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Faculdade De Ciências Departamento De Biologia Vegetal Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Biologia Vegetal Chestnut blight in Portugal: spread and populational structure of Cryphonectria parasitica Maria Helena Pires Bragança Tese orientada por: Professor Doutor Rogério Tenreiro e Doutor Daniel Rigling Doutoramento em Biologia (Microbiologia) 2007 This work includes results of following publications, articles submitted for publication and communications presented in congresses: Bragança H., S. Simões, N. Onofre, R. Tenreiro, D. Rigling 2007. Cryphonectria parasitica in Portugal - Diversity of vegetative compatibility types mating types and occurrence of hypovirulence. Forest Pathology. 37: 391 – 402. Bragança H., S. Simões, N. Santos, J. Marcelino, R. Tenreiro, D. Rigling 2005. Chestnut blight in Portugal - Monitoring and vc types of Cryphonectria parasitica. Acta Horticulturae 693: 627-633. Bragança H., S. Simões, N. Santos, J. Martins, A. Medeiros, A. Maia, D. Sardinha, F. Abreu, N. Nunes, T. Freitas 2004. Prospecção do cancro do castanheiro nas Regiões autónomas dos Açores e da Madeira. In Actas do 4º Congresso da Sociedade Portuguesa de Fitopatologia 4-6 Fevereiro, Universidade do Algarve Faro 155-159. Bragança H., S. Sofia, M. Capelo, J. Marcelino, N. Santos. Survey and geographic distribution of chestnut blight in Portugal. Revista Agronómica. Aceite para publicação em 2007. Bragança H., S. Simões, N. Onofre. Factors influencing the incidence and spread of chestnut blight in Northeastern Portugal. Sumited to the Journal of Plant Pathology. Bragança H., N. Santos, G. Costa, T. Tenreiro, D. Rigling, R. Tenreiro. Criphonectria radicalis: reports from Portugal and diagnostic molecular markers based on microsatellite primed PCR. Manuscript in final phase of submission to the Mycological Research. Para efeitos do disposto no nº 2 do Art. 8º do Decreto-Lei 388/70, o autor da dissertação declara que participou na execução do trabalho experimental descrito, bem como na análise e discussão dos resultados e na redacção dos textos e artigos. INDEX ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v ABSTRACT vii RESUMO ix PART I – GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 REVIEW OF CHESTNUT TREE – ORIGIN, DISTRIBUTION, SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND 3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT Castanea sativa in Portugal 5 C. sativa in Madeira and Azores islands 10 DISEASES AND INSECT PESTS OCCURRING ON CHESTNUT TREE 11 Reports from Portugal 13 REVIEW OF CRYPHONECTRIA PARASITICA (MURRIL) BARR 15 Notes on C. parasitica taxonomy and morphology 15 C. parasitica spread and distribution 19 Biology of C. parasitica – symptoms, signs and control of the disease 21 THESIS OUTLINE 27 REFERENCES 28 PART II – CHESTNUT BLIGHT DISEASE IN PORTUGAL 37 CHAPTER II -1) SURVEY AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF CHESTNUT BLIGHT IN 39 PORTUGAL INTRODUCTION 42 MATERIAL AND METHODS 43 Experimental design 43 Isolation and identification 44 Long-term storage of C. parasitica 44 Detection of other phytopathogens 44 RESULTS 44 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 50 REFERENCES 51 CHAPTER II – 2) FACTORS INFLUENCING THE INCIDENCE AND SPREAD OF CHESTNUT 53 BLIGHT INTRODUCTION 55 MATERIAL AND METHODS 56 RESULTS 59 Disease incidence 59 Location of canker in the tree 59 Site orientation and soil type effect 61 Altitude effect 61 Frequency of trees with chestnut blight according to DBH class 62 i General Regression Model (GRM) of the potential factors influencing 62 the degree of chestnut blight incidence DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 63 REFERENCES 65 PART III – GENOMIC DIVERSITY OF CRYPHONECTRIA SP. 69 CHAPTER III -1) GENOMIC DIVERSITY OF C. PARASITICA AND HYPOVIRULENCE - 71 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL PERSPECTIVES INTRODUCTION 73 DIVERSITY OF VEGETATIVE COMPATIBILITY (VC) TYPES - PAIRING TESTS AND PCR 77 BASED FINGERPRINT METHODS Materials and Methods 77 Vegetative compatibility (vc) types 77 MSP-PCR fingerprinting 78 Analysis of genotypic diversity 79 Results 80 Vegetative compatibility (vc) types 80 MSP-PCR fingerprinting 83 Analysis of genotypic diversity 83 MATING TYPE DETERMINATION AND PRESENCE OF PERITHECIA 86 Materials and Methods 86 Results 86 SCREENING FOR DSRNA 89 Materials and Methods 89 Results 90 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 92 REFERENCES 94 CHAPTER III – 2) CRYPHONECTRIA RADICALIS: REPORT FROM PORTUGAL AND 99 DIAGNOSTIC MOLECULAR MARKERS BASED ON MICROSATELLITE PRIMED PCR INTRODUCTION 102 MATERIAL AND METHODS 105 Fungal isolates 105 Culture morphology and growth 105 DNA extraction 107 Ribosomal DNA(ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) amplification and PCR - RFLPs 107 Β-tubulin gene amplification 108 Ribosomal DNA(ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and Β-tubulin gene sequencing – phylogeny 108 reconstruction MSP-PCR fingerprinting 109 RESULTS 110 Culture morphology on PDA, pigmentation on corn meal medium and growth 110 Ribosomal DNA(ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and Β-tubulin gene amplification and PCR- 112 RFLPs Phylogenetic allocation of Cryphonectria sp. isolates 112 MSP-PCR fingerprinting 115 DISCUSSION 116 REFERENCES 118 ii PART IV – FINAL REMARKS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 123 ANNEXES 131 ANNEX I 133 ANNEX II 134 ANNEX III 135 ANNEX IV 136 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Gostaria de expressar a minha gratidão às seguintes pessoas: Dra. Natércia Santos, com quem vim trabalhar quando entrei na Estação Florestal Nacional, que me acompanhou profissionalmente e nos bons e maus momentos da vida pessoal. Foi ela que me convidou para integrar esta linha de investigação e me incentivou a desenvolver este trabalho de doutoramento. Professor Rogério Tenreiro por mais uma vez ter aceite ser meu orientador, pelo apoio científico ao longo dos últimos anos e por ter posto à minha disposição no ICAT os meios de trabalho necessários para realizar uma parte importante deste trabalho. I would like to express my gratitude to WSL Institute in Switzerland for accepting me as PhD student and especially to Dr. Daniel Rigling my supervisor in the Plant Pathology Lab, where a considerable amount of the data presented in this thesis was obtained. Also to Dra Ursula Heiniger for all the support, advice and critical comments and Hélène Blauenstein for all the help with dsRNA screening. À Sofia Simões que como bolseira trabalhou comigo durante três anos, pela suas qualidades excepcionais como técnica e como pessoa. Ao Nuno Onofre pela sua ajuda com a estatística e pela grande amizade e ao Miguel Capelo pela preciosa ajuda com o programa ArcView. Dr. Edmundo Sousa que, na qualidade de Chefe do Departamento de Protecção Florestal, me proporcionou as condições necessárias para que me dedicasse à elaboração desta tese. Aos colegas José Marcelino e Pedro Naves por serem meus consultores para a versão em Inglês, pelas críticas sempre oportunas e também pela amizade. Ainda na EFN, às funcionárias do Departamento de Protecção que pela natureza das suas funções colaboraram directa e eficazmente nalgumas fases do trabalho de laboratório, Graciosa Santos, M. Luz Tavares, Florinda Medeiros. Aos colegas que ajudaram a resolver questões pontuais no decurso do trabalho, Lurdes Inácio, Luís Bonifácio, Joana Henriques, Rita Costa, Jorge Capelo, Filomena Nóbrega, António Saraiva. Assim como a todos os que me incentivaram com a sua simpatia. Finalmente, à família, principalmente aos meus filhos, Margarida e Francisco, que aceitaram que a mãe não pode ser sempre a “super mummy”. Dedico este trabalho ao meu pai. v Porque este trabalho pela sua natureza envolveu a participação de muitas pessoas em todo o país, não posso deixar de mencionar as que, nas várias instituições, contribuíram ou facilitaram burocraticamente a execução deste trabalho: (Serviços Florestais e de Agricultura, Parques Naturais e propriedades do estado) Açores Terceira - Eng.ª Fátima Amorim, Eng.º Jorge Oliveira Martins S. Miguel - Eng.ª Aida Medeiros, Pico: Tiago Freitas (estudante) Madeira Eng.º Manuel Pita, Eng.º Adriano Maia, Eng.º Duarte Sardinha, Eng.º Ferdinando Abreu, Eng.ª Natália Nunes e Guarda Florestal Shone Continente DGRF - Eng.ª Isabel Saraiva, Eng.º Rui Natário, Eng.º Campos Andrade DRAEDM - Eng.ª Gisela Chicau e Eng.ª Isabel Moreira da Silva DRATM – Eng.ª Dulce Anastácio, Eng.ª M. Manuel Mesquita, Eng.º Dinis Ponteira, Eng.º Luís Sá e Eng.º Manuel Trigo. DRABI – Eng.º Machado e Eng.ª Isabel Mata DRABL – Eng.º Virgílio Cunha DRARO – Eng.ª Gisela Cid DRAAL – Eng.º Caria DRAALG – Eng.ª Célia Torrado ICN/PNSSM – Eng.º Luís Grilo ICN/“Parques de Sintra, Monte da Lua” - Eng.º Jaime Ferreira e Eng.º Manuel Cavalleri IFADAP - Eng.º Rui Melo, Eng.º Jorge Guerreiro, Eng.ª Helena Ramos e Eng.ª Natália Cordeiro Tapada Nacional de Mafra - Eng.º Rui Feio e Eng.º José Salvado Tapada Militar de Mafra - Tenente Coronel Portela Ribeiro e Eng.º Manuel Oliveira (Proprietários) Luís Cancela de Abreu (Belmonte - Beira Interior), Luís Brum (Biscoitos - Terceira), Hermano Mota (Gorreana – S. Miguel). (Instituições de Investigação e Universidades) EAN / INRB – Dra. Cristina Lopes ESAB – Prof. Eugénia Gouveia, Prof. Maria do Loreto ESACB - Prof. João Pedro Luz e Engº José Marcelino. FCUL/ICAT – Prof. Lélia Chambel, Dr. Abdou, Dr. Gonçalo Bernardo, Dr. Mário Gadanho, Dra. Isabel Zilhão, Dra Tania Tenreiro ISA – Prof. Margarida Tomé e Prof. Nuno Cortês UA – Prof. David Horta Lopes UTAD – Prof. Carlos Abreu e Prof. Luís Martins vi ABSTACT Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight, has been considered one of the most important mortality factors of the sweet chestnut Castanea sativa all over the world. To evaluate the current distribution of chestnut blight in Portugal, all chestnut growing regions across the entire country were screened, a total of 191 chestnut stands were surveyed and C. parasitica was isolated from 56.5% of the sampling sites. The factors involved in the spread and incidence of the disease were studied for one of the most important chestnut areas in the country, located on Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. Selected variables were altitude, soil type, diameter at breast height (DBH), location and orientation of cankers in the tree. The highest proportion of canker was found in trees with a DHB above 30 cm, and a higher proportion of cankers was found on the South-facing side of the trunks and branches. In order to improve the knowledge about C. parasitica diversity, a total of 617 isolates from all affected chestnut growing areas were analyzed.
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