surprising to observe that most of the fishing equipment is in bad .condition. It would be advisable for the Department of Fisheries to help the local fishermen to secure supplies of netting material and also wire netting for the sero.
FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS No survey of the offshore fisheries had been made until this year. Some research had been carried out in rivers and estuaries before the war, but little is known of the results. The most informative document on the fisheries of this area is the Zwollo report. It was always said in Java that the Merauke area could become a second Bagan Si Api Api, since conditions are very similar. The exports of shrimp terassi, the samples of fish in formalin sent to Java, the exam ination of sea-charts, the importance of the rivers and the strong tides were indeed hopeful indications. The Fisheries Department has centred' some of its activities in Merauke over the past few months. When I arrived, a fisheries station was being built. The research vessel "De Goede Hoop" was stationed there and had already made some trial runs, the results of which were not very encour aging. After an exchange of views with the staff of the Fisheries Depart ment, it was decided to make a systematic survey, as far as conditions permitted. We had at our disposal: (1) "De Goede Hoop", a seaworthy 72ft. trawler, equipped as a research vessel and powered by a 150 b.h.p. diesel engine. (2) A trained crew under a Dutch skipper with a long experience of the tropics. (3) An echograph and a fishloop (fish detector). (4) A hemp trawl, measuring 92 ft. on the ground rope and 61 ft. on the head rope, with meshes of 6-11 cm., connected to otter- boards by means of 72 feet of interwound hemp-wire cables. The head rope was fitted with spherical steel floats, and the false head line (scare line) with a wooden kite. 17.
(5) A cotton shrimp trawl, measuring 13.5 metres on the ground rope and 11.4 metres on. the head rope, mesh Width 2^-6 cm. connected direct to otterboards. (6) Trolling lines... (7) Hand lines. , • •
Except for the trolling lines, we had no gear suitable for cat'ehing pelagic fish. 'Two field' trips were made with "De Goede Hoop" - from 31st January to 3rd February, and. from 6th February -to -10th February respectively. , In the, course- of these trips, a total of 32 drags were made, including 18 drags with the shrimp trawl and.14 with the hemp fish trawl. Wine hours were spent in trolling, the catch consisting of one tengiri (Fam. Cybiidae)and one talang talang (Fam. Carangidae). The currents impeded handline fishing, and the fish caught by this method were of poor quality, and included sharks.
General lay-out of•the 'fishing grounds surveyed. Excellent' indications regarding the flora and fauna on or near the bottom were provided by both trawlnets, whilst the echograph and fishloop also helped. The fishing- grounds in this area can be classified as follows: Zone 1. Estuaries and beach areas up to 5 metres maximum depth.' Zone 2. Areas between 6 metres and 10 metres in depth. Zone 3. Areas between 11 metres and 15 metres in depth. • Zone 4. Areas with a minimum depth of 16 metres.
Zone 1: . • , Sandy bottom with a little mud; turbid grey water; flora poor. Large fish such as: kakap (Centropomidae), goelamah (Sciaenidae), koero and'senangiri (Polynemidae), parang parang (Clupeidae), ray (Trygon), ikan gergadji (Pristidae), belanak (Mugilidae). shark, and also small crabs and shrimps (Penaeus and Palaemo spp.) . Zone 2: Mud bottom; turbid green water. Ikan gergadji (Pristidae), lida (Soleidae), selar tjomo (Carangidae), selar koening (Carangidae), selar'idjoe (Carangidae), tembang (Clupeidae). various species of ray, kawang (Cybiidae), parang parang (Clupeidae), koero (Polynemidae), goelamah (Sciaenidae), bawal (Formidae), Djapoeh (Clupeidae). lajoer (Trichiuridae), songot (Ariidae), sokang (Triacanthidae), talang talang (Carangidae), tengiri (Cybiidae), tigowodjo (Sciaenidae). various species of sharks, lizardfish (Myctophoidae), shrimps (Penaeus and Palaemo spp.), penjoe (turtles), cuttlefish (Sepia and Loligo spp.), a number of sea snakes and some species of crabs and starfish. Some Crinoidea were found in the net. 18.
Zone g; Sand bottom, with a little mud occasionally covering the sand; dark green water; starfish, some coral, some glassy Bombay duck (Harpadontidae) in the western part, lizardfish (Myctophoidae), several species of sharks and rays. Shrimps were also found in some places. Zone 4: Sand bottom, occasionally with coral patches; green water; coral formations, spongy growth, green and gray fan plants, various species of sharks and rays, snapper (Lut.ianidae), kerapoeh (Serranidae), Bombay duck (Harpadontidae). spiny lobster, starfish. Bottom unsuitable for trawling.
These represent only the general characteristics of the four zones, in respect of composition of bottom, flora and fauna. These latter include, of course, many more species than indicated here. A large collection of specimens was made by Mr.. Zwollo and these will be identified in Holland. Most of the flora and fauna we were able to observe came from the bottom itself or from a layer immediately above. However, in zones 2 and 3, we observed echoes of pelagic fish, which could not be caught with the trawl net, with'the exception of selar tjomo in zone 2. Two unidentified fishes, characterized by their jointed pectoral fins, were caught. In zone 2, each drag produced at least 10 sea snakes. I must say that I have never before observed such a variety of marine species in trawl catches. The maximum speed of current was 4 knots; maximum air temperature 0 0' O 35 C. and minimum 23 C. Maximum sea surface temperature 28 C. and minimum 26.5 C. Surface water salinity at the mouth of the Merauke River was 13 per 1000, near CapeKool 26 per 1000, west of the Coral Bank 20 per 1000, and 10 miles west' of the Merauke River, 25 per 1000. These figures are very low, but can probably be explained by the fact that we were in the rainy season. _ • • Soundings often proved different from the indications on the sea chart. We were often fishing on submarine hills or valleys, of which we had an excellent •picture in the echograph.' During these field trips, we had- good weather, with the exception of one day, but Skipper Eeus told me that'the weather is sometimes bad in January. 19.
Fishing trials
Drag-' 'Duration. •'' Depth Market- Unmarket- Shrimps Wet Location 4-n . ._ in .. ., , .able. fish, able fish - kg. ' Used minutes. metres - kg. - kg.
(a) First Field Trip - Jan.31 - Feb. 3.
1 60 7 100 100. 1 S W. of Merauke : 2 60 '• 10' • 60 - 50' ' 1 S II n 3 , . ... 6Q-. .,lQ..-6 , . . 20 20 1 s Koembe R. area 4 90 10 - 20 55 25 - T SSW. Koembe R. 5 $ : x 22 - - T ii ii
6 / . x .22 - 25 -• -- - T SW. " 7 60 10 80 30 - T S. Bian R. 8 60 8 80 30 1 T ii II 9 60 5 70 25 1 T SW. " 10 20 6-8 10 2 5 S Mouth Bian. R. 11 60 6 20 20 2 S SW. " 12 • 80.'. 7 90 50 2 s S. » 13 105 8-10 50 50 2 s SE. " 14 105 8-10 80 80 1 s SW. Koembe R. 15 105 . 10 30 •-30 . 1. s SW. Merauke 16 + 60 11 - - - s S. Merauke 17 ' 60 10 20 10 - s S. & SSE. Merauke
(b) Second Field Trip - Feb. 6 - 10.
18 60 8 - 20 120 8 1- 3 SW. of Cape Kool 19 •60- '• 10 15 100 2 s SSW. of Cape Kool 20 60 .. 8 35 70 5 s S. of Cape Kool- 21 90 15 - 20 70 15 T S. " n " 22 / 90 ' 15 20 50 3 T SE. " " " 23.. .90. 10 20 70 5 T II II II II 24 90 8 25 70 3 T E. " " " 25 60 • 6 ••>- 25 25 1 T Mouth of Marianne Strait 26 60 7 15 15 - S SW. Boelaka R. 27 60 :i 7 - -100 100 5 S SSW. » 28 0 60 7 - s II II 29 60 7 80 100 5 s ti i\ 30 X 50- 8 - s S. by W.Boelaka R. 31 . . x.3 0 10 . T S. Boelaka R. 32 60 7 20 10 - T Mouth Merauke R.
x net snagged + holes in net and cod-end S shrimp trawl T ordinary fish, trawl o cod-end line slipped due to the weight of fish and mud in the net . • j& . night fishing. 20.
The trials were carried out in such a way as to obtain a represen tative picture of the South Coast fishing grounds. Catches could have been at least doubled by following commercial fishing procedures. The vessel often had to leave good fishing grounds in order to go to her next location, instead of making a greater'number of drags on the rich grounds. :.. Results obtained with the shrimp trawl were better than with the hemp net, since it was possible to catch small marketable fishes which would have escaped through the bigger meshes. Unfortunately, the shrimp trawl was in bad condition, and when it got snagged during the 30th drag, the damage was such that repairs were no longer justified. Trawling in the deeper parts of zone 1 was too risky, and I expect a smaller boat, using a small trawl would get better results there. Good trawling bottom will be found north of an imaginary line join ing Merauke to Cape Kool, an exception to this rule being the area occupied by the Coral Bank. From S.E. to S.W. of Cape Kool, the bottom is also good for trawling down to 20 metres depth, although it is covered with mud and therefore different from the types generally found in this depth aone. It is in this latter area that the largest catches of shrimp and Bombay duck were made. From this area to the mouth of the Boelaka River, shrimps and soles were consistently found in the trawl. The charts show shallow coral reefs S.E. of the Boelaka River, but these seem to extend to a point south of this river (see Coral Bank on attached map). One drag was made in the S.E. opening of Princess Marianne Strait, at high tide, but the catch was poor. Skipper Keus had previously made two drags in the northern part of this Strait, with the same results. • One drag was made in the Bian estuary, and after 20 minutes it was found that the net was loaded with jellyfish. Some rays and 5 kg. of shrimp were also found in that catch and it' is felt that shrimps must be plentiful there, since such results were obtained with the jellyfish clogging the net meshes. A short distance west of Merauke (drags 1 and 2) catches consisted mostly of pelagic fish - Selar Tjomo and other related Carangidae. Shadows caused by schools of pelagic fish could also be seen on the fishloop screen. Catches were poor in an area close to and south of the Merauke river- mouth as well as in the estuary itself. It is remarkable that Peperek (Leiognathidae) does not seem to occur in these waters.
Fish sales: Part of the marketable fish caught during the field trips' was sold fresh in Merauke; some was kept for salting and drying, and the rest had to be thrown away. This latter included shark fillets, which found practically no buyers. The unmarketable fish were thrown back into the sea. 21.
Two>reasons explain the fact that a lot of the marketable fish had to. he' thrown .hack. The Merauke .consumers were unfamiliar with many of the species, -.brought hack, and there is already a reasonable supply from local catches, made, in aone 1. Part of the catch from the first trip was sold in two days, and the catch of the second trip was sold in one day, mostly to a K.P.M. steamer which had just arrived-in Merauke. '•.•• The Bombay ducks, which can be caught at the rate of 100 kg. per hour, had to be thrown away because, nobody would buy them. During the second trip I tried salting and drying these fish, and the finished product had a good appearance and taste. This fish is not fat, so that its flesh is white once dried. One part salt to four or five parts of fish is recommended. Mr. Zwollo envisages producing greater quantities of dried Bombay duck for sale in other areas:.
DISCUSSION
A profitable fisheries industry could be envisaged if the Merauke coast .and the interior were more densely populated. The small number of consumers precludes the local sale of surplus catches. Really rich fishing grounds would have provided their own solution, by permitting fishermen to offer fish at low prices for curing and export. As it is, with existing prices and the high costs of sea transportation, it is.almost impossible at present- to export fish products to other countries. The only hope is there fore to,find a market in New Guinea. • .'•.••A 65 ft. fishing boat with a 100 h.p. engine can catch approximately the same quantities' of fish as "De Goede Hoop". Prom data available now, I estimate the possibilities at 1 ton of fish per day of fishing. However, such a boat can only work profitably on the basis of two tons of fish per day. It is: possible that better results can be obtained in other seasons, but I still doubt whether two- tons of fish per day can be caught in this area', taking into consideration other drawbacks, including the spells of bad weather during the east- monsoon. However, I find it difficult to formulate a definite opinion since there are still many unknowns in the problem and investigation over a whole year will probably give a more definite conclusion. Therefore, it is advisable for Skipper ICeus to continue investigations, especially with the new shrimp trawl I have designed for him, and which can be made by Mr'.- Pronk from netting already available in Merauke (see plan annexed to this report). ; The area south of Prederik Hendrik Island has not yet been com pletely surveyed, and I advise completing the work there. If it becomes possible to develop fisheries on a higher level than the present one, I can foresee that the best results will be obtained with 22.'."
small'motor "boats ahd native crews. The 'types of boats recommended for the north coast of Netherlands-Sew Guinea (see previous report and illustratiohs) should be tried out here, and their field of operation would extend over sones 1: and 2. Gillriets and bolnets (baby trawls) are the best gear for these', boats. • • Such nets-were already ordered some time ago by Mr. Zwollo. I advised Mr. Zwollo to order netting made of No.10 nylon, in ' 2, 3 'and 4 cm.-'mesh widths, 200 meshes deep. ' This can be used for shrimp nets, stream-nets, bolnets, and'beach seines. "I'also advised buying a 300"Dii-'gillhet with 4z" cm. meshes, 150 meshes'deep, for the'pelagic fish (Carangidae) which we had observed near Merauke. During the bad weather season, small mesh anchored streamnets should' be tried"in•rivers and estuaries. These nets'can be made by Mr. Pronk in Merauke, from nylon netting. This type of net is also used near Bagan Si Api Api. Skipper Keus has observed that, cotton nets deteriorate very rapidly in New Guinea.'- .... Small wooden boats -of the -types referred'to above would be useful in this area and could be ordered from Singapore. •' . • If the Merauke'area had proved rich in fish, the establishment of' a fishmeal factory would have been contemplated. Such a factory can be operated profitably only where quantities of fish offal are available, or ' where the fish market is glutted. ' These conditions do not exist in this ' area, and the plans have consequently been abandoned. It was then suggested that a small experimental fish meal- plant should be installed. I advise postponing this for a few months-, until conditions are better known. I have been told that there is a market for 400 to 500 tons of fishmeal a year in.New Guinea. Having now had a quick look at most of the various aspects of fish eries in the territory, I feel that whatever small fish cannot be sold fresh should be salted and dried, and that large'fishes such as sharks, rays and sawfish should be- used for an experiment in fishmeal production. For this latter, a small range should be built'j with fire holes on top.' Over each fire hole, a drum should be placed, in'which pieces of fish meat should be • t • cooked for One hour in fresh water. The fish chunks should then be taken out, boned, chopped or roughly ground in a hand-operated mill, and dried in the sun. If the cooking range is placed under shelter, the drying can be done by artificial means. After drying, it must be ground into meal. The finished product can be used to determine marketing prospects in New Guinea. 23.-
CTLAUD FISHERIES
Many fresh water pools can be found in the Merauke District. Some are natural fish ponds and need only stocking and a modicum of work. I have personally'seen one near the K.P.M. jetty where' a number of species of algae were growing on the bottom. According to the information given to me this particular pool is full all the year round. I have also observed algae in other pools. It would be advisable to survey these natural ponds, and, if the findings are favourable, to stock some pools within easy reach of a town (Merauke for instance). Predatory fish should never be introduced, in view of the danger they would represent for the natural resources of the country, but suitable species could be procured by air from the Philippines or Thailand. 24.
BECOMMENMTIONS .•.-._.•:....: ..-.-..
(1) Trawl trials should he continued with "De GoedeHqop" until a whole year of investigation has heen completed. . The .area south of Frederik He.ndrik Island should be investigated with both shrimp and fish trawls. The areas surveyed during our two field trips should again he' • tested with the new shrimp trawl, Some tests should he made with the hemp fish trawl in depths from 25 to 30 metres, working from south of Merauke to south of Frederik Hendrik Island. It may he expected that the net will he snagged . in this area, hut.this must he proved.
(2) As soon as the nets ordered from Holland have heen received, they should he tried in order to assess their value for an indigenous fisheries • industry using small motorboats.
(3) Small motor fishing boats of wooden construction should he ordered from Singapore or elsewhere for use with native crews.
(4) Some reasonable quantity of fish should be prepared, using simple curing methods, and sent to other areas in New Guinea in order to find out whether there is a market for such produce and what prices it can command.
(5) Small scale fishmeal processing is recommended as indicated in III.
(6) It would be advisable to provide local fishermen with better gear.
(7) The inland waters of the Merauke area should be surveyed for possibil ities of pond culture in the natural pools. A
6 c 6 D
lOm- Motor Fishing Boat
C Fo'c'sls Hatch / D. Fish-hold Hatch E- Eoof Engine Hoom F- Mast (for sails) G. Deck H. Helm
ENGINE ROOM
20 BHP
APPENDIX 1. H i B
120 M- BEACH SEINE. SCALE 3/5 00
4= - 40 M. SCALE 3/200
F ?' 4. 200 - -£> \ <- -- 200 1 177 133 O60 30 B O60 1 I
» — 2 10 M. SCALE l/lOO 10 M. SCALE VlOO
200 ^ 1 75 E <> 60
G 10 M.
F. Cork on Cor kiltie -v, 60 Stretched Mesh of 60 m/m B,C,D,E. Every 50 c/m. A 2g" Co G. Lead on Leadline 3/8" Corkline If" Lead. H. Danlino 3/2" Leadline A. Every 30 c/m. A Cork and Lea Net made of 3c/l2 Cotton IS M. i ••• 600 r> 070 /3 1,5M 25 ) i IS. 4 M. / < 40 cm •_,-}. tAAAvAylWyVMW M^AA/\A/|VV/VV\A ? [N^ ! I t.5M. Q70 ^AA/VNA,/V\AAAA A& /\ A/\AA.A AA/\A y ^_ 41 cm CSQOOOO'OOOO Meshes made of Nylon Wo.6 Denier No.250 x 2 x 3 A. Bottom Gillnet 18m. (Nylon) B. Same as A. C Rise Tarn, No.8. D. Cork E. Lead F. Joining Net with Corfcrope G. Joining Net with Leadrope no.l6x33XT\(f E \ (»i H. Anchoring and Buoy I. Chain APPENDIX 4- APPENDIX 5 - A. TUNA LONGLINE. Above: A - Steel floaterj B - Buoy flag; C - Main longline; APPENDIX 5 -B. FISH LTJEE D - Depth line; E - Branch line or hookline; rfif F - Hook with bait. 3 1 4-J—L_ > . Length per set - 360 metres; Depth line - 20 metres; Branch lines - 30 and 4-0 metres- ^5 1. Bamboo Floater 2. Mark N-.B. Changing of hook depth can be obtained by changing 4 s? 3- Surface of the Sea «&t j the length of depth lines or branch lines. The 6 4- Hope (Length 50$ more than ^ 4&t "F^ number of sets used on the tuna research vessel the sea depth) "Hollandia" is 55 j so that the total length of the T^ 5- Coconut Leaf "y^ longline is 19,800 metres. 7 \ 6. Fish 7. Direction of Current 8. Bamboo Anchor $-3 9° Stone 5R 10« Sea Bottom 5n> 10 - s H CD CD ^OH -CPO Oft ir\ Fn H6 o vO -P vO o o CO > FH FH fl +3 H H O H CD 1 Fn Oh H CD -CPD -CpD H -CPD m J-HS H sbq CD a u j> CD nJ CM x\ si 3 o co co m 3£ CO ri CMc^-~tiA