DOCSLIB.ORG

Why Asian Americans Are Becoming Mainstream

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Why Asian Americans Are Becoming Mainstream Why Asian Americans are Becoming Mainstream Victor Nee & Hilary Holbrow Abstract: In contrast to earlier waves of immigration, the post–1965 Asian immigration to the United States has not spawned an exclusionist backlash among native whites. Rather, the new Asian immigrants and their children are rapidly gaining access to the American mainstream. Whether in integrated resi- dential communities, in colleges and universities, or in mainstream workplaces, Asian Americans’ pres- ence is ever more the rule, not the exception. The success of so many Asian American immigrants suggests that race may not be as decisive a factor in shaping socioeconomic attainment as it was in the American past; civil rights reform has been incorporated in a more inclusive American mainstream. As a group in which those of legal status predominate, Asian Americans have enjoyed more open access to mainstream institutions, paving the way to their rapid assimilation. Until 1965, immigration from Asia served as the crucible for a politics of exclusion that involved both the legal framework and a social consensus backing a national-origin quota for immigration. In the mid-nineteenth century, the arrival of a siz- able Chinese population in communities across the western states provoked widespread nativist senti- ment and anti-Chinese hostility. Competition in labor markets spurred union-led protests and vio- lent demands for the government to restrict Chi- nese immigration. The subsequent passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 effectively ended VICTOR NEE is the Frank and immigration from China, while Chinese residing in Rosa Rhodes Professor of Sociology America were barred from naturalized citizenship. at Cornell University, where he is Japanese immigration to the West Coast, which also Director of the Center for the followed the exclusion of Chinese laborers, incited Study of Economy and Society. similar mobilization of nativist sentiment and leg- HILARY HOLBROW is a Ph.D. stu- islative politics, culminating in the Immigration dent in the Sociology Department Act of 1924. This legislation limited free immigra- at Cornell University. tion to the United States to those from Northern (*See endnotes for complete contributor and Western Europe, with restrictive quotas set for biographies.) Southern and Eastern Europeans. Immigration © 2013 by the American Academy of Arts & Sciences doi:10.1162/DAED_a_00219 65 Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/DAED_a_00219 by guest on 24 September 2021 Why from Asia was closed down, and the rule ico. The debate has focused on the new Asian of exclusion extended to a wide range of immigration from Latin America, the Americans are discriminatory legislation in the western region sending the largest flow of immi- Becoming states designed to drive Asians into ra - grants, many of them unauthorized.1 Mainstream cially segregated enclaves. High-volume Asian immigration to the It took the emergence of a new political United States has now been continuous consensus born in the civil rights move- for nearly a half-century, constituting the ment for the federal government to enact longest lasting legal immigration from the watershed legislation that guided Asia in American history. In an exponen- institutional change and extended equal tial increase over the 1970 census count of rights and opportunities to nonwhite 1.5 million, Asian Americans grew to Americans. This civil rights legislation exceed 17.2 million by 2010, making up af½rmed principles of open access to 5.6 percent of the U.S. population.2 This political and economic institutions for all rapid increase is primarily due to contin- Americans, regardless of race and gender. uous and now accelerating immigration, Concomitantly, Congress passed with bi - such that in 2010, foreign-born Asians partisan support the Immigration Act of outnumbered native-born Asian Ameri- 1965, an international counterpart to the cans by a ratio of two to one. Since 2008, far-reaching Civil Rights Act of 1964 and 40 percent of new immigrants are Asian, Voting Rights Act of 1965. The Immigra- up from 27 percent of new arrivals before tion Act repealed national-origin rules 2005.3 If present population trends con- and opened legal immigration to all tinue, the Asian American population countries. has been estimated to grow to around Once legal immigration was open to all 9.2 percent of the American population countries, documented entry was then by 2050.4 directly connected with access to inclusive Unlike previous waves of the nine- political and economic institutions. Im - teenth and early twentieth centuries, the migrants with appropriate visa documents new Asian immigration has not spawned could enter the United States as perma- reactive nativist social movements and nent residents and, through a sequential politics demanding the exclusion of transition culminating in approved appli- Asians. Rather, Asian immigrants and the cation for naturalized citizenship, could second generation are assimilating into the gain access to mainstream American in - American mainstream more rapidly than stitutions. earlier immigrants to the United States.5 In combination, these sweeping legal Whether in integrated residential com- changes have reshaped American society. munities, in colleges and universities, or Though not anticipated by political elites in mainstream workplaces, Asian Ameri- in the 1960s, the new immigration law cans’ presence is ever more the rule than opened the way for mass immigration the exception. What accounts for their from Asia, and as a very unintended con- success? sequence, from Latin America as well. And in light of the rapidly changing de - It is commonplace to portray Asian mographic composition of the American Americans as a model minority. Socio- population, immigration is once again logical accounts of Japanese American inspiring national debate. There is again assimilation, for example, emphasize that a rising tide of nativist backlash, especially through acculturation, the nisei second in the states that share borders with Mex- generation adopted the cultural attri - 66 Dædalus, the Journal ofthe American Academy of Arts & Sciences Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/DAED_a_00219 by guest on 24 September 2021 butes of the Anglo Protestant majority model minority account–it’s much harder Victor Nee group, which then led to their assimila- to cross the ocean than to walk across a & Hilary Holbrow tion into the American mainstream after border. Accordingly, formal rules govern- World War II.6 During that war, Japanese ing immigration have played a far greater Americans responded to racial prejudice role in shaping the flow of Asian immi- and internment by exemplifying the grants and their subsequent experience American creed, evidenced in the patri- than has been the case for immigration otism and sacri½ce of nisei soldiers on the from Mexico and Central America. While battle½elds of Europe. Retelling a variant immigration law speci½es the initial selec- of the model minority story for the new tion mechanisms, entry through formal Asian immigration relies on a ready-made channels also provides immigrants with conceptual template identifying group- the bene½ts and protection of equality of level attributes that enable the group’s rights and other civil laws. acceptance and entry into the main- In a democratic polity governed by the stream.7 Various accounts invoke “Asian rule of law, legal equality matters not values” such as a reverence for learning, only because of, but also despite the persis - emphasis on the family, or dedication to tence of racial prejudice embedded in hard work as the explanation for Asian cultural beliefs, informal norms, social Americans’ high levels of educational and networks, and organizations.10 This is professional attainment. be cause the rule of law is widely accepted What is overlooked in model minority and supported as a bedrock assumption accounts and in narratives of discrimina- by ordinary Americans, despite frequent tion is the fact that institutional mecha- outbursts of partisan politics and con- nisms–the forces that set the rules of the tentious differences over the content of game–play a signi½cant role in explain- speci½c laws. Although most Americans ing differential patterns of socioeconomic may not have agreed with the content of attainment and assimilation of immi- congressional civil rights legislation, grants and their children. In light of the once those initiatives were enacted as law, long history of racial discrimination and institutional mechanisms implemented exclusion of Asians, it took the institu- the changes over time and worked them tional changes of the civil rights era to into the American mainstream. restart high-volume immigration from A centerpiece of the civil rights era leg- Asia, and to extend legal rights to all islative struggle was the passage of Title Americans. This has enabled and moti- VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which vated the economic and social assimilation speci½ed the rules of equal employment of Asian immigrants and their children.8 opportunity to address institutionalized Although Asian immigrants include discrimination in the workplace against many different national-origin, cultural, women and minorities. The law was the and ethnic groups with considerable socio - product of a protracted battle by commit- economic diversity, a shared distinguish- ted social activists that sought equal ing feature of new immigrants from Asia
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Meet the 2020 Chinese Consumer
    McKinsey Consumer & Shopper Insights Meet the 2020 Chinese Consumer McKinsey Insights China McKinsey Consumer & Shopper Insights March 2012 Meet the 2020 Chinese Consumer Yuval Atsmon Max Magni Lihua Li Wenkan Liao The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of their colleagues: Molly Liu, Cherie Zhang, Barry Liu, Rachel Zheng, Justin Peng, William Cheng, Glenn Leibowitz, Joanne Mason. 5 Contents Introduction 6 1. China at a turning point 8 2. Getting the basics right: changing demographics 12 Mainstream consumers driving income growth 13 Aging population 17 Postponed life stages 18 Increasingly independent women 18 3. Understanding the mainstream consumer: new spending patterns 20 Growing discretionary spending 21 Aspirations-driven trading up 22 Emerging senior market 23 Evolving geographic differences 24 4. Understanding the mainstream consumer: behavioral patterns 26 The still-pragmatic consumer 27 The individual consumer 27 The increasingly loyal consumer 28 The modern shopper 29 5. Preparing for the 2020 consumer: implications for companies 34 Strategic imperatives 35 Growth enablers 37 Conclusion 37 Introduction Meet the 2020 Chinese consumer 7 Most large, consumer-facing companies have long realized that they will need China’s growth to power their own in the next decade. But to keep pace, they will also need to understand the economic, societal, and demographic changes that are shaping consumers’ profiles and the way they spend. This is no easy task, not only because of the fast pace of growth and subsequent changes being wrought on the Chinese way of life, but also because there are vast economic and demographic differences across China. These are set to become more marked, with significant implications for companies that fail to grasp them.
    [Show full text]
  • Preferences for Bipartisanship in the American Electorate Laurel
    Compromise vs. Compromises: Preferences for Bipartisanship in the American Electorate Laurel Harbridge* Assistant Professor, Northwestern University Faculty Fellow, Institute for Policy Research [email protected] Scott Hall 601 University Place Evanston, IL 60208 (847) 467-1147 Neil Malhotra Associate Professor, Stanford Graduate School of Business [email protected] 655 Knight Way Stanford, CA 94035 (408) 772-7969 Brian F. Harrison PhD Candidate, Northwestern University [email protected] Scott Hall 601 University Place Evanston, IL 60208 * Corresponding author. We thank Time-Sharing Experiments in the Social Sciences (TESS) for providing the majority of the financial support of this project. TESS is funded by the National Science Foundation (SES- 0818839). A previous version of this paper was scheduled for presentation at the 2012 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Abstract Public opinion surveys regularly assert that Americans want political leaders to work together and to engage in bipartisan compromise. If so, why has Congress become increasingly acrimonious even though the American public wants it to be “bipartisan”? Many scholars claim that this is simply a breakdown of representation. We offer another explanation: although people profess support for “bipartisanship” in an abstract sense, what they desire procedurally out of their party representatives in Congress is to not compromise with the other side. To test this argument, we conduct two experiments in which we alter aspects of the political context to see how people respond to parties (not) coming together to achieve broadly popular public policy goals. We find that citizens’ proclaimed desire for bipartisanship in actuality reflects self-serving partisan desires.
    [Show full text]
  • The American Dream
    1 The American Dream That American dream of a better, richer, and happier life for all our citizens of every rank . is the greatest contribution we have yet made to the thought and welfare of the world. —James Truslow Adams, The Epic of America On September 5, 2012, Benita Veliz, an undocumented youth advocate from San Antonio, Texas, took the podium during prime-time coverage of the Democratic National Convention. She made a plea for immigra- tion reform and urged fellow Latinos to reelect President Barack Obama because, she said, “he fought for my community.” Benita was brought to the United States as a child “like so many Americans of all races and backgrounds.” Unlike most of her U.S. citizen peers, Benita graduated at sixteen as the valedictorian of her high school and finished college at twenty with a double major, a record that would have made her eligible for citizenship if the Dream Act had passed in the U.S. Senate in 2010. First proposed in 2001 by Illinois senator Dick Durbin with bipartisan support, it was designed to give legal status to young immigrants who had entered the country before the age of sixteen and completed college study or military service. Benita explained, “I feel just as Ameri- can as any of my friends and neighbors. But I’ve had to live almost my entire life knowing that I could be deported.” She reminded her listeners, “When Congress failed to pass [the Dream Act], President Obama . took action so people like me can apply to stay in the country and contribute.” On June 15, 2012, late in the presidential campaign and under pressure from Latino groups, Obama issued an executive order that offered a temporary reprieve from deportation and short-term work authorization to young immigrants like her.
    [Show full text]
  • A Critical Look at the Failure of Mainstream Economics
    Volume 6 Issue 1 Article 2 March 2021 A critical look at the failure of mainstream economics Joseph M. Dipoli Salem State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/globe Part of the Economics Commons, Education Commons, and the International Business Commons This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the M3 Center at the University of South Florida Sarasota-Manatee at Digital Commons @ University of South Florida. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Global Business Insights by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ University of South Florida. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Dipoli, J. M. (2021). A critical look at the failure of mainstream economics. Journal of Global Business Insights, 6(1), 22-26. https://www.doi.org/10.5038/2640-6489.6.1.1073 Corresponding Author Joseph M. Dipoli, Department of Economics, Salem State University, 352 Lafayette Street Salem, MA 01970 Revisions Submission date: Apr. 12, 2019; 1st Revision: Sep. 20, 2020; 2nd Revision: Dec. 8, 2020; 3rd Revision: Feb. 27, 2021; Acceptance: Feb. 28, 2021 Dipoli: A critical look at the failure of mainstream economics A Critical Look at the Failure of Mainstream Economics Joseph M. Dipoli Department of Economy Salem State University [email protected] Book Review Foundations of real-world economics: What every economics student needs to know (2nd ed.), by John Komlos, New York, Routledge, 2019, 306 pp., $42.95 (Paperback), ISBN 9781138296541. Introduction Many people in the United States of America are dissatisfied with the outcomes of the economy and some are suggesting measures that seem socialistic.
    [Show full text]
  • Nine Lives of Neoliberalism
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Plehwe, Dieter (Ed.); Slobodian, Quinn (Ed.); Mirowski, Philip (Ed.) Book — Published Version Nine Lives of Neoliberalism Provided in Cooperation with: WZB Berlin Social Science Center Suggested Citation: Plehwe, Dieter (Ed.); Slobodian, Quinn (Ed.); Mirowski, Philip (Ed.) (2020) : Nine Lives of Neoliberalism, ISBN 978-1-78873-255-0, Verso, London, New York, NY, https://www.versobooks.com/books/3075-nine-lives-of-neoliberalism This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/215796 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative
    [Show full text]
  • Advertising "In These Imes:"T How Historical Context Influenced Advertisements for Willa Cather's Fiction Erika K
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research: English, Department of Department of English Spring 5-2014 Advertising "In These imes:"T How Historical Context Influenced Advertisements for Willa Cather's Fiction Erika K. Hamilton University of Nebraska-Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/englishdiss Part of the American Literature Commons Hamilton, Erika K., "Advertising "In These Times:" How Historical Context Influenced Advertisements for Willa Cather's Fiction" (2014). Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research: Department of English. 87. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/englishdiss/87 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the English, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research: Department of English by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. ADVERTISING “IN THESE TIMES:” HOW HISTORICAL CONTEXT INFLUENCED ADVERTISEMENTS FOR WILLA CATHER’S FICTION by Erika K. Hamilton A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Major: English Under the Supervision of Professor Guy Reynolds Lincoln, Nebraska May, 2014 ADVERTISING “IN THESE TIMES:” HOW HISTORICAL CONTEXT INFLUENCED ADVERTISEMENTS FOR WILLA CATHER’S FICTION Erika K. Hamilton, Ph.D. University of Nebraska, 2014 Adviser: Guy Reynolds Willa Cather’s novels were published during a time of upheaval. In the three decades between Alexander’s Bridge and Sapphira and the Slave Girl, America’s optimism, social mores, culture, literature and advertising trends were shaken and changed by World War One, the “Roaring Twenties,” and the Great Depression.
    [Show full text]
  • THE EMERGING WORLDVIEW: How New Progressivism Is Moving Beyond Neoliberalism a Landscape Analysis
    THE EMERGING WORLDVIEW: How New Progressivism Is Moving Beyond Neoliberalism A Landscape Analysis REPORT BY FELICIA WONG JANUARY 2020 ABOUT THE ROOSEVELT INSTITUTE Until the rules work for every American, they’re not working. The Roosevelt Institute is a think tank and student-driven national network that believes in an economy and democracy by the people, for the people. The few at the top—corporations and the richest among us— hold too much wealth and power today, and our society will be stronger when that changes. Armed with a bold vision for the future, we want our work to move the country toward a new economic and political system: one built by many for the good of all. ABOUT THE AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Felicia Wong is the president and CEO of the Roosevelt This report draws on research Institute, which seeks to reimagine the social and economic and analysis conducted by Nell policies of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt for the 21st century. Abernathy, Ariel Evans, Mike She is the coauthor of Hidden Rules of Race: Barriers to Konczal, and Katy Milani. The an Inclusive Economy (Cambridge University Press, 2017). author thanks Joelle Gamble, She holds a PhD in political science from the University of Angela Hanks, Jennifer Harris, California, Berkeley. Chris Hughes, Michael Linden, JW Mason, Julie Margetta Morgan, Lenore Palladino, Brishen Rogers, K. Sabeel Rahman, Ganesh Sitaraman, Dorian Warren, and Tracy Williams for their comments and insight. Roosevelt staff Kendra Bozarth, Matt Hughes, Jeff Krehely, Tayra Lucero, and Victoria Streker all contributed to the project. This report was made possible with the generous support of the Hewlett Foundation and the Omidyar Network.
    [Show full text]
  • Alternative and Mainstream Media: the Converging Spectrum
    Kenix, Linda Jean. "Introduction." Alternative and Mainstream Media: The Converging Spectrum. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2011. 1–16. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 25 Sep. 2021. <http:// dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781849665421.ch-001>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 25 September 2021, 04:28 UTC. Copyright © Linda Jean Kenix 2011. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. 1 Introduction iverse media are central to a healthy democracy. The media re-present Dour politics, our social institutions, our governments and ourselves. A plurality of perspectives has been said to be essential in developing an engaged, mutual understanding of the differences and similarities that exist between us as human beings. Media construct our reality and help to defi ne who we are and even who we wish to become. Communication is ‘the creative making of a social order’ (Hamilton 2000a: 361) that is confi rmed and exercised within communication processes. Relationships are shaped and societal boundaries are formed through this expansive exchange of information. Research has argued that these communication channels should refl ect the diversity that exists within society. Such interconnected diversity has been said to be absolutely central to a thriving democracy. To put it plainly, the importance of a diverse media to the enrichment of our daily lives simply cannot be understated (Carey 1989). Alternative media, in particular, have been seen to be fundamental in providing diverse content to democratic societies. Alternative media, which are situated outside of the mainstream, have been said to articulate a ‘social order different from and often opposed to the dominant’ (Hamilton 2000a: 362).
    [Show full text]
  • T HI S Volume Offers a Representative
    .. iNTRODUCTION H I s volume offers a representative, desire not merely to understand the vexed bond T though by no means exhaustive, compila­ between law and racial power but to change it. tion of the growing body of legal scholarship The essays gathered here thus share an ethical known as Critical Race Theory (CRT). As we commitment to human liberation-even if we conceive it, Critical Race Theory embraces a reject conventional notions of what such a con­ movement of left scholars, most of them schol­ ception means, and though we often disagree, ars of color, situated in law schools, whose work even among ourselves, over its specific direction. challenges the ways in which race and racial This ethical aspiration finds its most obvious power are constructed and represented in concrete expression in the pursuit of engaged, American legal culture and, more generally, in even adversarial, scholarship. The writings in American society as a whole. In assembling and this collaboration may be read as contributions editing these essays, we have tried both to to what Edward Said has called "antithetical provide a sense of the intellectual genesis of this knowledge," the development of counter­ project and to map the main methodological accounts of social reality by subversive and sub­ directions that Critical Race Theory has taken altern elements of the reigning order. Critical since its inception. Toward these ends, the Race Theory-like the Critical Legal Studies essays in the first few parts are arranged roughly movement with which we are often allied-re­ in the chronological order of their publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Mainstream Versus Ethnic Media: How They Shape Ethnic Pride and Self-Esteem Among Ethnic Minority Audiences
    International Journal of Communication 11(2017), 1879–1899 1932–8036/20170005 Mainstream Versus Ethnic Media: How They Shape Ethnic Pride and Self-Esteem Among Ethnic Minority Audiences SRIVIDYA RAMASUBRAMANIAN Texas A&M University, USA MARISSA JOANNA DOSHI Hope College, USA MUNIBA SALEEM University of Michigan, USA This article explores the underlying processes that influence the ways in which mainstream and ethnic media shape ethnic minority audiences’ self-concepts. Ethnic minorities are often underrepresented and presented in stereotypical and negative ways in mainstream popular U.S. culture, while ethnic media tend to represent them in more diverse and auspicious ways. This study uses survey methodology to simultaneously assess the differential effects of mainstream and ethnic media on ethnic minorities. Specifically, it tests the role of mainstream media and ethnic media in influencing ethnic pride, self-esteem, and ethnic performance (behavioral expression of one’s ethnic identity) among Indian Americans. Results from path analyses reveal that whereas mainstream media is associated with decreased self-esteem, ethnic media use is associated with increased ethnic pride and ethnic performance. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. Keywords: ethnic media, stereotyping, diasporic communities, Indian Americans, survey Media are powerful social agents through which individuals from minority groups learn about themselves and their group identity, in comparison with that of the majority group (Berry & Mitchell- Kernan, 1982). Research in the U.S. media context documents that contemporary popular mainstream media narratives routinely represent ethnic minorities in negative ways (Aoki & Mio, 2009; Dixon & Linz, 2000; Greenberg, Mastro, & Brand, 2002). Negative portrayals in popular culture can increase identity salience and negative self-evaluations in minority members (Fujioka, 2005; Ward, 2004).
    [Show full text]
  • Capitalism and Its Critics. a Long-Term View
    German Historical Institute London THE 2017 ANNUAL LECTURE Capitalism and Its Critics A Long-Term View by Jürgen Kocka The Concept The concept ‘capitalism’ is much younger than the historical reality it denotes. While ‘capital’ and ‘capitalist’ are older, the noun ‘capitalism’ did not emerge until the second half of the nineteenth century. The French socialist Louis Blanc used it in 1850, and defined it critically as ‘appropriation of capital by some, to the exclusion of others’. In 1872, the German socialist Wilhelm Liebknecht railed against capitalism as a ‘juggernaut on the battlefields of industry’. And in Britain, the Fabian John A. Hobson, a critic of imperialism, was one of the first to use the concept in the 1890s. However, it was not General Editor: Christina von Hodenberg Editor: Jane Rafferty long before ‘capitalism’ moved beyond its initially critical and polemical use, becoming a central concept in the London: 2018 social sciences. German authors such as Albert Schäffle, Werner Sombart, Max Weber, and – in a Marxist Published by The German Historical Institute London tradition – Rudolf Hilferding, contributed much to this. 17 Bloomsbury Square Karl Marx had written a great deal about the ‘capitalist London WC1A 2NJ mode of production’ and ‘capitalist accumulation’, Tel: 020 7309 2050 Fax: 020 7404 5573/7309 2055 email: [email protected] homepage: www.ghil.ac.uk but he rarely used the noun ‘capitalism’, and if so, somewhat marginally. 1 ISSN 0269-8560 This lecture is based on Jürgen Kocka, Capitalism. A Short History Printed and bound by Page Bros., Norwich (Princeton/NJ, 2016). An extended version of the text appeared in Karin Hofmeester (ed.), The Lifework of a Labor Historian.
    [Show full text]
  • View a Copy of This Licence, Visit Mmons​ .Org/Licen​ Ses/By/4.0/​
    Frankel and Ha Fash Text (2020) 7:23 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-020-00211-y RESEARCH Open Access Something seems fshy: mainstream consumer response to drag queen imagery Sarah Frankel* and Sejin Ha *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract Department of Retail, This study investigates how drag queen imagery in advertising and mainstream Hospitality, and Tourism Management, University consumers’ tolerance towards homosexuality (i.e., drag queens) afect their attitudes of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, towards the advertisement and brand in the context of beauty brand advertising. USA Based on the social identity theory, this study posits that implicit (vs. explicit) drag queen-themed imagery and consumers holding high tolerance as an in-group of LGBTQ cultures (vs. out-group of lower tolerance individuals) would have greater impact+ on ad attitude and brand attitude independently and together. A web-based experiment reveals that while diferent imagery types (implicit vs. explicit) in ads do not diferentiate attitudes toward ad and brand, consumers’ individual tolerance of the drag queen culture positively afects such responses. Additionally, the ad imagery and consumer tolerance toward drag queens have an interaction efect on brand attitude via ad attitude in the explicit drag queen-themed imagery condition but not in implicit imagery. The results add insight to a growing body of literature on the LGBTQ and social identity theory research and beneft marketers with a better understanding+ of how to manage drag queen-themed advertisements within mainstream media. Keywords: Drag queen, Tolerance, Advertising, Attitudes, Beauty brand, LGBTQ + Introduction In an era of multicultural diversity, marketers are witnessing the widespread presence of cultural and sexual minorities, namely lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning 1 and plus (LGBTQ+ ) in mainstream media.
    [Show full text]