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The Jewel in the Crown Under Nazi Rule HOW the CHANNEL ISLANDS FARED UNDER OCCUPATION

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The Jewel in the Crown Under Nazi Rule HOW the CHANNEL ISLANDS FARED UNDER OCCUPATION ISSUE 4 SUMMER 2019 SGSProduced by the Lower HISTORI Sixth Form AN The Jewel in the Crown under Nazi Rule HOW THE CHANNEL ISLANDS FARED UNDER OCCUPATION Did Richard I deserve to be called the Lionheart? An examination of the 12th century king’s reign ‘Saving Private Ryan’: The Art of War How Spielberg created the most accurate depiction of warfare ever seen on film Notes FOR THIS YEAR’S ISSUE OF THE HISTORIAN we had a passionate group to bring together the magazine. We thought our main stumbling block was our extremely varied historical interests that meant we found it impossible to agree on an overall theme. In the end we decided that we wouldn’t have one. By doing this it would allow each and every one of us the creative freedom to fully express our broad range of interests. From Richard I to the Nazis, we really believe this year’s issue provides you with a wide range of articles and questions covering many periods of history. I couldn’t be more proud of what we have been able to create and I am sure that the entire group would agree with me. I do hope you enjoy reading the magazine as much as we have enjoyed putting it together! Alex Malone THIS YEAR’S SGS HISTORIAN TEAM have chosen to write a selection of articles covering an eclectic range of themes and periods. So much so that finding an umbrella ‘theme’ for this edition proved beyond them! However, this should be considered as a strength, reflective of the broad range of interests that exists within this cohort of interested and engaged historians; many of whom have looked far beyond the narrow confines of the A Level curriculum. This will stand them in good stead for future study of History or other disciplines. Perhaps an appropriate theme would be Challenging the utilitarian approach of 21st Century Sixth Form study? I hope you enjoy their work! Mr D J Stone, Head of Sixth Form Layout and design by Jamie Carson 1 Contents PAGE 3 PAGE 5 The Jewel in the Crown Did Richard I deserve to be under Nazi Rule called the Lionheart? How the Channel Islands fared under An examination of the 12th century occupation king’s reign PAGE 7 PAGE 9 Was the sword the most SGS Sixth Formers at popular battlefield weapon the beating heart of our in pre-gunpowder Europe? political system The myths and misconceptions of Our June 2019 Lower Sixth visit to medieval warfare Westminster PAGE 11 PAGE 13 ‘Saving Private Ryan’: The Fourth Crusade: victory The Art of War for Christendom or a failure of How Spielberg created the most the short-sighted? accurate depiction of warfare ever A look at why Pope Innocent III’s crusade seen on film led to the sacking of Christian cities PAGE 15 PAGE 17 Bringing history to life by 1989: Thirty years on sharing stories of our past How the events of one year set the tone for Mr Davies explains the story behind a the following three decades - plus a first- painting that hung in his grandparents’ hand account of the fall of the wall and house reunification PAGE 19 Was the 1933 Book Burning a clear sign of what was to come in Nazi Germany? Did a German writer predict the events of the Holocaust over 100 years in advance? 1 2 The Jewel in the Crown under Nazi Rule WRITTEN BY ALEX MALONE Winston Churchill once said that ‘history is written by the victors’. With the allied victory at the end of World War II we are constantly reminded of the victories such as the Battle of Britain or the storming of the beaches of Normandy on D-Day. However, we hear very little about the losses. he Channel Islands sit alone On the 28th June 1940 islanders whose lives were quickly ruined by Tbetween France and Britain would witness the beginning unemployment with businesses in the English Channel, so it was of an occupation that would quickly collapsing under the Nazi inevitable that at some point continue until the final year of occupation. Civilians were being civilians would catch sight of the the war. A squadron of Luftwaffe forced to live as if they were in Kriegsmarine floating just beyond bombers unleashed hell on the Germany, currencies changed their shores. This terrifying defenceless islands, bombing the into Reichsmarks, clocks were sight would come sooner harbours of Guernsey and Jersey. changed to German time and than expected; with France Two days later on the 30th June people were forced to drive on capitulating to the German Reich the occupation would officially the right hand side of the road. in just 46 days, Britain was all that begin. For the next five years the stood between them and victory. occupation would torture the With German invasion islanders and tear mothers from impending, the British their children. government concluded that the Thankfully just before the Channel Islands held no strategic German invasion, a civilian importance and instead would evacuation was hurriedly be left to the mercy of the Nazis. arranged with the fear of a However, what the government German attack at any moment. failed to do was pass on this Guernsey managed to evacuate information to Germany, who Almost every family was 5,000 school children and 12,000 affected by the evacuation was still under the impression adults; this number is just a small that the Channel Islands were fraction of the 48,000 who wanted It seemed that the brutal armed and ready to fight. Not to escape the island. Children dictatorship that Hitler was only had Britain given up the of all ages were torn from their running in Germany was being oldest possession of the Crown home by war with many never to forced on the helpless people but had also condemned them to make the return. The evacuees of Guernsey and Jersey. As the a full German onslaught. landed in Weymouth and were islands became cut off from the sent by train to various areas of rest of the world the once hidden Britain, with many ending up in gem of the British empire fell on Stockport. Days after landing in hard times. As the war dragged England it would be heard over on and came to a stand still, life the radio that their home had became tough and morale fell been occupied. among the people. With radios being confiscated in September It had been concluded by the 1942, people struggled to find an Germans that the islands had escape from the horrifying life no real value to them in war, so they were forced to live. their only purpose was to serve as propaganda to show the Nazis These gems of the sea were had seized British land. While the ransacked almost as soon as the occupation was announced. The Islanders receiving island managed to maintain its Red Cross parcels own government it wasn’t much Nazis forced those who remained of a victory for those islanders on the island to construct, 3 fortifications, bunkers, air However the amazing resilience is remembered every year by raid shelters, destroying the of the people of the Channel islanders. Still 74 years later, the natural beauty that their home Islands was shown. Resistance events of what happened to this possessed. The islands were against the iron fist of the Nazi wonderful collection of islands turned from a paradise into a regime varied from small acts of is almost never spoken. It is one prison in which its prisoners were sabotage, to the running of an of the greatest stories of grit and forced to construct concrete underground newspaper. determination, and the will to fortifications. Concentration In the final months of the war keep going in the face of a brutal camps were set up on Alderney with much of mainland Europe future. holding up to 6,000 prisoners liberated the Channel Islands I feel it is time that the events of war, who were kept there remained under an infuriated of what transpired on these until they were transferred to Nazi control. The final winter islands is brought to mainstream France in 1944. These towers before liberation was one of the attention as a testament to the of concrete that once ruled the toughest of all for the civilians. courage of those who were islands during the occupation The temperatures were bitterly affected by the occupation still remain there to this day cold and food had become of Jersey and the Bailiwick of and have now blended into the a rarity. All that kept people Guernsey. natural beauty that these islands from starvation were parcels hold. They serve as a reminder that arrived by boat from the to those growing up on the Red Cross. In the face of such island and those visiting of the hardships people came together true hardship that its population to find substitutes for foods that were left to suffer alone. had simply run out, seawater was used for salt, acorns were used instead of coffee, stinging nettles were seen as a replacement for vegetables. This ability of islanders to keep on going in the harshest of times is truly inspiring. Finally on the 8th May 1945 at 15:00 Prime Minister Winston Churchill announced that ‘our dear Channel Islands German occupation towers are also freed today’. On the can still be seen today 9th of May Guernsey was News delivered to the islands They have left a permanent mark granted its liberation from updating the of the events in on the islands German occupation; a day that Europe Fact File START OF OCCUPATION 30 June 1940 END OF OCCUPATION 9 May 1945 WARTIME POPULATION 66,000 EVACUATED 25,000 DEPORTED 2,300 ESCAPED TO MAINLAND 225 IMPORTED LABOURERS 16,000 DEATHS IN CAMPS 700+ 4 Did Richard I deserve to be called the ‘Lionheart’? WRITTEN BY CLAIRE MURPHY ‘Lionheart’ or ‘Cœur de Lion’ has clear connotations of gallantry, courage and nobility, but is this term really accurate for the 12th century king? Or would the terms reckless, negligent or even foolish paint a better picture of the royal? he legend surrounding For instance, Richard refused to TRichard is one of medieval give the French king a share of fantasy, depicting a dauntless the treasures of Cyprus, the pair king, and an illustrious military also quarrelled over leadership leader.
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