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Úsilí Potomků Imigrantů O Změnu Italského Zákona O Občanství

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Úsilí Potomků Imigrantů O Změnu Italského Zákona O Občanství UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH VĚD Institut mezinárodních studií Eva Fejerová Jak se stát opravdovým Italem? Úsilí potomků imigrantů o změnu italského zákona o občanství Diplomová práce Praha 2014 Autor práce: Eva Fejerová Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Ondřej Matějka, Ph.D. Rok obhajoby: 2014 Bibliografický záznam FEJEROVÁ, Eva. Jak se stát opravdovým Italem? Úsilí potomků imigrantů o změnu italského zákona o občanství. Praha, 2014. 126 s. Diplomová práce (Mgr.) Univerzita Karlova, Fakulta sociálních věd, Institut mezinárodních studií. Katedra západoevropských studií. Vedoucí diplomové práce PhDr. Ondřej Matějka, Ph.D. Abstrakt Předkládaná diplomová práce se věnuje fenoménu asociací potomků imigrantů v Itálii, a zejména jejich úsilí o změnu zákona o občanství z roku 1992 mezi lety 2005 a 2014. Cílem práce je představit argumenty, kterými asociace zdůvodňují nutnost změny tohoto zákona a určit používaný styl argumentace. Záměrem je zjistit, jestli je jejich styl nacionalistický, nebo multikulturní. Tedy ztotožňují-li se potomci imigrantů s Itálií, jakožto klasickým národním státem a přijímají jeho autostereotypy, anebo jestli je jejich primárním referenčním rámcem kultura země původu jejich rodičů a volají po proměně italské společnosti podle multikulturních principů, kde budou všechny menšiny a jejich kultury a náboženství respektovány stejně. Jako instrument pro výzkum slouží teorie občanství Christiana Joppkeho, která vnímá občanství ve třech dimenzích – statusu, právech a identitě. V dimenzi identity je pak vodítkem pro rozlišení nacionalistického a multikulturního stylu seznam položek národní identity tak, jak je definuje Anne-Marie Thiesse. Z provedené analýzy vyplývá, že právě identita je dimenzí, na niž se asociace odkazují nejhojněji, a s jejíž pomocí dokazují svoji „italskost.“ Jejich argumentace je klasického nacionalistického střihu, s hojným tematizováním jazyka, národního území a gastronomie, které poukazují na bezvýhradné přijetí italských autostereotypů a v obecnější rovině na zvládnutou integraci, či dokonce asimilaci druhé generace imigrantů do italské společnosti. Abstract This diploma thesis aims to examine the phenomenon of second-generation immigrant associations in Italy and focuses on their efforts to change the 1992 Citizenship Law between 2005 and 2014. The goal of the thesis is to determine whether the style of their argumentation is nationalistic or multicultural. The nationalistic style would point to their identification with Italy as a classical nation state, reflecting an acceptance of Italy´s autostereotypes. The multicultural argumentation style would show that their primary frame of reference is the culture of their parents’ country of origin and reflect a desire to see Italian society transformed according to multicultural principles, where all cultures are equally respected and esteemed. Christian Joppke´s theory of three-dimensional citizenship (status, rights, identity) serves as an instrument for research. Anne-Marie Thiesse´s national identity checklist serves as a guideline for distinguishing between nationalistic and post-nationalistic argumentation style. The analysis shows that the dimension these associations refer to the most is identity, which they use to prove their “Italianicity.” They conduct their argumentation in a very classical nationalistic style, using themes such as Italian language, national territory, and national cuisine. These traits point to an unconditional acceptance of Italian autostereotypes and, on a more general level, to successful integration, or even assimilation of the second generation of immigrants to Italian society, which is also the main reason why they demand Italian citizenship. Klíčová slova Zákon o občanství, národní identita, Itálie, potomci imigrantů, teorie občanství Keywords Citizenship law, national identity, Italy, second generation of immigrants, citizenship theory Rozsah práce: 221 480 znaků Prohlášení 1. Prohlašuji, že jsem předkládanou práci zpracovala samostatně a použila jen uvedené prameny a literaturu. 2. Prohlašuji, že práce nebyla využita k získání jiného titulu. 3. Souhlasím s tím, aby práce byla zpřístupněna pro studijní a výzkumné účely. V Praze dne …16.května 2014 Eva Fejerová Poděkování Na tomto místě bych velice ráda poděkovala vedoucímu diplomové práce PhDr. Ondřeji Matějkovi, Ph.D. za jeho cenné rady a podněty při jejím psaní. TEZE DIPLOMOVÉ PRÁCE Jméno: Eva Fejerová E-mail: [email protected] Semestr: Letní Akademický rok: 2011/2012 Název práce: Jak se stát opravdovým Italem? Úsilí potomků imigrantů o změnu italského zákona o občanství Předpokládaný termín ukončení (semestr, školní rok): LS, 2013/2014 Vedoucí diplomového semináře: Prof. PhDr. Lenka Rovná, CSc. Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Ondřej Matějka PhD. V čem se oproti původními zadání změnil cíl práce? V původní práci bylo mým úmyslem porovnat způsob, jakým využívají čestí a italští politici "Romský problém" a proč. V průběhu tohoto semestru jsem si uvědomila, že je to téma příliš široké a v italském kontextu velmi dobře probádané, proto by další práce na toto téma nebyla příliš přínosná. Byl zvolen jiný námět, který je často s romskou tématikou spojován, a který také politici často rétoricky používají, neboť se též v určitém smyslu jedná o marginalizovanou skupinu. Jedná se o problematiku potomků imigrantů, která je mnohem méně zpracována. Novým cílem práce je zkoumat cíle a argumenty iniciativ a asociací potomků imigrantů, které mají za cíl změnu stávajícího zákona o nabývání italského občanství. Jaké změny nastaly v časovém, teritoriálním a věcném vymezení tématu? Časové vymezení práce bylo změněno na období mezi roku 2005 až 2013. Důvodem je, že v roce 2005 vznikla první organizace potomků imigrantů usilující o změnu zákona o občanství a další vznikly v následujících letech. Jejich aktivity od té doby nepřerušeně pokračují. Teritoriálně bylo téma omezeno tím, že jsem se vzdala záměru srovnat italskou situaci s českou, takže se můj zájem bude orientovat pouze na Itálii. Změny věcného vymezení přirozeně souvisí s posunem tématu výzkumu a se specifikací výzkumné otázky. Práce nebude, jak bylo původně zamýšleno, zkoumat shody a rozdíly v rétorických strategiích českých a italských politiků, ale bude se zabývat analýzou argumentace asociací potomků imigrantů. Práce bude vycházet z teorií občanství a bude zkoumat, které aspekty občanství jsou pro asociace potomků imigrantů důležité, a proto je tematizují a jaký diskurs si vybírají k propagaci svého požadavku na změnu zákona o občanství. Pro analýzu byly vybrány dvě asociace a jedna iniciativa, podle kritérií majoritního zastoupení potomků imigrantů (tedy ne Italů) v dané asociaci, významu aktéra, obdrženého pozvání ze strany vysokých veřejných institucí představit na jejich půdě své argumenty a mediální známosti. Jak se proměnila struktura práce (vyjádřete stručným obsahem)? - Úvod - Teorie a metodologie: rozbor teorií občanství a představení teorie Christiana Joppkeho. Metoda obsahové analýzy. - Uvedení problematiky do kontextu: přehled vývoje italské legislativy občanství - Představení asociací potomků imigrantů, jejich cílů a aktivit - Empirická část: analýza argumentace: rozdělení argumentace podle Joppkeho teorie do tří dimenzí: status práva a identita. V nich sledování témat, která artikulují a také diskursu, který uplatňují. - Závěr Jakým vývojem prošla metodologická koncepce práce? Z metodologického hlediska se bude jednat o jednopřípadovou studii, která se vztahuje k obecnějšímu fenoménu debaty o proměně významu občanství v důsledku migrace, a také k trendu jeho faktické redefinice ze strany zákonodárců v západoevropských státech. Konkrétně se pak jedná o disciplinovanou interpretativní studii, která stojí na pomezí mezi jedinečnou a instrumentální případovou studií. Vodítkem pro definování analytického přístupu bude teorie občanství Christiana Joppkeho třech dimenzí občanství. Které nové prameny a sekundární literatura byly zpracovány a jak tato skutečnost ovlivnila celek práce? - Pokrok byl učiněn především v oblasti teoretické, mnoho sekundární literatury ohledně teorie občanství pomohlo vyjasnit vhodné teoretické zakotvení práce: Brubaker, Rogers, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992). 270s. Howard, Marc Morjé, The Politics of Citizenship in Europe. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), s. 10-11. (celkem s. 258). Isin, Engin F., Turner, Bryan S., „Investigating Citizenship: An Agenda for Citizenship Studies,“ Citizenship Studies, Vol. 11, No.1, s. 1, (s. 5-17). Isin, Engin F., Turner, Bryan S., Handbook of Citizenship Studies, (London: Sage Publications Ltd, 2002), s. 1. (celkem 340 s.). Janoski, Thomas, Gran, Brian, „Political Citizenship: Foundation of Rights,“ in Handbook of Citizenship studies, Isin, Engin F., Turner, Bryan S, (eds.), (London: Sage Publications Ltd, 2002), s. 37 Joppke, Christian, „Transformation of Citizenship: Status, Rights, Identity,“ Citizenship Studies, 11, No. 1, (2007): 37-48. Kymlicka, Will, Banting, Keith, “Immigration, multiculturalism, and the welfare state,” Ethics and International Affairs, Vol. 20, Issue 3, 2006, s. 291, celkem 281– 304. Kymlicka, Will, Multicultural Citizenship: a liberal theory of minority rights (Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1995). Celkem 280 s. Kymlicka, Will, Norman, Wayne, „Return of the Citizen: A Survey of Recent Work on Citizenship Theory“, Ethics, Vol. 104, No. 2 (Jan., 1994), 352, (pp. 352-381). Lister, Ruth, „Sexual Citizenship“, Curtin, Deane, „Ecological Citizenship“, Linklater,
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