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LGBT Rights: Climbing the Judicial Steps to Equality

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LGBT Rights: Climbing the Judicial Steps to Equality LGBT Rights: Climbing the Judicial Steps to Equality by the Alberta Civil Liberties Research Centre ©2012 Mailing Address: 2350 Murray Fraser Hall University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Phone: (403) 220-2505 Fax: (403) 284-0945 Acknowledgments The Alberta Law Foundation The Alberta Civil Liberties Research Centre is suPPorted by a grant from the Alberta Law Foundation. Board of Directors of the Alberta Civil Liberties Research Centre Edwin W. Webking, ChairPerson; Janet KeePing, Treasurer; Doreen Barrie; Michael Greene; Michael Wylie, Ian Holloway and Maureen Duffy. Principal Researcher and Writer Melissa Luhtanen, J.D. Legal Research Assistant Emma McAuliffe, B.A. (Hons) (Poli. Sci. & Hist) [summer law student] Legal Editor Linda McKay-Panos, B.Ed., J.D., LL.M., Executive Director. Project Management StePhanie Jacobson, B.A., Administrator. Linda McKay-Panos, B.Ed., J.D., LL.M., Executive Director. On the internet, the Alberta Civil Liberties Research Centre's home page is located at: aclrc.com ISBN# 1-896225-70-5 LGBT Rights: ClimBing the judicial steps to equality Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..........................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................5 HISTORY....................................................................................................................................................8 HUMAN RIGHTS & SEXUAL ORIENTATION ...........................................................................................................9 HUMAN RIGHTS AND GENDER IDENTITY ...........................................................................................................12 RIGHTS REGARDING CHILDREN ............................................................................................................................13 PARENTAL STATUS.................................................................................................................................................14 Adopting your partner’s child.......................................................................................................................14 Government and agency adoption..............................................................................................................15 Foster parents......................................................................................................................................................16 Trans Parents.......................................................................................................................................................16 MARRIAGE AND SPOUSAL RELATIONSHIPS........................................................................................................17 HUMAN RIGHTS ................................................................................................................................... 21 FAMILY.................................................................................................................................................... 29 MARRIAGE................................................................................................................................................................29 REGISTRATION OF BIRTH ......................................................................................................................................31 HATE CRIMES........................................................................................................................................... 34 IDENTIFICATION DOCUMENTS FOR TRANS PEOPLE ......................................................................... 42 FEDERAL IDENTIFICATION....................................................................................................................................42 Passport..................................................................................................................................................................42 Citizenship Documentation............................................................................................................................43 Certificate of Indian Status (aka Indian Status Card)........................................................................44 PROVINCIAL .............................................................................................................................................................45 Birth Certificate ..................................................................................................................................................45 Driver’s License or Alberta Identification Card.....................................................................................45 PREREQUISITES TO CHANGING IDENTIFICATION ..............................................................................................46 REFUGEES/IMMIGRANTS.................................................................................................................. 47 IMMIGRATION RULES.............................................................................................................................................47 Conjugal relationships .....................................................................................................................................48 Conjugal Partners ..............................................................................................................................................50 REFUGEES.................................................................................................................................................................51 SCHOOLS AND YOUTH........................................................................................................................ 53 SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................................. 61 POTENTIAL LEGAL ISSUES ............................................................................................................... 63 Alberta Civil Liberties Research Centre LGBT Rights: ClimBing the judicial steps to equality Alberta Civil Liberties Research Centre LGBT Rights: ClimBing the judicial steps to equality EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Forty years after Pierre Trudeau decriminalized homosexuality, thirteen years after “sexual orientation” was read into the Alberta Human Rights Act, and six years after same-sex marriage was affirmed by the SuPreme Court of Canada, homoPhobia and transPhobia still exist in Canadian law and society. Laws that govern lesbian, gay, bi- sexual, and trans-identified (LGBT) individuals, relationshiPs and families are moving toward equality. However, full legal equality of LGBT PeoPle still does not exist. While human rights for LGB PeoPle are included in the Alberta Human Rights Act and have been for twelve years, ‘gender identity’ is not sPecifically written in. Ontario was the first Province to have a case that said transsexuality is covered under the ground of ‘sex’ in the Ontario Human Rights Code, and the Northwest Territories, Manitoba and Ontario are the only jurisdictions that sPecifically cover ‘gender identity’ as a ground written into their human rights legislation. Presently, many Provinces and territories include transgendered comPlaints in human rights legislation under the heading of ‘sex’ or ‘gender’. Legislation and Policy seem to recognize rights for trans-identified people who have had some form of oPeration or hormone treatment, but cease to acknowledge a trans person who has not had some form of gender reassignment surgery. For a variety of reasons, many trans PeoPle have not had this surgery. A key issue for trans PeoPle is whether they are Permitted to use bathrooms and change-rooms as Per their identified gender. Only a couPle of lower court decisions have addressed this Problem. Both of these cases are tribunal decisions that have not received much Press and do not carry the same amount of legal weight as would a higher court decision. Many workPlaces, bars, health clubs and schools have not yet thought about the human rights issues of trans PeoPle who need to use on-site washrooms and change rooms. For youth who are in secondary school, the bathroom issue is even greater. Schools so far in Alberta do not have a Policy on use of bathrooms by trans youth and so anecdotal rePorts by trans youth say that they are going to school and avoiding using the washroom for the entire day. These issues are, however, being addressed by the school boards in Edmonton and Calgary. Gender reassignment surgery (GRS) is a medically necessary Procedure used to treat gender identity disorder exPerienced by trans-identified PeoPle. GRS was delisted from health coverage in Alberta in the 2009/2010 budget. When GRS was delisted, news rePorts said that 23 Albertans filed human rights comPlaints. In early June, 2012, the Alberta government reinstated funding for sex-reassignment surgery effective June 15, 2012. Ontario had also decided to delist GRS over ten years Previously, before having any consultation with the trans community or medical Professionals. A 2006 case found 1 Alberta Civil Liberties Research Centre LGBT Rights: ClimBing the judicial steps to equality that it was discriminatory to de-list GRS and Prevent those PeoPle who were already
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