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FITOPATOLOGIA Mastigomycotina Divisione ASCOMYCOTA (PARTE 4) Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Parassita facoltativo Estremamente polifago (oltre 500 ospiti) Non ha forma conidica Fungo omotallico: sclerozi producono (a fine inverno) uno o più apoteci Sclerozi sopravvivono nel terreno per oltre 5 anni Predilige terreni leggeri e ben areati Su piante floricole ed industriali ma soprattutto su ortive (marciume del colletto) (*) Attacchi: Al colletto e su organi carnosi Con basse temperature e UR alta Marciume molle + feltro miceliare bianco fioccoso + sclerozi (neri, 1-2 cm) Le piante avvizziscono e possono spezzarsi nella porzione basale (*) sindromi analoghe: Sclerotinia minor (sclerozi più piccoli) Botrytis cinerea Rhizoctonia solani (più rara) MARCIUME DEL COLLETTO DELLA LATTUGA (ed altre ortive) Foglie della corona più esterna: appassimento, marcescenza Piante: durante lo sradicamento di rompono all’altezza del colletto Fittone e colletto: imbrunimento di tessuti esterni ed interni Su superficie vegetale: muffa bianca Su fava: disseccamento improvviso e sclerozi nei fusti Anche su finocchio, carota, fagiolo, cavoli, frutti in conservazione Agenti: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia minor Sclerotinia minor sclerozi più piccoli (2 mm) sclerozi germinano per lo più per micelio sverna nel terreno e sui residui colturali come micelio o sclerozio proporzionalità diretta tra numero di sclerozi presenti e danno osservato (ciò non vale per S. sclerotiorum a causa della germinazione degli sclerozi per apotecio con diffusione di ascospore anche a notevole distanza) prosoplectenchima o midollo Comportamento da PERTOFITA (enzimi degradativi delle pareti cellulari) → più raro ------------------------→ fungo omotallico Ciclo di S. sclerotiorum LOTTA AI MARCIUMI DEL COLLETTO DELLA LATTUGA E DI ALTRE ORTIVE Mezzi Agronomici: - lunghi avvicendamenti colturali (poco efficaci per diffusione ascospore) - riduzione UR e N - interramento sclerozi (ostacola sporogenesi) - cv. poco suscettibili - sesti d’impianto ampi - arieggiamento delle serre Solarizzazione (fino a 40°C per 6 settimane): favorisce lo sviluppo di una microflora termofila antagonista Controllo Biologico: Coniothyrium minitans riduce vitalità e capacità germinativa degli sclerozi (interrare 2-3 mesi prima della semina o impianto) Trichoderma limita lo sviluppo miceliare solarizzazione LOTTA CHIMICA - concia dei semi: iprodione (dicarbossimidici) - 20 gg prima del trapianto: irrigazione a pioggia con metam sodium (= vapam) - tra 2 e 40 gg dal trapianto: 4 trattamenti con iprodione (fenexamide o strobilurine + boscalid) Geodisinfestanti: tolclofos-metile Fumiganti (in coltura protetta): dazomet, metam-Na, metam-K Stromatinia cepivora (sin.: Sclerotium cepivorum) agente del marciume bianco di cipolla ed aglio (specializzato su Allium spp.) non produce apoteci si perpetua solo mediante sclerozi germinazione sclerozi: solo con essudati radicali di aglio o cipolla Sintomi: bulbi con micelio bianco e sclerozi neri piccoli (0.25 mm) → seccume LOTTA: - riduzione densità di impianto - rotazioni non efficaci (sclerozi vitali nel terreno anche per 20 anni) - agenti di controllo biologico: Trichoderma spp. (anche Bacillus subtilis BACT2, Penicillium nigricans, Coniothyrium minitans, Sporidesmium sclerotiovorum) Lotta chimica: 2 mesi prima del trapianto: stimolazione germinazione sclerozi con trattamenti al terreno con SOLFURO DI ALLILE (le radici producono molecole trasformate in solfuro di allile da microflora terricola) Al trapianto (ottobre-novembre): impolveramento apparato radicale con iprodione (1 g p.a./100 piantine) In primavera: un trattamento con iprodione Botrytis cinerea (sin.: Botryotinia fuckeliana) Parassita ubiquitario, polifago (oltre 1000 ospiti erbacei ed arborei!!!), facoltativo Fungo eterotallico (apoteci rari), eterocariotico (fino a 7 nuclei per settore ifale) Facile selezione di ceppi resistenti per elevato numero di spore prodotto diffusa eterocariosi Conservazione: sclerozio, micelio saprofita nel terreno Sclerozi: grandi (2-3 mm), neri, irregolari (come S. sclerotiorum) Germinazione sclerozi: per micelio, conidiofori o apotecio (raro) Determina: - su frutti: marciumi molli - su foglie: lesioni necrotiche estese - su piccioli, rametti e fusti erbacei: necrosi con disseccamento delle porzioni distali Produzione di abbondante muffa grigia (conidiofori) con UR sufficiente Svernamento: come sclerozio o micelio nei residui vegetali Germinazione: con acqua libera Penetrazione: - per ferita (frequente, es.: su vite, ferite da tignola, oidio, drosofila) - attiva (talvolta, per virulentazione, vedere oltre) - per stomi (più rara) Fenomeno della virulentazione (da organi senescenti) residui fiorali o parti morte o deperienti della pianta sono sorgenti di inoculo Es.: attacco al colletto del fagiolo da cotiledoni senescenti Su vite Infetta acini dopo invaiatura (vedere la motivazione in seguito) PRINCIPALI MALATTIE DA BOTRYTIS Marciume grigio dell’uva (vedi il seguito) Muffa grigia della fragola (marciume molle con efflorescenza; pacciamatura evita accumulo di inoculo nel terreno) Strozzatura del fusto del pomodoro (da foglie basali senescenti) Marciume dei frutti di pomodoro Marciume dei frutti di pomacee e drupacee (da sepali senescenti; marciume del cuore; marciumi in fase di conservazione) Strozzatura del colletto del fagiolo (da cotiledoni senescenti; damping off) Mal della tela delle ortive (il fungo si sviluppa abbondantemente in presenza di alta UR passando da una pianta all’altra se seminate fittamente; grave su lattuga) Marciume del colletto della lattuga (insieme a Sclerotinia sp.) Marciume dei boccioli di rosa Marciume dei fiori di garofano Marciume del colletto del ciclamino Marciume dei bulbi di liliacee MARCIUMI DELL’UVA M. grigio: Botrytis cinerea M. nero: Phyllosticta ampelicida M. bianco: Pilidiella diplodiella M. acido: Hanseniaspora uvarum, Pichia kluyveri, ecc. + Acetobacter spp. Muffa grigia della vite attacca acini dopo invaiatura* (raramente foglie e tralci) Su foglie: macchie color cuoio ripiegamento lamina secca a coppa verso il basso muffa (con alta UR) Su tralci: lesioni brune + muffa Su grappoli: muffa grigia + necrosi su rachide Su acini: marciume molle → passaggio ad acino vicino (facile in grappolo serrato) UR bassa: grappoli disseccano UR alta: grappoli si ricoprono di muffa grigia Grappoli maturi più vulnerabili: alto tenore zuccherino (favorisce germinazione) * fase fenologica della maturazione dei frutti con viraggio di colore dell'epicarpo Fattori predisponenti: - vitigni con buccia degli acini sottile (microlesioni) - vitigni a grappolo serrato (umidità, microlesioni, difficoltà di distribuzione fungicidi) - portainnesti vigorosi ed eccessivo vigore vegetativo - eccessive concimazioni azotate - forme di allevamento e potatura che favoriscono l’affastellamento e la copertura dei grappoli da parte della vegetazione - irrigazioni eccessive - attacchi di tignola ed oidio La defogliazione dei tralci in corrispondenza dei grappoli riduce drasticamente l’incidenza dei marciumi dell’uva DANNI: Costo della rimonda Minore produzione Deprezzamento uve da tavola Uve da vino: - presenza di enzimi fungini (polifenolossidasi) che causano la casse ossidasica del vino: intorbidimento e precipitato marrone (sostanze tanniche) - mosto con alterata composizione: alterazione dell’aroma del prodotto finito MARCIUME NOBILE: Con giorni caldi e secchi alternati a notti e mattine umide e nebbiose (in alcune aree di Ungheria, Francia, Germania; soprattutto Valle del Reno e regione di Bordeaux, Francia) Forma larvata in acini esalta traspirazione → naturale disidratazione dell’uva → mosto con maggiore concentrazione zuccherina → vino con grado alcolico maggiore (può passare, per esempio, da 13° a 20°) e particolare bouquet con aromi floreali e fruttati (modificazioni nella composizione in acidi e polifenoli) = vini molto apprezzati (e costosissimi) Ciclo di Botrytis cinerea LOTTA ANTIBOTRITICA (non soltanto su vite) Moderare fittezza impianto Orientare filari secondo venti dominanti Arieggiare serre Riscaldare serre durante la notte Ridurre irrigazione Non eccedere con N NOTA: Trattamenti antiperonosporici: - ditiocarbammati: favoriscono vegetazione e quindi Botrytis - rame: sfavoriscono vegetazione e quindi Botrytis PRODOTTI ANTIBOTRITICI Rameici (azione di contenimento) * Banzammidi: prodotti vari Anilinopirimidine: Pyrimethanil **, Boscalid**, Mepanipyrim *** Idrossianilidi: Fenexamide * Strobilurine: Azoxystrobin *** Dicarbossimidici: Iprodione * Per la lotta biologica: ceppi registrati di Aureobasidium pullulans Bacillus subtilis Bacillus amyloliquefaciens * = prodotti di contatto ** = prodotti translaminari *** = prodotti citotropici e/o sistemici Calendario dei trattamenti Metodo standard o fenologico A - fine fioritura B - imminente chiusura del grappolo (gli acini, accrescendosi, iniziano a toccarsi tra loro) C - invaiatura (fase fenologica con viraggio di colore dell'epicarpo) D - tre settimane prima della raccolta (vendemmia) Metodo misto Da utilizzarsi in presenza di buone pratiche agronomiche atte a sfavorire il patogeno B e C sempre, A e D solo se le condizioni climatiche sono favorevoli a B. cinerea (elevata U.R.) B = importante perché presenti residui fiorali (rischio di virulentazione) C = importante perché negli acini si verifica variazione di composizione chimica che favorisce il patogeno (vedere oltre) Metodo climatico (più economico ma più complicato e meno sicuro) Si interviene solo in osservanza della regola dei due 15 (15°C, 15h bagnatura) - termopluvioumettografo
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