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Monitoring Hydrological Regime of the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin Using Satellite Observations

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Monitoring Hydrological Regime of the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin Using Satellite Observations MONITORING HYDROLOGICAL REGIME OF THE EUPHRATES-TIGRIS RIVER BASIN USING SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS Elena A. Zakharova, Alexei V. Kouraev, Igor Polikarpov, Faiza Al-Yamani, Jean-François Crétaux Laboratoire d'Etudes en Geophysique et Oceanographie Spatiales (LEGOS), Toulouse France State Oceanography Institute, St. Petersburg branch, St. Petersburg, Russia Mariculture and Fishery Dept., Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait E-T WATERSHED A = 765 000 km2 W=105 km3 LEuphrates = 2800 km LTigris = 1750 km 3 3 WEuphrates = 30 km /y WTigris = 55 km /y 3000 Tigris at Bagdad 2000 Eupthrates at Hit Karun at Ahvaz 1000 discharge, m3/s discharge, 0 Jul Jan Mar Nov May Sept 4 riparian states: E-T WATERSHED Turkey, Syria, Iran, Iraq eseses KEBANKEBAN RESERVOIRRESERVOIR rrratatateseses KEBANKEBAN RESERVOIRRESERVOIR ppphhhrrratatat EEuuuppp KebanKeban Dam Dam EE Before 70s KARAKAYAKARAKAYA DevegicidiDevegicidi Dam Dam Turkey From 90s TTTiii Turkey by Euphrates TTTiigiggrrriisiss ATATURKATATURK Gap project in Turkey 31 km3/y + 22 reservoirs bbb aaabbb Z ZZaaa rrr Z ZZ tteteerrr aaattetee eeeaaa + 1.7 mln ha in irrigation eee rrreee GGG MosulMosul Dam Dam GGG bbb aaabbb Z ZZaaa AtAt ThawraThawra Dam Dam rrr Z ZZ eeerrr 3 ssssss eeesss 16 km /y LLLeee DokanDokan DamDam Syria EEE DokanDokan DamDam EEE EEEuuu uuuppp Iran ppp Iran hhh hhhrrr rrraaa aaattetee eeesss AAA sss AAAlll ll-l-A-AA --A-AAddd dddhhh DerbendiDerbendi Khan Khan Dam Dam 3 Syria hhhaaa DerbendiDerbendi Khan Khan Dam Dam aaaiii 27 km /y THARTHARTHARTHARTHARTHAR iimimm DepressionDepression Syria HADITHAHADITHA DAMDAM DepressionDepression aaa llalaa aaalll aaaHamrinHamrin DamDam iiyiyy HamrinHamrin DamDam iiyiyy WaterWater Separator Separator DDD 3 WaterWater Separator Separator DDD 9 km /y Iraq HabbaniyaHabbaniya res res TiTiTi TiTiTiggg gggrrriii AbbuAbbu DibbisDibbis Depression Depression iisiss Abbu Dibbis Depression ? km3/y Iraq HAWRHAWR ALAL HAWIZA HAWIZA SANAFSANAFSANAF POND PONDPOND SANAFSANAFSANAF POND PONDPOND 3 nnn Iraq uuu ? km /y Iraq rruruu rrr EEEuuu aaarrr Persian Gulf uuuppphhh aaa hhhrrraaattt KKK aaattteeesss KKK ShattShattShatt Al AlAl Arab ArabArab Influence on fishery resources in the Persian Gulf E-T WATERSHED Main reservoirs eses KEBANKEBAN RESERVOIRRESERVOIR rratateses KEBANKEBAN RESERVOIRRESERVOIRRESERVOIR uupphhrratat EEuupphh KebanKeban DamDam EE KARAKAYAKARAKAYA DevegicidiDevegicidi Dam Dam TTTiii TTTiigiggrrriisiss Tigris R. Euphrates R. ATATURKATATURK Euphrates R. Mosul W = 13.5 km3 bbb aaabbb ZZZaaa rrr Z ZZ eeerrr ttetee aaattt eeeaaa rrreee 3 GGG Keban W = 31 km MosulMosul Dam Dam bbb aaabbb Z ZZ AtAt ThawraThawra Dam Dam rrr ssseee ssssss eeesss LLL DokanDokan DamDam 3 EEE EEEuuu Karakaya W = 10 km uuuppp ppphhh hhhrrr rrraaa aaattetee tteteesss AAA sss AAAlll ll-l-A-AA AAAddd dddhhh DerbendiDerbendi Khan Khan Dam Dam aaaiii DerbendiDerbendi Khan Khan Dam Dam 3 THARTHARTHARTHARTHARTHAR iimimm DepressionDepression Ataturk W = 49 km HADITHAHADITHA DAMDAM DepressionDepression aaa llalaa aaalll aaaHamrinHamrin DamDam iiyiyyHamrinHamrin DamDam iiyiyy WaterWater Separator Separator DDD WaterWater Separator Separator DDD HabbaniyaHabbaniya res res TiTiTi TiTiTiggg gggrrriii Tharthar Lake AbbuAbbu DibbisDibbis Depression Depression iisiss W = 73 km3 Abbu Dibbis Depression HAWRHAWR ALAL HAWIZA HAWIZA SANAFSANAFSANAF POND PONDPOND n nnn uuu rruruu EEE arrr EEuuuppp aaa uuuppphhhrrr K hhhrrraaattt KKK aaattteeesss ShattShattShatt AlAlAl ArabArabArab 40 reservoirs In situ data - Water storage = 5 times In situ data - scarce and of annual ET discharge scarce and difficult to access T/P (Oct 1992- Aug 2002, new DATA AQUISITION orbit - Aug 2002-2005) Jason-1 (since Feb 2002) GFO (since Jan 2000) Geographical ENVISAT (since Nov 2002) selection of GRACE (data since 2003) altimetric data FOOTPRINT: RADAR - 12 km (ocean), RADIOMETER - 22 TO 42 km, GRACE ~ 625 km2 REPEAT PERIOD: 10 days (T/P, Jason), 17 days (GFO) and 35 (ENVISAT), GRACE product: maps of 1-degree-square mean geoid height differences between 30-day solutions and EIGEN_GL04S static solution (10 days resolution). ENVISAT ground tracks and selected altimetric measures for all From International Gravimetric Bureau (http://bgi.cnes.fr:8110/) cycles (yellow circles) over the upper part of the Ataturk water reservoir. Background - Landsat TM image from ca 1990. Temporal changes of reservoir level (mm) 850000 RESERVOIRS: from altimetric data 840000 TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) WATER LEVEL Geosat Follow-On (GFO) ENVISAT 830000 Keban 700000 820000 690000 810000 680000 Karakaya T/P + GFO + ENVISAT: Karakaya, 540000 670000 536000 532000 528000 Mosul and Tharthar Ataturk 524000 520000 304000 152000 148000 At Thawra 144000 Cross-comparison of satellites 140000 340000 136000 Haditha 132000 330000 Times series for 11 reservoirs 320000 Mosul 310000 1248000 1244000 1240000 300000 1236000 510000 Devigidici 1232000 500000 490000 Docan 480000 60000 50000 Abu Dibbis 40000 104000 30000 65000 100000 96000 60000 Hamrin 55000 50000 45000 Tharthar 40000 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Altimetric level - relative to geoid Temporal changes 10 of reservoir volume (km3) RESERVOIRS: from altimetric data 5 TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) 0 WATER VOLUME Geosat Follow-On (GFO) ENVISAT -5 Keban Keban 2 -10 0 -2 -15 -4 4 -6 Karakaya Preliminary assessment Karakaya -8 0 -4 (surface=const) Ataturk -8 6 0 -12 4 2 Tabaqa (At Thawra) 0 -2 1999 - 2002 -4 Al Qadisiyah (Haditha) 8 0 30 - 40 % of volume loss in Devegecidi 30 4 reservoirs on Euphrates R. 0 -4 4 20 -8 Saddam (Aski Mosul) 2 0 -2 -4 Dokan 2 -6 0 10 -2 Hamrin Tharthar 0 Tharthar -10 6 4 2 0 -2 Abu Dibbis Abu -4 -20 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Volume changes - relative to mean value for 2002-2006 MESOPOTAMIAN MARSHES E.Marshes. Changes in the marshes from Landsat Tigris R. Central MSS imagery Marshes. Euphrates R. 2 Shatt 20,000 km in 70s Al Arab S. Marshes. 3,000 km2 in 90s E.Marshes. Tigris R. Central Marshes. Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) aboard Landsat mom http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Landsat http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/ aboard mom (MSS) Scanner Multi-Spectral Euphrates R. Shatt Al Arab S. Marshes. Hassan Janali, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2003 Engineers, of Corps Army U.S. Janali, Hassan MARSHES G SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY ENVISAT Tr.197 F AB C DDG E F E D C B A Landsat image ca 2000 -1000 to 0 0 to 1000 Backscatter in Ku band, 1000 to 1500 ice1 algorithlm, A 1500 to 2000 100*dB B ENVISAT Tr.098 2000 to 3000 3000 to 4200 C AB C D 4200 to 6000 DG E F D E F G EASTERN MARSHES D - T/P 31 C C B A Landsat image ca 1990 Landsat image ca 2000 8000 6000 4000 2000 target D 0 ABCD water level, mm target C A - southern marshes -2000 B - confluence of Tigris and Euphrates C - part of eastern marshes, 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 drained out between 3 and 23 June 1996 year D - eastern marshes A MARSHES - INONDATION ENVISAT Tr.642 B 5000 target E target D 4000 C 3000 2000 water level, mm level, water 1000 D 0 A - river channel 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 B - flooded reservoir E C - large flooded area year F D - partly flooded central marshes E - southern marshes have been drained out in 1996 and were flooded in 2004 ABF - channel CDEC F Landsat image ca 2000 Backscatter in Ku band, ice1 algorithlm, 100*dB -1000 to 0 0 to 1000 1000 to 1500 1500 to 2000 2000 to 3000 3000 to 4200 4200 to 6000 MARSHES -INONDATION G F ENVISAT 741 E 3000 Beginning of flooding 2000 D 1000 water level, mm level, water target B target C C 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 B year A Landsat image ca 2000 ABC DEFG Backscatter in Ku band, ice1 algorithlm, 100*dB -1000 to 0 0 to 1000 1000 to 1500 1500 to 2000 2000 to 3000 3000 to 4200 4200 to 6000 MARSHES -INONDATION along track seasonal variability % of submerged lands = number of points with σ0_Ku≥20 db total number of points Landsat image ca 2000 80 and Envisat tracks 60 40 20 Perspectives: 0 • calibration of flooding areas with Modis 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 • estimation of water storage using altimetry % of submerged lands Watershed surface GRACE MISSION: 2 765 000 km VARIABILITY IN WATER RESOURCES All basin 80 60 40 20 0 anomalies -20 -40 -60 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 GRACE, km3 40 Principal parts of the basin 30 20 10 Gravity anomalies (mm) over the 0 TE basin -10 for 2004 anomalies, km3 -20 -30 -40 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Turkey IraqLow Iran RELATION BETWEEN OBSERVED PARAMETERS 80 60 40 20 0 anomalies -20 -40 -60 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 W all reservoirs, km3 GRACE, km3 %of submerged land Cross-correlation coefficients between the part of submerged lands and other parameters , n≈40 Time lag, days 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 GRACE, ET 0.58 0.63 0.72 0.78 0.78 0.80 0.79 0.64 0.65 0.60 0.49 0.29 0.24 GRACE, Iran 0.68 0.75 0.78 0.83 0.80 0.73 0.69 0.67 0.61 0.52 0.42 0.25 0.12 GRACE, Turkey 0.56 0.57 0.65 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.71 0.58 0.59 0.54 0.38 0.18 0.12 GRACE, Low Iraq 0.56 0.66 0.69 0.75 0.78 0.73 0.77 0.69 0.63 0.57 0.54 0.40 0.32 Altimetry, dV in all reservoirs 0.20 0.29 0.38 0.47 0.55 0.63 0.69 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.79 0.77 0.72 IMPACT ON PERSIAN GULF 3000 Water level in Shatt-al-Arab 2000 level, mm 1000 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year Salinity and temperature in the Persian Gulf 50 40 30 20 10 S ppm T grad 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 year FUTURE WORK * Assessment of reservoirs surface-level relationship using optical imagery * More precise estimation of reservoirs volumetric changes * Altimetry + optical imagery - flooded regions * Surface and level of flooded zones * Estimation of annual and seasonal changes in water storage * Freshwater input to the Persian gulf.
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