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Social Education ED. 8i, 47-5» 2,000 ALL INDIA REPORl SOCIAL EDUCATION 1 1954 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA _ T 2 > Z ) - -3 7 C - n ^ o 9 ^ f ''S' " OE Publication No. 142 Price Rs. 2/10/- or ^s. ^d.- PRINTED IN INDIA, BY THE MANAGER, GOVT. OF INDIA PRESS, TsIASIK ROAD, PUBLISHED BY THE MANAGER OF PUBLICATIONS, DELHI 1954 PREFACE The present volume deals with the pro^Tcss of Social Education in iiidia during the four years, 1947—51. The course of the adult education movement in India up to 1947 has been narrated succinctly in Chapter I of the ‘Teachers’ Handbook of Social Education’, published last year by this Ministry. This means that we have now a connected story of the education of adults in India up to March, 1951. It was originally intended to bring out a volume on Social Education during the quinquennium, 1947—52. But two considerations led the Central Ministry of Education to cut it short to the quaternlum. In the first place, the machinery of most State Governments is not geared to the statistical demands of the Central Government and the reports are slow in coming. At the time the decision was taken to place the first full-stop at 31st March, 1951 (this was early in February, 1953) many State Governments had not sent in their reports for 1951-52, and many others had sent in incomplete reports. As the reports up to March 1951, had been consolidated by the Ministry and re-checked by State Govern­ ments, it was not considered desirable to delay the publication any longer. But the paramount consideration which weighted with the Ministry in restricting the period of the report to 1947—51 was that the First Five- Year Plan of the nation started from ist April, 1951 and would cover the period 1951—56 and it is to be hoped that this Plan will be followed by others. It was, therefore, considered desirable that, in future, Social Education reports should run parallel to Five-Year Plan periods. This was not merely an attempt at a formal relationship, but it was felt that the Five-Year Plan had brought a new life into the Social Education Movement and that this was bound to give rise to new forms which might appropriately be correlated with the Plan period. Care has been taken to verify and check facts given in this report. Nevertheless, in the present state of efficiency of our statistical machinery, we should not place an unreserved reliance on the arithmetical accuracy of the facts. Many facts fail to be caught in the loose meshes of the statistical net and perhaps many more reach us only in “ averaged” , “ rounded” and “ approximated” forms. Making allowance for this un­ avoidable shortcoming, it can be said with a fair degree of certainty, that the Reports present a reasonably reliable picture of Social Education in India during 1947—51. Any progress report of this kind fulfils half its purpose if it only records the facts in a given period. The other, and perhaps the more important, half is supplying the reader with an account of our present (ii) position and capacities in order to negotiate the future better. This assessment has been attempted in the final chapter which gives an All- India view of the achievements of the Social Education Movement during the quaternium, 1947—51. To work in'anonymity is the fate and, perhaps, the business cf a Government servant. Even so, we record appreciation of the devotion with which Mr. R. C. Sharma of the Ministry of Education, has shouldered the work of collecting infprmation from States and checking and re-checking it many times b^efore handing over the manuscript for publication. CONTENTS PAGES 1 C h a p t e r 1—latroduction ,..••• C h a p t e r 2—Social Education work by Government of India 4 (a) Ministry of Education (b) The Armed Forces . ■ 1 4 SOCIAL EDUCATION IN THE STATES 2 8 C h a p t e r 3—Assam 3 3 C h a p t e r 4—Bihar . 4 0 C h a p t e r 5—Bombay 5 4 C h a p t e r 6—Madhya Pradesh . 6 4 C h a p i e r 7— Madras 7 3 C h a p t e r 8—Orissa . 7 6 C h a p t e r 9—Punjab 8 0 C h a p t e r 10—Uttar Pradesh 9 3 C h a p t e r 11—West Bengal 100 C h a p t e r 12—Hyderabad . 1 0 3 C h a p t e r 13— Kashmir 1 0 8 C h a p t e r 14—Madhya Bharat . 110 C h a p t e r 15— Mysore 1 2 6 C h a p t e r 16— Pepsu . 1 2 7 C h a p t e r 17—Rajasthan 1 3 4 C h a p t e r 18—Saurashtra . 1 3 6 C h a p t e r 19—Travancore-Cochin 1 4 2 C h a p t e r 20—Ajmer 1 4 5 C h a p t e r 21—Andaman & Nicobar 1 4 6 C h a p t e r 22— Bhopal 1 4 7 C h a p t e r 23—Bilaspur 1 4 8 C h a p t e r 24— Coorg 1 4 9 C h a p t e r 25—Delhi . 1 5 5 C h a p t e r 26—Himachal Pradesh 1 5 6 C h a p t e r 27— Cutch . 1 5 7 C h a p t e r 28—Manipur 1 5 8 C h a p t e r 29—Tripura 1 5 9 C h a p t e r 30—^Vindhya Pradesh . C h a p t e r 31—Non-official organisations engaged in Social Educa the States 1 6 0 C h a p t e r 3 2 —The All-India view 1 7 0 CH APTER I INTRODUCTION The people of India comprise 15 * 1% of humanity, and numbered in 1951, 36,18 lakhs. The area of the country is 12,21,072 sq. miles, one-twelfth of the space of our globe. Only 6 • 7% of this popu­ lation lives in cities with a population of 50,000 or over, the rest are in small towns, villages and hamlets scattered all over the land. Of this vast population hardly 14 ’ 6% are literate (1941). Literacy among women is only 6% while among men it is 22- 2% . The problem of Indian literacy is seen in a better perspective when we remember that the major burden of literacy is borne by ihe people in rural areas. Only about 4.9% of the population, i.e., 40% of children in the age- group 6-11, was in primary schools of the country in 1949. The educational level of a people depends to a large extent on its economic capacity. We, therefore, give below some figures which indicate that. Of the 1327 lakh persons gainfully employed in India in 1948-49, 905 lakhs were employed in agriculture, 187 lakhs in mining, manu­ facturing and hand-trades, 107 lakhs in banking, insurance and other commerce as well as in transport and communications, and 128 lakhs in professions, liberal arts, government service, domestic service etc. These categories contributed Rs. 4,150, 1,500, 1,700 and 1,380 crores respec­ tively to the national income. The per capita income of India in 1950 was Rs. 255. The following table shows the comparative poverty of the country and, as an implica­ tion, its handicap in the way of putting forth an educational effort commensurate with its needs. Years to *Per capita Percentage contribution to national income f which es- income i n --------------------------------------------------------------------- Name of country timates U. S. dol- Agri. Mfg. Trade Trans- Govt. All others relate lars port & service Commu­ nication India . 1948-49 57 47 17 20 — 16 China . 1949 27 Japan . 85 28-4 32-2 14 8-3 4-7 12-4 Pakistan 51 U .K . 773 5-4 45-1 13-2 10-5 10-1 15-7 U.S.A. • . « 1453 8 36 19-7 8-6 10-1 17-6 U .S.S.R . 308 •• * Taken from “National Income and per capita Income of Seventy Coun­ tries. 1949” published by the United Nations. t Taken from “National Income Statistics Supplement 1938—50.” U.N. Statistical Publications, August, 1951. We give below some comparative statistics showing the availabihty to the; people of some of the important media of mass communication. * India China Japan U. K. U.S.A. U.S.S.R 1. No. of dailies 380 3,000 130 112 1,887 7,163 (all periodi­ cals). 2. No. of copies of dai­ lies per 1,000 inhabi­ tants 4 10 230 570 357 161 3. No. of radio sets in thousands 268 850 8,050 11,354 83,000 7,800 4. No. of radio sets per 1,000 inhabitant' 0-7 2 100 227 566 40 5. No. of cinemas 2,060 300 2,157 6,827 30,068 15,200 €. Cinema seats per 1,000 inhabitants 4 1 15 84 83 7. No. of times an average person went to cinema in a year 0-6 0-2 29 320 3 8. No.
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