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A Study of the Developments in Monolingual Urdu Lexicography

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A Study of the Developments in Monolingual Urdu Lexicography A STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENTS IN MONOLINGUAL URDU LEXICOGRAPHY By Ali Ahmad (Reg. No. 2007-BZE-12) Supervised by Dr. Zafar Iqbal (Session: 2005-2010) Department of English BAHAUDDIN ZAKARIYA UNIVERSITY, MULTAN A dissertation submitted to Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for candidature for the degree of Ph.D. (Linguistics). Dedicated to my family! i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Praises and gratitude to Almighty Allah who provided me courage and I have completed the thesis. It is one of His countless blessings for me. I am also highly obliged to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal. Without his guidance and support, it was not possible. It is his skill that he put life into the project with his continuous guidance, regular motivation, and invaluable suggestions. I am also gratified to my respectable teachers Prof. Dr. Mubina Talaat, and Prof. Dr. Saiqa Imtiaz Asif, for their kind support in this project. I would like to thank my friends Muhammad Rashid Hafeez, Rana Faqir Muhammad Aslam, Zafar Iqbal Khattak, Muhammad Gulfraz Abbasi, Sibtain Masroor, Hafiz Muhammad Qasim, Shahzad Qadir Malik, Tahir Yaqoob, Muhammad Akbar Sajid, Ahmar Jahanzaib and Muhammad Asif for their encouragement, worthy opinions and useful support. I am obliged to all these friends for their help in data collection, finding resources, proof reading, and other beneficial advices. My special thanks are attributable to my father and mother, my brothers Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Yousaf, Dr. Mansur-ul-Haq, Dr. Muhammad Abdul Hafeez, Muhammad Mubashar Rahman, Muhammad Mudassar Rahman, Shahbaz Ahmad, Muhammad Abu Bakar Hashmi and my sisters Mamoona, Hafsa, Nabeela, Asiya, Asma and my bhabies Abida, Humaira and Nazish for their prayers and support during this project. I would pay my special gratitude to my wife, Shabila Ahmad, who allowed me to go for my project right after one year of our marriage. She has always supported me during my studies and has always been a great source of motivation. I would like to thank my daughter Maria Ahmad and my son Muhammad Mua’az Ahmad, who have ii lived with their mother and waited for me to return home. They have been a source of solace and comfort for me in the time of stress during this project. In the end I would pay my gratitude to all friends and family. This project would have never been possible without their co-operation. ALI AHMAD iii APPROVAL CERTIFICATE This thesis titled “A study of the developments in monolingual Urdu lexicography” prepared by Ali Ahmad under my supervision is hereby approved for submission to Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan; in partial fulfilment of the requirement of degree of Ph. D. in Linguistics. Professor Dr. Zafar Iqbal Department of English, Language and Literature Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan iv Declaration I hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my independent investigation except where I have indicated my indebtedness to other sources. It has not been accepted in substance or in part for any degree and is not being submitted concurrently in candidature for any other degree. Ali Ahmad Scholar Dr. Zafar Iqbal Supervisor v ABSTRACT The present study focuses on the developments in monolingual Urdu Lexicography. The main focus is on the developments in the megastructure and microstructure of the four major types of Urdu dictionaries categorized as: general purpose, pedagogical, LSP, and historical dictionaries. The research aims at finding out the developments in the inclusion of structural features in these dictionaries. The study examines and analyzes four types of dictionaries of Urdu based on four different check lists. The approach of documentary analysis is employed to carry out this descriptive type of research. To draw a checklist about the information in a dictionary, the studies of Bergenholtz & Tarp (1995), Hausmann and Wiegand (1989), Hartmann (1983, 2001), Bowker (2003), Jackson (2002), Landau (2001), Bejoint (2000) and Ahmad (2009) were taken into consideration. Different features of megastructure including contents, preface/introduction, user’s guide, list of abbreviations, pronunciation symbols, encyclopedic note, list of headwords (macrostructure), index, appendices, information label; and the features of microstructure including head word, spellings, pronunciation, inflections, word class, senses, definition/s, example/s, usage, cross reference, illustrations, run-ons, and etymology are used for analysis. The analysis reveals that general purpose, pedagogical and LSP dictionaries demonstrate no or least developments. They use limited outside matter, as they are deficient in providing the user’s guide, encyclopedic information and notes on language. In the back matter of pedagogical dictionaries, the list of defining vocabulary is not included. The information provided in microstructure of these dictionaries is also very vi limited. The technique of defining the headwords has not developed properly. Other related sections like the list of abbreviations, illustrations, and usage labels, are also missing in these types of dictionaries. However, the research reveals that the historical dictionaries have developed over the years. The compilers of the latest dictionary of this type have considered all the modern lexicographic needs of the users and have successfully brought the developments in the structure of the monolingual historical Urdu dictionaries. vii List of Tables No. Table Page 30 2.1 Insights from linguistics in lexicography 5.1 Overall Analysis of Megastructure of Sarmaya-e-zuban-e-Urdu [The 97 Treasure of Urdu language] 5.2 Overall Analysis of Microstructure of Sarmaya-e-Zuban-e-Urdu [The 98 Treasure of Urdu Language] 5.3 Overall Analysis of Megastructure of Aziz-ul-Lughat [Dictionary of Aziz] 102 5.4 Overall Analysis of Microstructure of Aziz-ul-Lughat [Dictionary of Aziz] 103 5.5 Overall Analysis of Megastructure of Ameer-ul-lughat [Dictionary of 107 Ameer] 5.6 Overall Analysis of Microstructure of Ameer-ul-lughat [Dictionary of 108 Ameer] 5.7 Overall Analysis of Megastructure of Hindustani Urdu lughat [Hindustani 114 Urdu dictionary] 5.8 Overall Analysis of Microstructure of Hindustani Urdu lughat 115 [Hindustani Urdu dictionary] 5.9 Overall Analysis of Megastructure of Farhang-e-Asafia [Asafia 118 dictionary] 5.10 Overall Analysis of Microstructure of Farhang-e-Asafia [Asafia 119 dictionary] 5.11 Overall Analysis of Megastructure of Farhang-e-Shafaq [Dictionary of 124 viii Shafaq] 5.12 Overall Analysis of Microstructure of Farhang-e-Shafaq [Dictionary of 125 Shafaq] 5.13 Overall Analysis of Megastructure of Lughat-e-Urdu [Dictionary of Urdu] 127 5.14 Overall Analysis of Microstructure of Lughat-e-Urdu [Dictionary of 128 Urdu] 5.15 Overall Analysis of Megastructure of Standard Urdu Dictionary 131 5.16 Overall Analysis of Microstructure of Standard Urdu Dictionary 132 5.17 Overall Analysis of Megastructure of Noor-ul-Lughat [Dictionary of 135 Noor] 5.18 Overall Analysis of Microstructure of Noor-ul-Lughat [Dictionary of 136 Noor] 5.19 Overall Analysis of Megastructure of Ilmi Urdu Lughat [Ilmi Urdu 140 Dictionary] 5.20 Overall Analysis of Microstructure of Ilmi Urdu Lughat [Ilmi Urdu 141 Dictionary] 5.21 Overall Analysis of Megastructure of Quaid-ul-Lughat [Leader of 144 Dictionaries] 5.22 Overall Analysis of Microstructure of Quaid-ul-Lughat [Leader of 145 Dictionaries] 5.23 Overall Analysis of Megastructure of Lughat-e-Nizami [dictionary of 148 Nizami] 5.24 Overall Analysis of Microstructure of Lughat-e-Nizami [dictionary of 149 ix Nizami] 5.25 Overall Analysis of Megastructure of Naseem-ul-lughat [Dictionary of 152 Naseem] 5.26 Overall Analysis of Microstructure of Naseem-ul-lughat [Dictionary of 153 Naseem] 5.27 Overall Analysis of Megastructure of Azhar-ul-Lughat [Dictionary of 156 Azhar] 5.28 Overall Analysis of Microstructure of Azhar-ul-Lughat [Dictionary of 157 Azhar] 5.29 Overall Analysis of Megastructure of Ejaz-ul-lughat jadeed [Modern 160 Dictionary of Ejaz] 5.30 Overall Analysis of Microstructure of Ejaz-ul-lughat jadeed [Modern 161 Dictionary of Ejaz] 5.31 Overall Analysis of Megastructure of Aiena [Mirror] Urdu Dictionary 164 5.32 Overall Analysis of Microstructure of Aiena [Mirror] Urdu Dictionary 165 5.33 Overall Analysis of Megastructure of Ejaz-ul-Lughat [Dictionary of Ejaz] 168 5.34 Overall Analysis of Microstructure of Ejaz-ul-Lughat [Dictionary of Ejaz] 169 5.35 Overall Analysis of Megastructure of Jawahar-ul-Lughat Urdu [Jewel 171 Dictionary of Urdu] 5.36 Overall Analysis of Microstructure of Jawahar-ul-Lughat Urdu [Jewel 172 Dictionary of Urdu] 5.37 Overall Analysis of Megastructure of Jamei-ul-Lughat [Comprehensive 175 dictionary] x 5.38 Overall Analysis of Microstructure of Jamei-ul-Lughat [Comprehensive 176 dictionary] 5.39 Overall Analysis of Megastructure of Hasan-ul-Lughat [Dictionary of 179 Hassan] 5.40 Overall Analysis of Microstructure of Hasan-ul-Lughat [Dictionary of 180 Hassan] 5.41 Overall Analysis of Megastructure of Feroz-ul-Lughat (Jamie) 183 [Dictionary of Feroz (Comprehensive)] 5.42 Overall Analysis of Megastructure of Feroz-ul-Lughat (Jamie) 184 [Dictionary of Feroz (Comprehensive)] 5.43 Overall Analysis of Megastructure of Rafie-Ul-Lughat [Dictionary of 189 Rafie] 5.44 Overall Analysis of Microstructure of Rafie-Ul-Lughat [Dictionary of 190 Rafie] 5.45 The Developments in the Structures of General Purpose Urdu Dictionaries 192 5.46 Percentages of Features Present in Structures of General Purpose Urdu 195 Dictionaries 5.47 Analysis of Inclusion of
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