Sexual Dimorphism and Reproductive Phenology of Common Birds in São Tomé Island – Conservation Implications

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Sexual Dimorphism and Reproductive Phenology of Common Birds in São Tomé Island – Conservation Implications UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA ANIMAL Sexual dimorphism and reproductive phenology of common birds in São Tomé Island – conservation implications Bárbara de Castro Marques Arez Madeira Mestrado em Biologia da Conservação Dissertação orientada por: Doutor Ricardo Faustino Lima Doutor Martim Pinheiro de Melo 2018 AGRADECIMENTOS Quero começar por agradecer aos meus orientadores por todo o apoio que me deram quer em São Tomé, quer no Porto e em Lisboa, nunca deixei de me sentir apoiada. Quero agradecer principalmente ao Ricardo Lima pela ajuda e orientação em São Tomé. Sem ele seria muito difícil orientar o trabalho de campo e toda a logística que isso envolve, pelo incansável apoio ao longo do ano e por me incentivar mesmo quando parecia difícil avançar. Quero também agradecer a duas pessoas impecáveis ao Martim Melo e à Rita Covas por me receberem em sua casa como se eu fosse família e me orientarem no laboratório para o tratamento das amostras de ADN, pela sua disponibilidade em fazer reuniões mesmo estando longe ou atarefados, agradeço imenso os vossos “inputs” para melhorar o desenvolvimento da tese e por vezes “desatar nós” quando parecia não haver solução. Quero também agradecer a simpatia e a ajuda determinante de Carlos Pacheco, e a sua disponibilidade para viajar para São Tomé, onde ajudou na identificação de algumas características morfológicas das nossas espécies em estudo. Com a sua ajuda pudemos também confirmar algumas suspeitas e ideias. O trabalho de campo foi parcialmente financiado por uma “Booster Grant” da “Rufford Foundation” (“The Role of Bird Seed Dispersal on São Tomé Forest Dynamics” - Ref.: 18618-B). Quero agradecer em especial ao Eng. Arlindo Carvalho, Director Geral do Ambiente por apoiar as nossas actividades em São Tomé e nos dar as autorizações necessárias para o desenrolar das mesmas. Agradeço ainda à Associação Monte Pico, pelo alojamento durante a minha estadia em São Tomé e pela ajuda no trabalho de campo. Agradeço também aos meus incansáveis guias de campo, Octávio Veiga, Leonel Viegas e Sedney Samba que conseguiam levar quilos de carga para os acampamentos que ficavam a uns bons metros senão quilómetros das estradas, por terras para mim escorregadias que para eles eram do mais estável que se arranjava. Um especial obrigado ao Octávio pela sua hospitalidade, companhia nos finais de tarde no campo, pelas suas piadas e histórias e claro por ser um verdadeiro chefe, cozinhando as suas fantásticas refeições numa fogueira, não era de todo algo que estivesse habituada. Tenho de agradecer a todas as pessoas que conheci em São Tomé, pois ajudaram-me a abrir os horizontes. Permitiram-me “espreitar” para as suas vidas e a experienciar durante dois meses a sua cultura, comida e costumes. Agradeço do fundo do coração à família que mais nos recebeu em sua casa e um imenso obrigada à Lucy, que nos recebeu em casa como se fossemos filhas, pelas refeições cinco estrelas, e sobretudo pelo apoio emocional, sem ti São Tomé não teria sido a mesma coisa, nunca esquecerei o teu sorriso terno. Agradeço ao Gégé Lima por ser imparável e a pessoa mais prestável que conheci sempre pronto a ajudar na anilhagem, por nos levar a conhecer a as magnificas paisagens e cascatas escondidas da ilha e com uma simpatia do mais genuíno que poderemos encontrar deixei um verdadeiro amigo naquela ilha. Obrigada ao Catoninho ao Lito e Lau pela sua boa disposição e carinho demonstrado ao longo da nossa visita. II Um obrigado especial à minha mãe que sempre me apoiou em todas as minhas decisões. Quero agradecer ao Rui, que para além de me ajudar a perceber algumas coisas quando era preciso, teve de me aturar a falar de coisas que não entendia muito bem, e de dar a volta, no sentido de me ajudar, quer na resolução da tese, quer emocionalmente. De tal modo que já não quer ouvir falar de aves nos próximos meses. Obrigado por estares cá sempre para mim. Finalmente gostaria de agradecer a todos os meus amigos e colegas de mestrado pelo apoio principalmente ao Fernando e Manuel, e um obrigado especial à Filipa e Martina pela companhia nesta aventura partilhada em São Tomé, e pelo ombro amigo em Portugal, vão estar sempre na minha memória. III RESUMO ALARGADO As ilhas são reconhecidas como importantes para a biodiversidade e como tal são frequentemente reconhecidas como áreas prioritárias para a conservação. Devido ao isolamento e à maior simplicidade das relações ecológicas, as ilhas também são frequentemente utilizadas como modelos para estudos ecológicos. Nesta tese tentamos complementar alguns estudos realizados ao longo dos anos sobre a importante comunidade de aves da ilha de São Tomé, caracterizada por um elevado grau de endemismo. Os dois capítulos investigam as diferenças de coloração e massa entre os machos e as fêmeas e a fenologia das espécies mais comuns de São Tomé, uma informação crucial tanto para pesquisas fundamentais sobre ecologia como para a conservação desta comunidade única. São Tomé, com uma área de 857 km2, é a maior ilha da República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe, no Golfo da Guiné. Encontra-se a 255 km do continente africano e a 150 km da ilha do Príncipe. A 2 024 m de altitude o Pico é o ponto mais alto e explica o acentuado gradiente climático da ilha, caracterizado por altos níveis de humidade e chuvas frequentes no sudoeste da ilha, que contrastam com o ambiente semiárido do nordeste. Originalmente coberta por floresta, hoje em dia a floresta nativa está sobretudo circunscrita às áreas montanhosas do centro e sudoeste da ilha. Esta está envolta por floresta secundária, plantações de sombra e zonas não florestadas, que na sua maioria resultaram de uso agrícola e expansão urbana. São Tomé é extremamente importante para a conservação de aves a nível global, possuindo 17 espécies endémicas, além de três espécies partilhadas apenas com as outras ilhas do Golfo da Guiné. Com o rápido desenvolvimento económico da ilha nos últimos anos, tornaram-se ainda mais necessários esforços activos para a conservação das suas espécies e ecossistemas. Determinar o sexo e a idade dos indivíduos em populações selvagens é importante para estudos ecológicos e para conservação. No entanto, para muitas espécies de aves, sexo e idade são difíceis de determinar, por isso decidimos abordar este tema no primeiro capítulo desta tese de forma a poder melhorar o conhecimento sobre as diferenças entre o sexo e a idade das espécies mais comuns existentes na ilha de São Tomé. Os ambientes insulares oferecem oportunidades únicas para estudar a evolução do dimorfismo sexual porque as populações insulares frequentemente enfrentam diferentes pressões de predação, condições de alimentação, competição intraespecífica e interespecífica do que as populações continentais. O objectivo principal deste capítulo foi o de obter um melhor conhecimento do dimorfismo sexual das espécies de aves de São Tomé. Medições retiradas no campo, fotografias e sexagem molecular de 1046 indivíduos, permitiram identificar características relacionadas ao sexo e à idade para as 12 espécies mais frequentemente capturadas em redes de anilhagem. Oito dessas espécies eram sexualmente dimórficas, enquanto as quatro restantes não podiam ser sexadas com base em caracteres observáveis. O uso de modelos lineares generalizados baseados em biometria para desenvolver funções discriminantes baseadas em morfometria permitiu distinguir o sexo de três destas espécies. A incorporação de informações sobre altitude e tipo de habitat permitiu ainda distinguir o macho e a fêmea dos Tecelões de São Tomé Ploceus sanctithomae, enquanto melhorou a capacidade de distinguir o sexo da maioria das outras espécies. A coloração foi crucial para identificar a idade na maioria das espécies e contribuiu para a sexagem de adultos em seis espécies, em duas das quais apenas os machos adultos puderam ser identificados com um alto grau de confiança. Os organismos evoluíram para coordenar os seus esforços reprodutivos com o pico de recursos necessários para criar as suas crias. Em zonas temperadas, isso levou a épocas de reprodução curtas IV coincidentes com uma sazonalidade marcada na disponibilidade de recursos. Em contraste, as áreas tropicais próximas ao Equador são alguns dos ambientes mais estáveis da Terra, com pouca sazonalidade na disponibilidade de recursos. Isso sugere que as espécies da floresta tropical se possam reproduzir durante a maior parte do ano. Por outro lado, a variação na precipitação pode levar a mudanças na disponibilidade de recursos que afectam as decisões reprodutoras. A insuficiência de estudos detalhados sobre a época de reprodução das espécies da floresta tropical, não permitiu testar isso efectivamente, mesmo em aves - um dos grupos de vertebrados mais bem estudados. Neste segundo capítulo realizou-se um estudo detalhado sobre a sazonalidade de reprodução e muda das espécies de aves comuns de São Tomé, e a sua associação com variáveis ambientais e características de espécies. As épocas de reprodução e muda foram identificadas para cada espécie com base em dados de anilhagem para as 12 espécies com o maior número de registos. A época de reprodução das espécies de aves comuns de São Tomé ocorreu principalmente durante a estação das chuvas, atingindo o pico durante a estação seca curta (gravanito). A muda seguiu-se á época de reprodução, e ainda assim ocorreu antes do início da longa estação seca, a gravana. As espécies mais pesadas, com períodos de reprodução mais longos, tendem a reproduzir-se mais cedo de forma a garantir que as eclosões coincidam com o pico de alimento. Os nossos resultados também sugerem que a muda, e portanto a reprodução, são mais tardias em altitudes mais elevadas. Este estudo melhorou muito a nossa capacidade de identificar o sexo das aves endémicas de São Tomé no campo, uma informação crucial tanto para pesquisas fundamentais sobre ecologia e evolução como para a conservação desta comunidade única.
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