Mechthild Roth / Ralph Nobis / Valentin Stetsiuk / Ivan Kruhlov (Eds)
Transformation processes in the Western Ukraine Concepts for a sustainable land use Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de.
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Photos: S., Fig. : Helmut Brückner; S., Fig. : Lydia Tasenkevych; S., Fig. : Valentin Stetsyuk; S., Fig. : Olena Krushynska; S., Fig.: Olena Krushynska; all others: Dick J. C. Klees, www.studiowolverine.com
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Editors: Prof. Dr.Mechthild Roth, Dipl.-Landschaftsökologe Ralph Nobis, Dresden University of Technology, Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, Dr.Ivan Kruhlov, Ivan-Franko National University Lviv (Ukraine), Chair of Physical Geography; Valentin Stetsyuk, Tovarystvo Lewa, Lviv, (Ukraine)
This book is based on the results of a project with the project number , founded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research and run under the patronage of UNESCO. The authors are responsible for the content of this publication.
Contents
List of Authors ...... 7
Preface ...... 13
Introduction
The “Dnister Project” – Targets and Characteristics of the Investigation Area ...... 17 M.Roth, J.Tsaryk, I.Kruhlov and R.Nobis
Transformation Processes in Eastern Europe
Transformation Processes in Middle Eastern and Eastern European Countries. Experiences, Comparisons and their Effects on Rural Areas ...... 25 R.Nobis
Special Problems of Transformation in the Ukraine ...... 31 Y.Stadnytskyi and R.Nobis
Political Development and Current Problems in Ukraine...... 43 J.Durkot
Alterations in European Landscapes
Forest Landscapes in Europe...... 51 N.Weber
Agricultural Dominated Landscapes ...... 61 U.Riecken and G.Kaule
Changes in European River Landscapes ...... 67 R.Nobis
The Upper Dnister Basin: Development and Present State of Landscape and Land Use Systems
Geologic and Geomorphologic Overview of the Upper Dnister Basin ...... 75 M.Huhmann and H.Brückner
Natural Geoecosystems of the Upper Dnister Basin ...... 81 I.Kruhlov, B.Mukha and B.Senchyna
Topoclimate of the Upper Dnister Basin: Consequences for Crop Cultivation ...... 99 B.Mukha
Late Pleistocene and Holocene Landscape Evolution of the Upper Dnister Valley ...... 105 M.Huhmann and H.Brückner
The Hydrologic Regime of the Upper Dnister Basin ...... 113 I.Kovalchuk and A.Mykhnovych
Current Problems of Water Management in the Upper Dnister Basin ...... 125 I.Kovalchuk, A.Mykhnovych, J.Quast, J.Steidl and V.Ehlert
Utilisation and Over-exploitation of Fish Resources in Selected Areas of the Upper Dnister Basin ...... 137 V.Lesnik and E.Korte
Land Use History ...... 145 V.Stetsyuk
Current Land Use Structure of the Upper Dnister Basin and Recent Changes in the Model Communities ...... 155 R.Ressl, W.Endlicher, S.Lehmann, B.Baruth, B.Bosch and G.Rosenthal
Effects of Transformation Processes in Crop Cultivation ...... 171 P.Kazmir, M.Drozdyak†, M.Kit and L.Kazmir
Recommendations for the Development of Animal Husbandry and Pasture Management in the Model Community Verkhniy Luzhok: Economical and Socioeconomical Aspects ...... 181 O.Bitter, M.Bomba, Y.Tsaryk, L.Buhryn and B.Bulka
Soil Erosion: Possibilities for Soil Protection...... 191 M.Huhmann, M.Kit, H.Brückner, S.Poznyak and I.Shpakivska
Chemical Pollution and Environmental Standards ...... 207 W. Kuhr t
The State of Forests from a Vegetational and Silvicultural Point of View and their Evaluation with Regard to Nature Conservation ...... 223 P.A.Schmidt, P.T.Yashchenko, T.Glaser, M.V.Cherniavskyi and Y.V.Henyk
Species and Functional Diversity of Soil-dwelling Invertebrates in Forest Ecosystems of the Upper Dnister Basin – Evaluation of Anthropogenic Effects...... 235 M.Roth, M.Kozlowsky, V.Rizun, N.Bräsicke
Assessment of the Current Status of Forests in the Upper Dnister Basin as a Base for the Development of Concepts for a Multifunctional Forestry ...... 251 A.W.Bitter and B.Koffinke
Evaluation of the Nature Conservation Values of Habitat Types in the Cultural Landscape of the Upper Dnister Basin – Grasslands ...... 263 G.Rosenthal and L.Tasenkevych
Transformation processes in the Western Ukraine – Concepts for a sustainable land use
Evaluation of the Nature Conservation Values of Habitat Types in the Cultural Landscape of the Upper Dnister Basin – Ecotones ...... 277 R.Nobis, U.Riecken, A.Donning and M.Roth
Grazing Effects on the Nature Conservation Value of Pastures in the Carpathians ...... 291 J.Tsaryk, V.Kyyak, I.Horban, I.Tsaryk and O.Reshetylo
The Effects of Anthropogenic Changes on Breeding Birds and Amphibians in the Upper Dnister Basin ... 297 I.Horban, A.Bokotey, L.Horban and M.Roth
Protected Areas and an Action Plan for Nature Conservation in the Upper Dnister Basin...... 309 S.Stojko
Ukrainian Tribes in the Ukrainian Carpathians and their Traditions ...... 321 V.Stetsiuk
Social and Demographical Aspects in Rural Areas of Carpathians and Precarpathians ...... 329 B.Bosch, V.Kravtsiv and W.Endlicher
The Natural Potential and Problems of Sustainable Development of the Carpathian Region ...... 341 I.Kolodiychuk
Sectoral Concepts for Sustainable Land Use Systems and Integrative Planning
Goals of Landscape Development and Nature Conservation ...... 345 G.Rosenthal, I.Yatsiv, I.Horban, V.Kravtsiv, M.Roth and R.Nobis
Perspectives of a Sustainable Forestry from Ecological and Economical Points of View ...... 355 A.W.Bitter, P.A.Schmidt, A.M.Deineka, T.Glaser, B.Koffinke, P.T.Yashchenko, M.V.Cherniavskyi and Y.V.Henyk
Scaled Agro-ecological Classification of the Ukraine AEC-UA...... 371 M.Kit, B.Holz and I.Shpakivska
The Sustainability of Agricultural Land Use...... 389
Opening up Additional Branches of Agriculture: Recommodations for the Model Communities ...... 409 I.Yatsiv
Economic Use of Ecotones with High Nature Conservation Value...... 419 R.Nobis, U.Riecken, I.Yatsiv and I.Horban
Concepts of the Sustainable Water Use and Flood Protection in the Upper Dnister Floodplain ...... 431 I.Kovalchuk, J.Quast, A.Mykhnovych, J.Steidl, V.Ehlert and Y.Andreychuk
From Sector Evaluation to Integrated Land Use Planning ...... 441 G.Kaule and B.Holz
The Potential of Tourism in Western Ukraine ...... 473 W. Kuhr t
Contents
General Framework and Technical Tools for the Implementation of Sustainability Concepts in the Western Ukraine
Legislative and Administrative Structures in Ukraine in the Context of the Implementation of Concepts for Sustainable Land Use ...... 491 V. Krav tsiv
The Future Development of Agriculture in the Western Ukraine: Ukraine Joining the WTO and European Integration ...... 499 I.Yatsiv
The Adaptation of Ukrainian Legislation to the Law of the European Union with Regard to Environmental Protection...... 509 W. Kuhr t
Regional-political Structures and Administrative Organisation in Ukraine ...... 523 V.Kravtsiv and M.Dolishniy
The DnisterGIS : Design, Applications and Proposal in Regard to its Further Implementation and Development...... 529 E.Tcherkezova
References ...... 541
Subject index ...... 579
Contents of the CD ...... 599
Transformation processes in the Western Ukraine – Concepts for a sustainable land use
List of Authors
Dr.Y.Andreychuk Dr.Barbara Bosch Ivan-Franko National University Lviv Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Chair of Constructive Geography Institute of Geography and Cartography Unter den Linden 6 vul. Doroshenka 41 10099 Berlin 79000 Lviv Germany Ukraine [email protected]
Prof. Dr. A. W. Bitter Dipl.-Forstwirt. Nadine Bräsicke Technische Universität Dresden Technische Universität Dresden Institute of Forest Management and Planning Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology Piennerstraße 23 Piennerstraße 7 01735 Tharandt 01737 Tharandt Germany Germany [email protected] [email protected]
Dr.Oleksandr Bitter Dr. Liubomyr Buhryn National University of Agriculture Lviv Institute of Agriculture and Livestock Farming Chair of Statistic and Analysis of Western Ukraine Dubliany Ukrainian National Academy of Science Zhovkva district Obroshyno 80381 Lviv region Pustomyty district Ukraine 81115 Lviv region Ukraine Dr.Andriy Bokotey [email protected] Natural History Museum Ukrainian National Academy of Science Dr.Bohdan Bulka vul. Teatralna 18 Institute of Agriculture and Livestock Farming 79008 Lviv of Western Ukraine Ukraine Ukrainian National Academy of Science [email protected] Obroshyno Pustomyty district Prof.Dr.Myroslav Bomba 81115 Lviv region National University of Agriculture Lviv Ukraine Chair of Agriculture [email protected] Dubliany Zhovkva district 80381 Lviv region Ukraine
Prof. Dr. Helmut Brückner Juri Durkot Philipps-Universität Marburg vul. Laserenka 27/39 Institute of Geography 79026 Lviv Deutschhausstraße 10 Ukraine 35032 Marburg [email protected] Germany h.brueckner@staff Dipl.-Ing. Volker Ehlert Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Dr.Mykola V.Cherniavskyi Research (ZALF) e.V. National University of Forestry and Wood Institute of Landscape Hydrology Technology Lviv Eberswalder Straße 84 Chair of Ecology 15374 Müncheberg vul. Kobylianskoi 1 Germany 79005 Lviv [email protected] Ukraine [email protected] Prof. Dr. Wilfried Endlicher Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Dr.Anatoli M.Deineka Institute of Geography State Forestry Union LvivLis Unter den Linden 6 vul. Javornitskogo 8b 10099 Berlin 79054 Lviv Germany Ukraine [email protected]
Prof.Dr.Maryan Dolishniy Dipl.-Forstwirt Thomas Glaser Institute of Regional Development and Policy Technische Universität Dresden Ukrainian National Academy of Science Institute of Land Improvement and Nature vul. Kozelnytska 4 Conservation 79026 Lviv Piennerstraße 7 Ukraine 01737 Tharandt [email protected] Germany [email protected] Axel Donning EFTAS remote sensing technology transfer Dr.Yaroslav Henyk Ostmarkstraße 92 National University of Forestry and Wood 48145 Münster Technology Lviv Germany Chair of Landscape Architecture, Horticulture [email protected] and Urban Ecology vul. Kobylianskoi 1 Dr.Myron Drozdyak† 79005 Lviv Ivan-Franko National University Lviv Ukraine Chair of Regional Planning Dubliany Brigitte Holz Zhovkva district Office for Landscape Planning and Ecology 80381 Lviv region Wollgrasweg 49 Ukraine 70599 Stuttgart Germany [email protected]
Transformation processes in the Western Ukraine – Concepts for a sustainable land use
Dr.Ihor Horban Prof.Dr.Pavlo Kazmir Ivan-Franko National University Lviv National University of Agriculture Lviv Chair of Zoology Chair of Land Use Projecting vul. Hrushevskoho 4 Dubliany 79005 Lviv Zhovkva district Ukraine 80381 Lviv region [email protected] Ukraine [email protected] Liubov Horban Nature Reserve „Roztochia“ Dipl.Ing.Liubomyr Kazmir Ivano-Frankove Institute of Regional Development and Policy Yavoriv district Ukrainian National Academy of Science 80004 Oblast Lviv region vul. Kozelnytska 4 Ukraine 79026 Lviv [email protected] Ukraine box@ukr.net Dr.Mirko Huhmann Philipps-Universität Marburg Prof.Dr.Myron Kit Institute of Geography Ivan-Franko National University Lviv Deutschhausstraße 10 Chair of Soil Science and Soil Geography 35032 Marburg vul. Doroshenka 41 Germany 79000 Lviv [email protected] Ukraine [email protected] Prof.Dr.Giselher Kaule University Stuttgart Dipl.-Forstwirt Björn Koffinke Institute of Landscape Planning and Ecology Technische Universität Dresden Keplerstraße 11 Institute of Forest Management and Planning 70174 Stuttgart Piennerstraße 23 Germany 01735 Tharandt [email protected] Germany björnkoffi[email protected] Dr.IhorKaprus Natural History Museum Dr. Iryna Kolodiychuk Ukrainian National Academy of Science Institute of Regional Development and Policy vul. Teatralna 18 Ukrainian National Academy of Science 79008 Lviv vul. Kozelnytska 4 Ukraine 79026 Lviv [email protected] Ukraine
Dr.Egbert Korte Office for Ecological Studies on Fish Plattenhof 64560 Riedstadt-Erfelden Germany [email protected]
List of Authors
Prof.Dr.habil.Ivan Kovalchuk Dipl.-Geogr. Steffi Lehmann Ivan-Franko National University Lviv DLR German Remote Data Center (DFD) Chair of Constructive Geography and Kalkhorstweg 53 Cartography 17235 Neustrelitz vul. Doroshenka 41 Germany 79000 Lviv steffi[email protected] Ukraine [email protected] Dipl.-Biol. Volodymyr Lesnik Ivan-Franko National University Lviv Dr.Mykola Kozlowsky Chair of Zoology Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians vul. Hrushevskoho 4 Ukrainian National Academy of Science 79005 Lviv vul. Kozelnytska 4 Ukraine 79026 Lviv Ukraine Dr. Volodymyr Melamud [email protected] Natural History Museum [email protected] Ukrainian National Academy of Science vul. Teatralna 18 Dr.Vasyl Kravtsiv 79008 Lviv Institute of Regional Development and Policy Ukraine Ukrainian National Academy of Science vul. Kozelnytska 4 Dr.Bohdan Mukha 79026 Lviv Ivan-Franko National University Lviv Ukraine Chair of Physical Geography [email protected] vul. Doroshenka 41 79000 Lviv Dr.Ivan Kruhlov Ukraine Ivan-Franko National University Lviv [email protected] Chair of Physical Geography vul. Doroshenka 41 Dr. Andriy Mykhnovych 79000 Lviv Ivan-Franko National University Lviv Ukraine Chair of Constructive Geography and [email protected] Cartography vul. Doroshenka 41 Winfried Kuhrt 79000 Lviv Herbergerweg 4 Ukraine 14167 Berlin [email protected] Germany [email protected] Dipl.-Landschaftsökol. Ralph Nobis Technische Universität Dresden Dr. Volodymyr Kyyak Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians Piennerstraße 7 Ukrainian National Academy of Science 01737 Tharandt vul. Kozelnytska 4 Germany 79026 Lviv [email protected] Ukraine [email protected]
Transformation processes in the Western Ukraine – Concepts for a sustainable land use
Prof.Dr.Stepan Poznyak PD Dr.habil.Gert Rosenthal Ivan-Franko National University Lviv University Stuttgart Chair of Soil Science and Soil Geography Institute of Landscape Planning and Ecology vul. Doroshenka 41 70174 Stuttgart 79000 Lviv Germany Ukraine [email protected] [email protected] Prof. Dr. Mechthild Roth Prof.Dr.Joachim Quast Technische Universität Dresden Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology Research (ZALF) e.V. Piennerstraße 7 Institute of Landscape Hydrology 01737 Tharandt Eberswalder Straße 84 Germany 15374 Müncheberg [email protected] Germany [email protected] Prof.Dr.Dr.h.c.P.A.Schmidt Technische Universität Dresden Dr.Ostap Reshetylo Institute of Land Improvement and Nature Natural History Museum Conservation Ukrainian National Academy of Science Piennerstraße 7 vul. Teatralna 18 01737 Tharandt 79008 Lviv Germany Ukraine [email protected] [email protected] Dr.Bogdana Senchyna Rainer Ressl Ivan-Franko National University Lviv DLR German Remote Data Center (DFD) Chair of Rational Use and Nature Conservation Kalkhorstweg 53 vul. Doroshenka 41 17235 Neustrelitz 79000 Lviv Germany Ukraine [email protected] Dr.Iryna Shpakivska Dr.Uwe Riecken Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians German Federal Agency for Nature Ukrainian National Academy of Science Conservation (BfN) vul. Kozelnytska 4 Konstantinstraße 110 79026 Lviv 53179 Bonn Ukraine Germany [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Dr.Volodymyr Rizun Prof.Dr.Yuriy Stadnytskyi Natural History Museum Institute of Regional Development and Policy Ukrainian National Academy of Science Ukrainian National Academy of Science vul. Teatralna 18 vul. Kozelnytska 4 79008 Lviv 79026 Lviv Ukraine Ukraine [email protected]
List of Authors
Dr.Joachim Steidl Dr.Inna Tsaryk Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians Research (ZALF) e.V. Ukrainian National Academy of Science Institute of Landscape Hydrology vul. Kozelnytska 4 Eberswalder Straße 84 79026 Lviv 15374 Müncheberg Ukraine Germany [email protected] [email protected] Prof.Dr.Norbert Weber Dipl.-Ing. Valentin Stetsyuk Technische Universität Dresden Tovarystvo Lewa Institute of Forest Management and Planning vul. Drogobycha 6/10 Piennerstraße 23 79000 Lviv 01737 Tharandt Ukraine Germany [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Dr.Pavlo Yashchenko Prof.Dr.Dr.h.c. Stepan Stojko Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians Ukrainian National Academy of Science Ukrainian National Academy of Science vul. Kozelnytska 4 vul. Kozelnytska 4 79026 Lviv 79026 Lviv Ukraine Ukraine [email protected] [email protected] Dr.Ihor Yatsiv Dr.Lidia Tasenkevych National University of Agriculture Lviv Natural History Museum Chair of Statistic and Analysis Ukrainian National Academy of Science Dubliany vul. Teatralna 18 Zhovkva district 79008 Lviv 80381 Lviv region Ukraine Ukraine [email protected] Dipl.-Biol. Vasyl Yavornytskyi Dr.Emilia Tcherkezova Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians University Stuttgart Ukrainian National Academy of Science Institute of Landscape Planning and Ecology vul. Kozelnytska 4 Keplerstraße 11 79026 Lviv 70174 Stuttgart Ukraine Germany eti@web.de
Prof.Dr.Yosyf Tsaryk Ivan-Franko National University Lviv Chair of Zoology vul. Hrushevskoho 4 79005 Lviv Ukraine
Transformation processes in the Western Ukraine – Concepts for a sustainable land use
Preface
The cooperation of German and Ukrainian nature the honourable merit of Harald Plachter to give scientists has a long tradition and a changeful his- the idea of a German-Ukrainian research-project tory. During the Soviet regime contacts of Ukrain- first scientific contents and above all to open up ian scientists with research institutes of e.g. West- the necessary financial resources for the realisa- ern Europe had been restricted and were strongly tion of a nature conservation research project in controlled. With the political changes, initiated the Western Ukraine. Thus, in 1995 a pilot study, by Gorbatchovs “Perestrojka” also the scientific financed by the “Stifterverband für die deutsche communication started to increase. On the envi- Wissenschaft” and supported by the “Ukrainian ronmental sector especially the nuclear catastro- Ministry of Nature Conservation” started. Due phe of Chernobyl promoted the need for an ex- to the successful results of the pilot project, Har- change of knowledge. As a consequence of radi- ald Plachter succeeded to spark the interest of the oactive environmental contaminations the Soviet German Ministry of Education and Research in government agreed also to the foundation of non- the German-Ukrainian scientific cooperation. governmental organisations. Starting with April 1997 the German Ministry One of the first, that was founded in Ukraine of Education and Research funded the binational in 1987 was Tovarystvo Lewa. Due to severe pol- interdisciplinary research-network with three lutions of the Dnister in Western Ukraine caused phases (Tab. 1). Thus, the editors and all other co- by emissions of a chemical plant some years ago, workers are indebted to the BMBF. Without the Tovarystvo Lewa focused their activities also on financial support, it would not have been possi- the protection of this river ecosystem. To receive ble to realise the project. Special tribute has to be international public awareness this NGO organ- payed to Beate Schütze, Dr.Ingo Fitting, Katha- ised since 1988 nature conservation expeditions rina Sempf and Dr. Joachim Kutscher from the on the river Dnister. One guidance of this expedi- Project Management Organisation Jülich in the tions carried out by float was Valentin Stetsyuk. Jülich Research Centre for their efforts in realising In 1993, Stephan Niemeier, a German activ- the research project. The research project was run ist of environmental movements and a student of under the patronage of the UNESCO. We have to nature conservation at Philipps-Universität Mar- express our gratitude to Mr. Vefa Moustafaev and burg participated in this expedition and met with Mr. Mustafa El Tayeb. Valentin Stetsyuk. This meeting was the starting Additional support was given by the German point for a long lasting personal friendship and Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), which is gave rise to the idea of a German-Ukrainian re- greatfully acknowledged. search-project on the ecology of the river Dnister. The results of the first two project phases, that Returning back to Marburg with enthusiastic feel- were run under the coordination of Philipps-Uni- ings for the unique landscape of the Dnister val- versität Marburg, documented the unique value of ley it was easy for Stephan Niemeier to convince the cultural landscape of the Dnister valley, which his supervisor, Prof. Dr. Harald Plachter, who is is caused by manifold landscape attributes and a always fascinated by the idea to make impossible high level of biodiversity. On the other hand the things possible, of the realisation of a binational transformation processes starting in the 90s have nature conservation project. Without doubt, it is lead to severe alterations of economical condi-
Tab. : Phases and targets of the German-Ukrainian BMBF-UNESCO research project “Transformation processes in the Dnister Area (Western Ukraine) – Concepts for sustainable land use
Phase Duration Project title
Ecological analysis and evaluation of the nature conservation value of the 1st phase April 1997 – August 1998 Upper Dnister Basin as a model for the development of a river landscape
Transformation processes in the Dnister area (Western Ukraine) – 2nd phase June 1999 – December 2000 FKZ: 00339699B/6
Transformation processes in the Dnister area (Western Ukraine) – Transfer and 3rd phase October 2001 – December 2005 implementation of the results into land use planning – FKZ: 0339699D
tions and put high pressure on the ecological sta- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin: tus of the landscape. Thus, it was a big challenge ▷ Institute of Geography: Dr. Barbara Bosch, for a collective of Ukrainian and German scien- Prof. Dr. Wilfried Endlicher tists to develop in the third project phase, that was coordintated by Technische Universität Dres- Ivan-Franko National University Lviv: den, sustainability concepts for selected model re- ▷ Chair of Physical Geography: Dr. Ivan Kruhlov, gions of the rural landscapes of the Dnister catch- Dr. Bohdan Mukha ment. Besides Dr.Winfried Kuhrt, Berlin (former ▷ Chair of Soil Sciences and Soil Geography: Senior Legal Secretary, Ministry of the Environ- Prof. Dr. Myron Kit, Prof. Dr. Stepan Pozniak ment, Lower Saxony), numerous Ukrainian and ▷ Chair of Zoology: Dr. Ihor Horban, German scientists from the following institutions Volodymyr Lesnik, Prof. Dr. Yosyf Tsaryk, contributed to the results of the third project ▷ Chair of Constructive Geography and Carto- phase, that are published in this book: graphy: Prof. Dr. Ivan Kovalchuk, Dr. Andriy Mykhnovych, Y.Andreychuk Technische Universität Dresden: ▷ Chair of Rational Use and Nature Conservation: ▷ Institute of Forest Management and Planning: Dr. Bogdana Senchyna Prof.Dr.Andreas Walter Bitter, Prof.Dr.Nor- bert Weber, Björn Koffinke, Jenny Postler Leibniz Centre for Agrarian Landscape ▷ Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology: Research (ZALF), Müncheberg: Nadine Bräsicke, Michael Elmer, Gisela Förster, ▷ Institute of Landscape Hydrology: Ralph Nobis, Prof. Dr. Mechthild Roth Prof. Dr. Joachim Quast, Dr. Jörg Steidl, ▷ Institute of Land Improvement and Nature Con- Dr. Volker Ehlert servation: Thomas Glaser, Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Peter Adam Schmidt Lviv City Administration: ▷ Maxim Morus, Dr. Stepan Yamelynets, German Aerospace Center (DLR): Dr. Taras Yamelynets ▷ German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), Neustrelitz: Erik Borg, Steffi Lehmann, Rainer State Forestry Union LvivLis: Ressl ▷ Dr. Anatoli M. Deineka
German Federal Agency for Nature National University of Agriculture Lviv: Conservation: ▷ Chair of Agriculture: Prof. Dr. Myroslav Bomba ▷Dr.Uwe Riecken ▷ Chair of Land Use Projecting: Prof. Dr. Pavlo Kazmir
Transformation processes in the Western Ukraine – Concepts for a sustainable land use
▷ Chair of Regional Planning: University Stuttgart: Dr. Myron Drozdiak† ▷ Institute of Landscape Planning and Ecol- ▷ Chair of Statistic and Analysis: ogy: Prof. Dr. Giselher Kaule, Dr. habil. Gert Dr. Oleksandr Bitter, Dr. Ihor Yatsiv Rosenthal, Dr. Hans-Georg Schwarz-v.Raumer, Dr. Emilia Tcherkezova National University of Forestry and Wood Technology Lviv: The implementation of the results in land use ▷ Chair of Ecology: Dr. Mykola V.Cherniavskyi planning was supported by a variety of Ukrainian ▷ Chair of Landscape Architecture, Horticulture authorities. Specical tribute has to be paid to: and Urban Ecology: Dr. Yaroslav V.Henyk ▷ National Ministry of Education and Science; ▷ National Academy of Sciences; Office for Ecological Studies on Fish, ▷ Oblast Lviv State Administration; Riedstadt-Erfelden: ▷ Oblast Lviv Authority of Economy; ▷ Dr.Egbert Korte ▷ Oblast Lviv Authority of Ecology and Nature Ressources; Office for Landscape Planning and Ecology, ▷ Oblast Lviv Authority of Soil Resources; Stuttgart: ▷ Oblast Lviv Authority of Hydrology; ▷ Brigitte Holz ▷ Lvivlis – State Department of Forestry.
Philipps-Universität Marburg: A lot of other persons contributed to the suc- ▷ Institute of Geography: cessful publication of this book. Thus, we have Prof. Dr. Helmut Brückner, Dr. Mirko Huhmann to thank Wieland Schmidt (TU Dresden) for his translations of several chapters of the book in Tovarystvo Lewa: English language and Dennis O’Connell (Execu- Dipl.-Ing. Valentin Stetsyuk tive Language Services, Stuttgart) for proof read- ing the English manuscripts. A lot of layout-work Ukrainian National Academy of Science: was done by Gisela Förster, Carolin Werthschütz ▷ Institute of Agriculture and Livestock Farming: and Richard Georgi. Moreover we have to pay Dr. Liubomyr Bugryn, Dr. Bohdan Bulka tribute to Natalia Weselowska and Olessia Stepan- ▷ Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians: yshyn who did an excellent work in the project Dr. Mykola Kozlowsky, Dr. Volodymyr Kyiak, office in Lviv and as interpreters of all German- Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Stepan Stojko, Dr. Inna Tsaryk, Ukrainian communications. Dr. Irina Shpakivska, Dr. Pavlo T. Yashchenko, The same applies to the GIS-working group Vasyl Yavornytskyi in Lviv (Dr. Stepan Yamelynets, Dr. Taras Yame- ▷ Institute of Regional Development and Policy: lynets, Maxim Morus). Prof. Dr. Maryan Dolischniy, Finally I would like to dedicate this book to Dr. Liubomyr Kazmir, Dr. Irina Kolodiychuk, the late Dr.Myron Drozdiak and Dr.Hans-Erich Dr. Vasyl Kravtsiv, Prof. Dr. Yuriy Stadnytskyi, Gramatzki. With his profound knowledge on crop ▷ Natural History Museum: cultivation Dr. Drozdiak gave essential ideas for Dr. Andriy Bokotey, Dr. Ihor Kaprus, the development of sustainability concepts in ag- Dr. Volodymyr Melamud, Dr. Ostap Reshetylo, riculture. Dr.Hans-Erich Gramatzki made helpful Dr. Volodymyr Rizun, Dr. Lidia Tasenkevych suggestions for structuring the socio-economic part of the project.
On behalf of the editors M. Roth
Preface
The “Dnister Project” – Targets and Characteristics of the Investigation Area M.Roth, J.Tsaryk, I.Kruhlov and R.Nobis
As a result of the Earth Summit (UNCED: United accordance with the needs of sustainability are Nations Conference on Environment and Devel- mostly defined. Partly due to the long lasting and opment) held in June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, 170 complex processes of restructuring economy and countries have signed the Agenda 21, a wide rang- administration transformation countries are still ing action plan to improve the conditions of the standing at the beginning of the process which re- environment and to ensure the sustainable devel- sults in the implementation of principles of sus- opment based on the rational use of natural re- tainability in the further development of the so- sources. A basic approach of the Agenda 21 for a ciety. development that meets the needs of the present This applies for Ukraine too, despite the fact without compromising the ability of future gen- that on the national level several laws and ordi- erations to meet their own needs is the integra- nances of the ministerial cabinet and the presi- tion of environmental aspects in all other fields of dent concerning the sustainable development politics. Thus, asustainable development has to have been passed. Their successful implementa- be based on the harmonisation of ecological, eco- tion on subordinate geographic levels depends to nomical and social factors of development. a large part on the regional and local peculiari- In economically well developed countries the ties of the transformation processes that occur in guidelines for the future development which is in society, economy and policy as well as on the ac-
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Introduction Fig. : Working steps of the project ceptance by local, regional and national decision tainable development of rural cultural landscapes makers and state-run financial support. Moreo- in the western part of the transformation coun- ver, one of the most important factors that cause try Ukraine. The focus of the research project was the slow pace of the implementation process is the laid on the effects of the transformation processes lack of scientifically based concepts for the sus- on the sectors agricultural land use, forestry and tainable use of natural resources which simulta- flood regime including their economic aspects. neously ensure the economic wealth of the popu- Starting with the aggregation of the ecological, so- lation. Of special importance in this context are cio-economic and agricultural data regionally dif- the rural cultural landscapes of Ukraine that are ferentiated goals for a sustainable land use were characterised by agricultural use and forestry and developed and harmonised with the scenarios for on the other hand a high nature conservation the future development of Ukraine in an iterative value and that will probably undergo severe alter- process (Fig. 1). The investigations were carried ations due to an increasing influence of a global out in close cooperation with Ukrainian decision market economy. makers on the local, regional and national level Based on a broad spectrum of scientifically as- and with corporate organisations of agriculture sessed data on natural site conditions (e.g. geol- and forestry to ensure the practical realisation of ogy, hydrology, and climate), botanical and fauna the concepts of sustainability. For the evaluation biodiversity, land use systems, and socio-demog- and visualisation of the results a GIS based data raphy, the German-Ukrainian research-network base adapted to the investigation area was gen- aimed at the development of concepts for the sus- erated.
The investigation area
To develop recommendations for land use sys- (11,017 km2), Ivano-Frankivsk (8,349 km2), and tems that correspond with ecological and nature Ternopil (1,896km2) (Fig. 2). conservation targets and to evaluate their socio- economic effects the Upper Dnister Basin was se- Bug lected as model area. With its fluvial topography it is representative for large parts of the Western BELARUS Brest Prypiat’ Ukraine and moreover for other mountainous ar- Pinsk eas of Central Eastern Europe. The Upper Dnister Basin is rather condition- POLAND San Luts’k ally defined by the confluence of the main river Wisla Rivne (the Dnister) with its small northern tributary, Pryemzshl’ the Koropets. The catchment of the upper Dnis- L’viv UKRAINE Ternopil’ Dnister ter comprises an area of 21,493km2. It constitutes Study area Khmel’nyts’kyi about 30% of the whole Dnister Basin (Kaganer SLOVAKIA 1969) and 3.5 % of the territory of Ukraine. The Ivano- Uzhhorod Frankivs’k Upper Dnister Basin is almost completely located HUNGARY in Ukraine, except for the small most westward Tysa Chernivtsi ROMANIA part of 231 km2 in the headwaters of the Stryvi- Prut hor river, which belongs to Poland. The Ukrain- ian area of the Upper Dnister Basin is assigned Fig. : Location of the investigation area in the Western to three administrative units: the Oblasts of Lviv Ukraine
Transformation processes in the Western Ukraine – Concepts for a sustainable land use
Within the Upper Dnister Basin three model ral areas of the western Ukraine were selected regions, representing the classification of natu- (Fig. 3).
MODEL COMMUNITY MC1 – Verkhniy Luzhok MC1 – Volosianka MC2 – Dublany MC2 – Kolodruby MC3 – Horyhlyady Kolodruby MC3 – Olesha Dublany MODEL AREA Horyhlyady MR 1a MR 2 Verkhniy Luzhok MR 1b MR 3 UPPER DNISTER BASIN Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast Lviv Oblast Ternopil Oblast Poland Rivers
UKRAINE
375187,5 0 375 Kilometres
Olesha Volosianka Transform processes in the Upper Dnister Basin (West-Ukraine)
5025 0 50 Kilometres
Fig. : Location of the model regions and model communities
Model region : Carpathians
The Carpathian model region 1 is divided in mo- is characterised by a relatively good road and rail- del region 1a (lower Carpathian highlands) and way connection. 1b (Carpathian highlands). From a natural-geographic point of view, the The model region 1a (MR 1a) is located in the community is located in the Dnister Beskids low Oblast Lviv. As model community representative mountain region on both sides of the Dnister for the lower parts of the Carpathians Verkhniy river valley. The terrain is characterised by signif- Luzhok was chosen. It consists of two settlements – icant elevation spans (368–780m a.s.l.), steep and the villages of Verkhniy Luzhok and Busovysko. very steep slopes dissected by gullies, and mod- The community has about 2,210 inhabitants, occu- erately cool climate, which caused the formation pies an area of 2,278 ha and belongs to the Rayon of brown mountain soils under fir-beech natu- Staryi Sambir within the Oblast of Lviv. It is lo- ral forests. Alluvial soils and gravel under wil- cated at a distance of about 100 km from Lviv and low and alder natural communities occupy the about 10km from Staryi Sambir. The community terraced river valley bottom (for more detail see
The “Dnister Project”– Targets and Characteristics of the Investigation Area
Water Forest clearence Vegetable gardens Agriculture – grassland Bare soil Shrubs Gardens Agriculture – other Forest Grassland (other) Cemeteries Low forest Plough land (other) Residential areas
Fig. : Map and land coverage of the model community Verkhniy Luzhok
Fig. : Map and land coverage of the model community Volosianka (for legend see Fig. )
Natural Geoecosystems of the Upper Dnister Ba- and forested sections (Fig. 4; Current Land Use sin). The natural landcover has been significantly Structure of the Upper Dnister Basin and Recent changed during the centuries of economic ac- Changes in the Model Communities). tivities of the local population. Now the area ap- The model region 1b (MR 1b) includes the mo- pears to be a semi-open landscape with patches of del community of Volosianka (2,378 inhabitants) grassland and arable land in-between the settled which covers an area of 6,825ha and includes the
Transformation processes in the Western Ukraine – Concepts for a sustainable land use larger village of Volosianka as well as the smaller within the community territory, steep slopes dis- villages of Yalynkuvate and Hashchovanya. The sected by gullies, and cool climate which caused community belongs to the Rayon Skole of Lviv the formation of brown mountain soils under Oblast and is located at the very periphery of the spruce-beech natural forests (for more detail see administrative units – at the border with Tran- Natural Geoecosystems of the Upper Dnister Ba- scarpathians and Ivano-Frankivsk Oblasts. The sin). The settlements are located in relatively nar- location is a kind of cul-de-sac formed by moun- row valleys, and the natural landcover has been tain ridges with only one bad mud road of about significantly changed during the centuries of the 7km leading to Slavske – a well-known national economic activities of the local population. On mountain ski resort and the nearest railway sta- the present day semi-open landscape has patches tion. The distance is about 150 km to get from of grassland and clear-cuts in the matrix of sec- Slavske to Lviv and about 25km to Skole. ondary forests with the domination of spruce The community of Volosianka is located in the (Fig. 5; Current Land Use Structure of the Upper internal ecoregion of the Eastern Carpathians Dnister Basin and Recent Changes in the Model called Verchovyna. These are low and middle flysch Communities). mountains with the elevation span of 620–1,250 m
Model region : Precarpathians
The model region of 584 km2 is located in Lviv inhabitants and covers an area of 1,736 ha. The dis- Oblast and embraces the so-called Upper Dnis- tance to Mykolaiv is about 15 km, while to Lviv – ter Depression. Its western part belongs to Sambir about 55 km. The area is rather flat – the eleva- and Drohobych Rayons, while the eastern part is tion span is 250–270m a.s.l. The soils vary from shared by Horodok and Mykolaiv Rayons. There peat and alluvial silt in depressions to podzolised are about 40 villages in the region. Lviv is located loamy sand on more elevated parts. The natural to the north-east at a distance of about 40 km, vegetation was dominated by oak and alder for- whilst there are several towns to the south-west: ests. Today, forests occupy only a small portion of Sambir, Drohobych, and Stryi. the community land, giving way to grassland and The model region occupies the wide (up to arable land (Fig. 6). 8 km) Dnister valley filled with peat and allu- The community of Dubliany has an area of vial deposits as well as wavy uplands with gen- 2,560ha and a population of 2,300 inhabitants. It tle slopes and loess cover forming the southern is located at the southwestern limit of the model limit of the valley. The uplands are separated by region on the elevated Dnister-Bystrytsia Pidbu- relatively wide (1.5–3km) secondary river valleys. zhanska interfluve. The community belongs to The elevation span is 240–370m a.s.l. The natural Sambir Rayon. The distance to Sambir is about vegetation is represented by alder forests and wet 15km, while to Lviv – about 60km. The southern meadows in the valley bottoms, and by oak-horn- part of the community territory is situated in the beam forests on the uplands (for more detail see flat bottom of the Bystrytsia Pidbuzhanska valley Natural Geoecosystems of the Upper Dnister Ba- filled with alluvial silt and peat. The larger north- sin). Today, this is primarily an agricultural region ern part is on the interfluve and is composed of occupied by grassland and arable land. loess-like loam with podzolised sod soil. The ele- There are two model communities chosen in vation span is 270–315m a.s.l. The natural vegeta- the model region: The community of Kolodruby tion of the interfluve is oak-hornbeam forest, with is located at the eastern part of the wide Dnister oak and alder forests in the valley bottom. Now valley and belongs to Mykolaiv Rayon. It has 1,077 arable land and grassland replace them (Fig. 7).
The “Dnister Project”– Targets and Characteristics of the Investigation Area
Fig. : Map and land coverage of the model community Kolodruby (for legend see Fig. )
Fig. : Map and land coverage of the model community Dubliany (for legend see Fig. )
Model region : Podolian Plate
This area has 412 km2 and is located at the eastern- lia ecoregion. The Koropets and the Dnister are most part of the Upper Dnister Basin. It embraces deeply cut into a rolling watershed surface creat- parts of Pidhaytsi and Monastyryska Rayons of ing canyon-like valleys with steep slopes. The el- Ternopil Oblast. The towns of Monastyryska and evation span is 195–405 m a.s.l., and the canyon Pidhaytsi are located within the area. The distance walls can have relative altitudes of over 200m. to Ternopil from the middle of the area is about The watershed surfaces have gentle to moderate 70–80km. From the physical-geographic point of slopes; they are covered with loess-like loam and view, the area is located within the Koropets river occupied by chernozemic podzolised soils. Once basin at the eastern termination of the High Opil- they were covered with oak-hornbeam forests, but
Transformation processes in the Western Ukraine – Concepts for a sustainable land use
Fig. : Map and land coverage of the model community Horyhliady for legend see Fig.
Fig. : Map and land coverage of the model community Olesha (for legend see Fig. ) now they are used as arable land. The steep slopes covered with loess-like loam that serves as a par- of the valleys with calcareous rock outcrops are ent rock to chernozemic soils. Once the region covered with beech-hornbeam forests (for more was covered with oak forests, but now the forests detail see Natural Geoecosystems of the Upper are replaced by arable land (Fig. 8). Dnister Basin). The community ofOlesha (1,150ha; 641 inhabit- Two model communities which are character- ants) is situated at the eastern border of the model istic for the region were chosen. The community region. It also belongs to Monastyryska Rayon. of Horyhliady is located at the south in the can- The distance to the rayon centre is about 10km. yon-like Dnister valley at the confluence with the The village occupies the rolling watershed surface Koropets. It has an area of 847 ha, and a popu- formed by loess-like loam. The elevations are be- lation size of 1,253 inhabitants. The community tween 350–390m a.s.l. The oak-hornbeam forests belongs to Monastyryska Rayon. The distance to that once covered fertile chernozemic soil were Monastyryska is about 30km, while to Ternopil – cut long ago and replaced by arable land. Forested about 110km. The community occupies gently and patches are preserved only on the steep slopes of moderately sloping low and middle terraces with the valleys which are not suitable for ploughing the elevations of 190–260 m a.s.l. The terraces are (Fig. 9).
The “Dnister Project”– Targets and Characteristics of the Investigation Area