Draft Initial Environmental Examination (Main Report and Appendixes – Part 2 of 2)

Project Number: 54035-001 February 2020

IND: Solar Power Project

Prepared by AECOM Private Limited for Electro Solaire Private Limited and the Asian Development Bank.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

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4. Environmental and Socio- Economic Baseline

This section of the report presents information on the baseline condition of the physical, chemical, biological and social environment within the project area.

Primary baseline information was collected on site from project area and area of influence. Existing information sourced from scientific literature (both published and unpublished), engineering studies, technical reports and community socio-economic studies were used wherever available. Activities that facilitated establishment of the baseline data in the report include: site survey, ecological survey, social consultations and interviews, environmental monitoring, processing of satellite imagery and secondary data review from established sources such as Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and Census of India amongst others. 4.1 Environmental Baseline Area in the 5-kilometre (km) radius from the project is considered as AoI of the project, for primary data collection. AoI covers project area, area traversed by project transmission line and substation. Nearby villages (sensitive receptors) which fall under AoI are Radhanesda village and Kundaliya village. Primary data was collected for one (01) week duration for the month of January 2020. Environmental monitoring was undertaken for ambient air quality, ground water quality, ambient noise levels, soil quality and traffic survey. Parameters monitored under environmental aspects are given in Table 4-1. One (01) time samples for ground water and soil were collected for analysis. Two (02) times monitoring for air samples was conducted in a week, and 24 hours continuous ambient noise data was collected on site.

Table 4-1: Environmental Parameters Monitored for Baseline Data Collection

S. No. Aspect Details

1. Micro-Meteorology Available information on meteorology for the area representative of the site was collected from Meteorology Department. Setting up an automatic micro-meteorological station with data logging facility at the site for continuous monitoring for micro-meteorological parameters like ambient temperature, wind direction, wind speed, relative humidity, cloud cover and rainfall for one (12) week was undertaken.

2. Ambient Air Quality Information on ambient air quality was collected through monitoring of ambient air quality for one (01) week per location for parameters such as Particulate Matter (PM-10), PM-2.5, Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), O3, Ammonia, CO, Lead, Benzene, Benzo Alpha Pyrene, Arsenic, Nickel.

3. Water Quality Ground water samples were collected for analyses of following parameters: - Organoleptic and physical parameters: Colour, Odour, pH, Taste, Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC); and - General parameters: Total Hardness, Total Alkalinity, Aluminium (as Al), Ammonia, Anionic detergents (as MBAS), Barium (as Ba), Boron (as B), Calcium (as Ca), Free residual Chlorine (as Cl2), Chloramines, Chloride (as Cl), Copper (as Cu), Fluoride (as F), Iron (as Fe), Magnesium (as Mg), Manganese (as Mn), Nitrate (as NO3), Phosphorus (as 2- P), Selenium (as Se), Silver (as Ag), Sulphate (as SO4), Sulphide (as S ), Zinc (as Zn), Cadmium (as Cd), Cyanide (as CN), Lead (as Pb), Mercury (as Hg), Molybdenum (as Mo), Nickel (as Ni), Pesticides, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Total arsenic (as As), Total chromium (as Cr), Phenolic Compounds, Mineral Oil, PAHs.

4. Soil Quality Soil samples were collected and analysed for the following parameters: - Physical Parameters: Particle Size Distribution, Texture, pH, and Permeability, Porosity, Electrical Conductivity, etc.; and - Chemical Parameters: Total Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sodium, Potassium, Cation Exchange Capacity.

5. Ambient Noise Ambient noise quality was monitored to determine hourly equivalent noise levels. The noise Quality sampling will be done once during the study period continuously for 24 hours, selected on the basis of the site sensitivities within the study area. The results of the findings were analysed to work out Leq hourly, Leq day and Leq night.

Environmental monitoring locations have been represented in Table 4-2 and Figure 4-1.

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Figure 4-1: Map showing Environment and Traffic Monitoring Locations

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Table 4-2: Environmental Monitoring Locations

S. Aspect Monitoring Latitude/Longitude Monitoring Direction from the Rationale No. Location/ Location project site Code

1. Ambient Air AAQ 1 24° 30.803'N Site Boundary South west boundary Baseline air quality 71° 15.404'E of site at project site (Downwind of site)

AAQ 2 24°32'19.4"N Habitation near East of the project Nearest Sensitive 71°16'55.7"E project site (3-4 receptor (Upwind of households) site)

AAQ 3 24° 32.161'N Empty land North of project site Crosswind to project 71° 18.221'E parcels near site site

2. Ground Water GW 1 24° 30.803'N Project site Project site Monitoring of ground 71° 15.404'E water quality in the project area

3. Ambient Noise NQ 1 24° 30.803'N Site Boundary South west boundary Noise level at project 71° 15.404'E of site site

NQ 2 24°32'19.4"N Habitation near East of the project Nearest Sensitive 71°16'55.7"E project site receptor

NQ 3 24° 32.161'N Empty land North of project site Noise level near 71° 18.221'E parcels near site project area

4. Soil Quality SQ 1 24° 30.803'N Within project Project Area Soil quality of Project 71° 15.404'E boundary Area

SQ 2 24° 32.427'N Near east East of the project Baseline Soil Quality 71° 17.717'E boundary of site site of Surrounding Area.

5. Traffic Survey TM 1 24° 32.895'N Intersection of East of the project Access road to be 71° 22.620'E State Highway site used for carrying (SH) 132 and construction village road equipment and material

4.1.1 Physiography The district can be divided in three (3) main parts – the hilly- mountainous region having high relief and rugged topography covering parts of , , Vadgaon and entire Danta taluka in the east, the piedmont zone all along the periphery of hilly area, and west and southwest of River Banas the area is flat plain with occasional undulations given rise to by sand dunes and mounds in the west. The western extension of this plain merges into the marshy area of .

Geomorphologically the district can be divided into six sub micro regions on the basis of physiography, climate, geology, soils and natural vegetation. a) Vav Sandy Plain: It is mostly sandy plain with an altitude of 100 m above mean sea level. There are a few small channels, which merge into little Rann of Kutch. Geologically, area is composed of Alluvium, blown sand etc. b) Sandy Plain: The region mainly extends over the north and north western parts of the district bounded by the state of in the north, Banas valley in the east and south and Vav sandy plain in west. The region has the sloppy gradient, towards the west in which the river Sukal flows. Geologically area is composed of Alluvium, blown sand etc. c) Banas Valley: This region extends over the central and south-western part of the district, it is mainly formed by the Banas River which flows in south-westerly direction and ultimately merges into Rann of Kutch. Northern part of this region is high in elevation than the south and western portions. Geologically area is composed predominantly of Alluvium, blown sand etc. d) Banskantha : The region spreads over the eastern part of , occupying Danta and part of Palanpur and small area of Vadgaon talukas. It is bounded by the state of Rajasthan from

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north, Banas Valley from west, from south and Sabarkantha district from east. This region is highly elevated ranging between 100 and 300 m above mean sea level. Saraswati River is the main river of the region. Geologically area is composed Alluvium, blown sand etc. e) Jasor Chhotila Hills: The region lies in Dhanera and Palanpur taluks and is enclosed by the state of Rajasthan from three sides while Banaskantha Aravalli range makes its limit in the south. It is actually disrupted part of Aravalli range by the Banas valley. It is an undulating terrain with an elevation of 300 m above mean sea level and is covered by forest. Geologically this region is mainly composed of Eranpura granite formation. f) Umardasi – Sarawati Plain: This region mainly extends over the south –eastern part of Banskantha district covering the taluks of Palanpur and Vadgaon. It is bounded by Banas valley in the west and north, Banaskantha Aravalli range in the east and Mehsana district in the south. This region is formed by the Umardasi and Saraswati River and having an elevation of 100 m above mean sea level. Geologically, area is composed of alluvium, blown sand etc.

4.1.2 Geology Geologically, the area consists chiefly of representatives of the Aravalli system, system (Ajabgadh series), Intrusive in the Delhi system and the recent deposits. Recent includes Alluvium, blown sand, river gravels. Gligoclase - dolerite dykes. Intrusive include Gabbros and dolerite Pluys, Erinpura granite— and pegmatite. Epidiorites and hornblende - Schists.

The Geological Map of the Gujarat State is represented in the Figure 4-2 below.

Figure 4-2: Geological Map of Gujarat State Source: Narmada, Water Resources, Water Supply and Kalpsar Department, Gujarat

4.1.3 Drainage The drainage network in the district is constituted mainly by the Banas and Saraswati rivers and their tributaries. In the extreme east, forms district boundary with Sabarkantha district and in part controls the drainage network of the hilly area east of Danta. Other important rivers passing through or originating from the district are Arjuni, Sipu, Balaram, Khari, Khapra, Kalari, Gujudi, Dholka, Umardashi, Chekaria, Selvam, Rel, Ravi

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and Sirinala. Since the district experiences a semi-arid type of climate, the rivers flowing through it are of ephemeral nature i.e. have water during monsoon only and dry up after monsoon. Some of the rivers like Banas and Saraswati, however, carry fairly good amount of water during rainy season. Most of the rivers have south and south westerly flow directions. There are few important lakes in the district i.e. Ganga Saragar near Jethi Village in Palanpur taluka, Man Sarovar near Chitrasani village and Dantiwala lake constructed near Dantiwada Dam. Various canals drawn from the lakes irrigate the land of the district.

During rainfall, water just stands over ground at the site due to absence of natural drainage channels and also due to existence of several bunds in vicinity of Radhanesda village and Kundalia village. These bunds have been constructed to conserve rain water and to check the ingress of salt water from surrounding area. Thus, depth of flooding could be 310 mm (nearly one feet) for a 50-year return period storm rainfall of 24-hour duration at the site.7 Earth filling in the solar power park is necessary so as to raise the ground level and thus protect the area from flooding. Raising the ground level by earth filling is also required to lay internal drainage channels with adequate slope for conveying stormwater safely to the outlets on boundary of the solar park. This has been recommended in the hydrological study undertaken by IIT, Roorkee in August 2016.

The drainage map of the project site has been represented below in the Figure 4-3.

7 As per the Hydrological study of the Radhanesda Solar Park conducted by IIT Roorkee in August 2019

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Figure 4-3: Map representing Drainage within 5 km radius of site

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4.1.4 Land use and Land Cover The total land in the district was 10,743 sq. km during 2009-2010. As per the District Census Handbook, Banas Kantha (2011), in the district 7.61% area is covered under the forest area, 38.56% is covered under the irrigation and 30.59% area is un-irrigated.

The district comes under Western Plain, Kachchh And Part of Kathia zone ICAR. A major part of the district grows crops which are less remunerative. The main kharif crops in the district are bajri, jowar, moong, math, tal, rapeseed etc. and main Rabi crop is Wheat. The land use pattern of the district has been provided in the Table 4- 3 below:

Table 4-3: Landuse classification of Banaskantha district

S. No. Classification Area (in hectares) % Coverage

1. Forests 77657.54 7.61

2. Area Under Non-Agriculture Uses 40543.98 3.97

3. Barren and Un-cultivable Land 36216.5 3.55

4. Permanent pastures and Other Grazing Lands 79331.38 7.77

5. Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. 7671.77 0.75

6. Cultivable Waste Land 36294.1 3.56

7. Fallow Lands other than Current Fallows 17458.49 1.71

8. Current Fallows 19708.8 1.93

9. Net Area Shown 705818.72 69.15 Source: District Census Handbook, Banas Kantha (2011)

Total geographical area of the Radhanesda village, where the project site falls is 844.61 hectares.

The Project site specific Land use within 5 km radius of the proposed project site and the land use of the project site has been presented in the following Table 4-4 and Figure 4-4.

Table 4-4: Land use specific to Project Area and Site

S. No. Land use Type Land use within 5 km radius of Land use of Project Site Project Site

Area in Sq. km % of the total Area in Sq. km % of the total area area

1. Barren/Salt affected Land 3.07 13.97 - -

2. Barren/Scrub land 2.85 13.97 1.11 31.88

3. Fallow Agricultural Land 4.91 13.97 0.24 6.94

4. Rann 115.01 13.97 2.00 57.38

5. Wetland/Swamp 1.64 13.97 - -

6. Agricultural Land 13.97 9.88 0.13 3.80

Total Area in sq. km. 141.46 100 3.48 100.00

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Figure 4-4: Map showing Landuse within 5 km radius of the Proposed Project site

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Figure 4-5: Map showing Land use of the Proposed Project site

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4.1.5 Soil Types The soils of Banaskantha district can be classified into three (3) categories, viz., alluvial sandy soils, sandy loams and black soils. The alluvial soils are found in the western parts of the district beyond the rivers Sipu and Banas in the talukas of , Vav, Deodar, , and western parts of Dhanera, and Kankrej. They are deep sandy with very little organic content. The sand is coarse at places and does not retain moisture. These soils are basically saline and can yield crops only under optimum rainfall conditions.

The soils of the district are derived mainly from sand stones. They are sandy, porous, well-drained and easy to work with implements. Parts of Danta, Amirgath and Palanpur talukas consist of sandy loam soils having scattered blackish patches. In parts of Vav and Deodar talukas, soils are saline as can be seen in the Figure below. On the whole, because of its good sum-soil drainage the capacity of the soil to retain moisture is very poor. This adds to regular droughts, which make the growth of vegetation more and difficult.

The site is covered with saline tract of brownish grey silt, clay, sand, and murram at depth. Map representing the type of soil in Gujarat state is presented in the Figure 4-6 below.

Figure 4-6: Soil Map of Gujarat State

4.1.6 Hydrogeology Precambrian hard rocks, semi-consolidated Mesozoic and tertiary formations and unconsolidated quaternary alluvial deposits form multi-layer aquifer system in the district. Groundwater occurs both under phreatic and confined conditions, however its development is restricted depending upon the aquifer geometry and yield characteristic of individual aquifer and/or ground water quality of the formation water. The north-eastern part of the district is mainly occupied by metasediments and Post Delhi intrusive. The occurrence and movement of ground water is governed by secondary porosity i.e. thickness and extent of weathering and size and interconnections of fractures/joints.

Northern and central parts of the north Gujarat including major part of the Banaskantha district is underlain by post Miocene alluvium and older semi consolidated Mesozoic and Tertiary sedimentary formations. These

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sedimentary formations form the most prolific multi-aquifer system comprising several confined aquifers; these sediments are mainly consisted of Coarse sand, gravel, kankar, silt, clay and clay stones. Groundwater occurs both under phreatic and confined conditions in arenaceous horizons within sedimentary. The occurrence and movement of groundwater is mainly controlled by intergranular pore spaces. The lower units comprising a few hundred meters of alternating sand and clay beds form confine aquifer system.

Confined aquifers in this area have been broadly grouped into, first confined (shallow) aquifer ranging in depth from 80 to 160 m bgl and the second confined aquifer (deep) ranging in depth from 155 to 275 m bgl. These aquifers extend from the foothill of the Aravalli in the northeast to the little Rann of Kutch in the west. The Miocene aquifers are mainly fine to medium grained sand, sandstone interbedded with clay, clay stone and siltstone.

As per CGWB classification, project area lies in ‘Saline’ ground water zonation. Ground water in the project area was informed to be highly saline and available at shallow depth of 1-2 m below ground level.

The hydrogeological map of Banaskantha district is presented in the Figure 4-7 below.

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Figure 4-7: Hydrogeological map of Banaskantha district

4.1.7 Climate and Meteorology The climate of the district is sub-tropical monsoon type and falls under semi-arid region. Climate in the district is characterised by the hot summer and dryness in the non-rainy seasons. The year is marked by four distinct seasons i.e. cold from December to February followed by the hot season from March to May (mid-June). The south-west monsoon season is from mid-June to mid-September and Post monsoon season is from mid- September to end of October. May is the hottest month with mean daily maximum temperature of 41°C. January is the coldest month in which the mean daily minimum temperature of 9.8°C recorded in 1998.

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Except during the monsoon season when the humidity is between 60 percent and 85 percent, the average humidity is low during the year. The driest part of the year is the cold and summer seasons when the relative humidity in the afternoons are less than 30 per cent. 4.1.7.1 Rainfall The south-west monsoon season is from mid-June to mid-September and post monsoon season is from mid- September to end of October. In general, monsoons are warm and moderately humid. Annual rainfall of the district is 578.8 mm. The annual rainfall is received during the south-west monsoon season from June to September, July being the month with the highest rainfall.

Recent data for last five (05) years collected from India Meteorological Department (IMD), Banaskantha shows large variation in rainfall as shown in Table 4-5.

Table 4-5: Average Annual Rainfall (in mm) for Banaskantha District

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 2014 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.7 3.7 152.1 87.9 277.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 2015 2.1 0.0 2.4 6.8 0.0 50.9 712. 32.6 27.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 2016 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.9 114.8 233.4 20.2 78.3 0.0 0.0 2017 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 76.8 939.7 95.0 25.3 0.0 0.0 0.6 2018 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 32.1 123.0 54.3 5.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Source: IMD (http://hydro.imd.gov.in/hydrometweb/(S(rzx21qm1n5eyvwabunouztag))/DistrictRaifall.aspx) 4.1.7.2 Wind Speed

Winds are generally light to moderate with some increase in strength in the latter part of summer and early part of the monsoon season. In the period from April to September, winds blow mostly from directions between south and west, south to westerly predominating. Winds are light and variable in direction and in October, easterlies and north-easterlies being more common in mornings and westerly and north-westerly in the afternoons. From November to March, while morning winds are mostly from directions between north and east, the afternoon winds are generally from directions between west and north. Some of the depressions during July and August, originating in the Bay of Bengal move in a westerly or west-north-westerly direction and reach the district or its neighbourhood during the last stages of their travel and cause heavy rain and gusty winds. Thunderstorms occur in the latter half of the summer and early part-of the southwest monsoon season.

4.1.8 Natural Hazards 4.1.8.1 Wind Hazard Banaskantha is prone to wind and cyclone hazard, and lie in high damage risk zone, with wind speed of 47 meter per second (m/s) as seen in the Figure 4-8 below.

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Figure 4-8: Wind Hazard map of Gujarat state

Source: BMTPC, Third Edition (2019)

4.1.8.2 Seismicity

Earthquake risk is very high in Gujarat and the State has suffered major earthquakes in 1819, 1845, 1847, 1848, 1864, 1903, 1938, 1956 and 2001 (i.e. 9 times in past 200 years). The 2001 Kutch earthquake was the third largest and second most destructive earthquake in India over the last two centuries.

The proposed project site in Vav Taluka in Banaskantha district falls under High Risk Seismic Zone – IV (MSK VIII) and can be seen in the Figure 4-9 below:

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Figure 4-9: Earthquake Hazard Map of Gujarat state

Source: Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA)

4.2 Air, Water, Noise and Soil Baseline In order to evaluate the environmental quality in the study area, monitoring was carried out for one (1) week in the month of January 2020 at all the identified locations during site survey by an external laboratory, M/s CEG Test House And Research Centre Private Limited, which is accredited to National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) in accordance with ISO/IEC 17025:2005.

4.2.1 Ambient Air Quality Solar power projects in particular do not cause any emissions during its operation phase and fugitive dust emissions are witnessed during construction phase of the project due to construction activities and vehicular movement.

Ambient air was monitored in the project area for the month of January to estimate the quality of ambient air around the project site. The air quality was analysed at three (03) locations as mentioned in Table 4-2 to estimate the concentration of primary pollutants in the ambient air. The sampling locations were selected considering the presence of habitation nearby and their accessibility.

The ambient air quality results were compared to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS, 2009) for rural and residential area and the analysis results of air quality have been presented below in the Table 4-6.

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Table 4-6: Results of Ambient Air Monitoring

Pollutant Time Weighted Concentration in AAQ-1 AAQ-2 AAQ-3 Average Ambient Air (Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other Areas)

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), µg/m3 24 Hours 80 8.28 9.31 9.18

3 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), µg/m 24 Hours 80 25.01 23.32 23.12 Particulate Matter (size less than 24 Hours 100 75.75 89.33 70.63 3 10 µm) or PM10, µg/m

Particulate Matter (size less than 24 Hours 60 38.41 43.68 35.66 3 2.5 µm) or PM 2.5, µg/m

3 Ozone (O3), µg/m 8 Hours 100 3.41 2.56 3.79

Lead (Pb), µg/m3 24 Hours 1 0.01 0.03 0.009

Carbon Monoxide (CO), mg/m3 8 Hours 2 0.25 0.50 0.38

3 Ammonia (NH3), µg/m 24 Hours 400 3.95 3.10 4.02

3 Benzene (C6H6), µg/m Annual 5 BDL (<1.0) BDL (<1.0) BDL (<1.0)

Benzo (O) Pyrene (BaP), Annual 1 BDL (<0.5) BDL (<0.5) BDL (<0.5) particulate phase only, ng/m3

Arsenic (As), ng/m3 Annual 6 BDL (<0.5) BDL (<0.5) BDL (<0.5)

Nickel (Ni), ng/m3 Annual 20 2.76 2.18 BDL (<0.5) Source: Laboratory Results, January 2020 BDL: Below Detectable Limit

Inference

The project site is situated in a rural setting and there are no industries and significant emission sources within 5 km radius of the Project Site. The parameters measured for ambient air quality were noted to be well within the permissible limits of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), as defined by MoEF&CC. PM2.5, PM10, SO2, CO, NH3, Lead and Ozone were detected in all the samples but were noted to be well within the permissible limits. Concentration of Benzene and Benzo (O) Pyrene was not detected at any of the locations.

4.2.2 Ambient Noise Quality Ambient Noise level was monitored continuously for 24 hours at three (03) locations around the project area using Sound Level Meter at the identified receptor locations mentioned in Table 4-2. The noise levels obtained were analysed to arrive at the equivalent continuous noise level (Leq) for day and night time. The day and night time hours ranged from 06:00 to 22:00 hrs and 22:00 to 06:00 hrs respectively.

The sampling locations can be categorised as residential area. Therefore, the results of the ambient noise level monitoring presented in Table 4-7 are compared with National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in respect of noise limits for day time and night time for residential area.

Table 4-7: Results of Ambient Noise level Monitoring

Location Code Noise Standard NQ-1 NQ-2 NQ-3 (Residential Area)

Leq Day dB (A) 55 67.0 54.5 74.4

Leq Night dB (A) 45 60.3 45.4 40.3 Source: Laboratory Results, January 2020

Inference

The ambient noise level at location NQ 1 i.e. near the site boundary was noted to be exceeding the permissible standards of noise levels prescribed by CPCB for day time and night time. The high noise level can be attributed

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to vehicular movements, ground levelling work being undertaken nearby the site and high wind movement on the day of monitoring.

Ambient noise level at NQ 2, i.e. Radhanesda village road was noted to be within permissible limits for the day time. However, noise levels were noted to be exceeding slightly above the permissible limits for night time.

The ambient noise level at location NQ 3 i.e. empty land parcels near the site was noted to be exceeding the permissible standards of noise levels prescribed by CPCB for day time whereas the night time levels were within the permissible limits for noise level. The high noise levels at NQ 2 and NQ 3 can be attributed mainly to the high wind velocity on the day of monitoring and some construction activities being undertaken in the area in and around the Project Site (construction of the boundary wall, shops, etc.).

4.2.3 Water Quality Ground water was noted to be at a depth of 1-2 m below ground level (bgl) at the site and the same was confirmed by the village Sarpanch. However, the ground water was reported to be extremely saline and thus unsuitable for drinking or domestic purposes.

One (01) ground water sample was collected to assess the water quality at site and around the project area. Sample of groundwater was examined for physico-chemical, heavy metals and biological parameters as per standard testing procedures and compared to Drinking Water Standards, IS 10500: 2012.

Table 4-8 presents the results of analysis of the ground water sample which are compared with acceptable and permissible limits as specified in the drinking water standards IS 10500:2012.

Table 4-8: Results of Ground Water and Surface Water Quality Analysis

S. No. Parameters Unit GW1 AL(PL)

1. Colour Hazen <1.0 5 (15)

2. Odour - Agreeable Agreeable

3. Taste - Agreeable Agreeable

4. Turbidity NTU <1.0 1(5)

5. pH - 7.52 6.5-8.5 (NR)

6. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/l -

7. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/l -

8. Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 2515.0 500 (2000)

9. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l 159.58 200 (600)

10. Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 648.90 200 (600)

11. Chloride as Cl mg/l 1250.80 250 (1000)

12. Sulphate as SO4 mg/l 76 200 (600)

13. Fluoride as F mg/l 1.4 200 (600)

14. Nitrate as NO3 mg/l 20.0 250 (1000)

15. Phenolic Compound as C6H5OH mg/l BDL 0.001 (0.002)

16. Sulphide as S2- mg/l BDL 0.05 (NR)

17. Calcium as Ca mg/l 86.69 75 (200)

18. Magnesium as Mg mg/l 105.34 30 (100)

19. Iron as Fe mg/l BDL 0.3 (NR)

20. Mercury as Hg mg/l BDL 0.001 (NR)

21. Cadmium as Cd mg/l BDL 0.003 (NR)

22. Arsenic as As mg/l BDL 0.01 (0.05)

23. Lead as Pb mg/l BDL 0.01 (NR)

24. Manganese as Mn mg/l BDL 0.1 (0.3)

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S. No. Parameters Unit GW1 AL(PL)

25. Zinc as Zn mg/l BDL 5 (15)

26. Total Chromium as Cr mg/l BDL 0.05 (NR)

27. Copper as Cu mg/l BDL 0.05 (1.5)

28. Boron as B mg/l 0.67 0.5 (1.0)

29. Nickel as Ni mg/l BDL 0.02 (NR)

30. Selenium as Se mg/l 0.006 0.01 (NR)

31. Free Residual Chlorine mg/l BDL 0.2 (1.0)

32. Aluminium as Al mg/l BDL 0.03 (0.2)

33. Ammonia as N mg/l BDL 0.5 (NR)

34. Barium as Ba mg/l 0.36 0.7 (NR)

35. Pesticides - ND - (NR)

36. Mineral Oil mg/l ND 0.5 (NR)

37. Silver as Ag mg/l BDL 0.1 (NR)

38. Cyanide as CN mg/l BDL 0.01 (NR)

39. Molybdenum as Mo mg/l 0.008 0.07 (NR)

40. Chloramines as Cl2 mg/l BDL 4.0 (NR)

41. Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) mg/l BDL 0.005 (NR)

42. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) mg/l BDL 0.0001 (NR)

43. Anionic Detergents as MBAS mg/l BDL 0.2 (1.0)

44. Total Coliform MPN/100 ml Absent Shall not be detectable in any 100 ml sample 45. E. Coli - Absent Shall not be detectable in any 100 ml sample Source: Laboratory Results, January 2020, ND- Not Detected Note: AL- Acceptable Limit; PL – Permissible Limit; NR – No Relaxation as per IS10500:2012

Inference

The pH value of the sample was observed to be within the prescribed range, indicating neutral balance. The hardness and total dissolved solids (TDS) value in the groundwater sample exceeds the permissible limit. Chemical parameters such as chloride and magnesium were noted to be exceeding the permissible limit. Calcium was noted to be exceeding the acceptable limit but is within the permissible limit. Other heavy metal parameters such as Selenium, barium, Fluoride, boron were detected in the groundwater sample but were noted to be within acceptable limit. The groundwater sample does not show the presence of faecal coliforms implying that there is no faecal contamination in the groundwater. All other parameters were observed to be within the acceptable limits as specified in the drinking water standard of IS 10500:2012. It can be inferred from the water quality that groundwater contains high number of dissolved solids and has high hardness and thus is not completely fit for human consumption prior to conventional treatment.

4.2.4 Soil Environment Soil samples from two (02) locations as mentioned in Table 4-2 were collected and analysed to evaluate the soil quality for physio-chemicals and heavy metals concentration in soil in the environment study area.

The physical and chemical characteristics of the soil samples were evaluated and compared with the standard soil classification provided by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) as depicted in the Table 4-9 below:

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Table 4-9: Standard Soil Classification

Soil Parameters Classification pH Normal to saline 6.0 to 8.5

Tending to become alkaline 8.5-9.0

Alkaline Above 9.0

Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm) Up to 1.00 – Normal 1.01- 2.00- Critical to germination

2.01-4.00- Critical for growth of the sensitive crops

Above 4.00 – Injurious to most crops Source: Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi

The results of soil quality analysis have been presented in the Table 4-10 below:

Table 4-10: Results of Soil quality analysis

S. No. Parameters Unit Sampling Locations

SQ1 SQ2

1 pH at 25ºC - 8.04 8.51

2 Electrical Conductivity ms/cm 7.32 0.14

3 Texture - Sandy Loam Sand

4 Phosphate (as PO4) % 0.01 0.01

5 Potassium (as K) mg/kg 137.57 80.66

6 Sodium (as Na) mg/kg 4546.8 59.47

7 Copper (as Cu) Mg/kg 4.67 3.77

8 Zinc (as Zn) Mg/kg 14.79 11.10

9 Iron (as Fe) Mg/kg 3850.53 2761.33

10 Manganese (as Mn) Mg/kg 167.26 111.14

11 Lead (Pb) Mg/kg 1.80 2.32

12 Nickel (Ni) Mg/kg 8.10 7.31

13 Barium (Ba) Mg/kg 8.89 13.80

14 Arsenic (As) Mg/kg 2.37 1.61

15 Cadmium (Cd) Mg/kg BDL BDL

16 Chromium (Cr) Mg/kg BDL BDL

17 Mercury (Hg) Mg/kg BDL BDL

18 Nitrates Mg/kg 2.20 3.01

19 Nitrites Mg/kg BDL BDL

20 Cation Exchange Capacity Meq/100g 27.91 6.96

21 Permeability Cm/sec 1.73 x10-6 4.23 x10-5

22 Porosity % 31.03 33.77

23 Particle Size Distribution

10 mm % 0.0 0.0

4.75 mm % 0.0 0.0

2 mm % 0.0 0.24

425 microns % 2.08 8.80

75 microns % 64.58 83.12

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Source: Laboratory Results, January 2020 BDL= Below Detection Limit

Inference It can be inferred from the results that the soil samples show different characteristics. The pH values of the soil samples range from 8.04 to 8.51 and the samples indicate normal to slightly saline soil conditions. Electrical conductivity of soil samples varies from 0.14-7.32 ms/cm indicating that soil at the project site (SQ1) is injurious to most crops and thus indicates high salinity of soil and the soil around the project site falls under Normal category. The Phosphate value in both the samples is 0.01%. Nitrate values in the samples ranges from 2.20- 3.01 mg/kg whereas Nitrates were not detected in any soil sample. The relatively high Sodium concentration in Soil sample at the project site indicates highly sodic soil and indicates that the soil has poor soil structure with low infiltration rate and aeration and thus the soil is not suitable for cultivation of many crops. High sodium concentration in soil can also be attributed to salty groundwater at the site. The sodium concentration around the project site is 59.47 mg/kg. The cation exchange capacity ranges from 6.96 in SQ2 to 27.91 in SQ1. Iron content in the soil samples were noted to be high in the range of 2761.33 in SQ 2 and 3859.53 mg/kg in SQ1. The samples were noted to be about 31.03-33.77% porous. Heavy metals such as chromium, cadmium, Mercury were not detected in the soil samples. Whereas other heavy metals such as lead (in the range of 1.80-2.32 mg/kg), nickel (in the range of 7.31-8.10 mg/kg), arsenic (in the range of 1.61-2.37 mg/kg) were observed in the soil samples.

As per the Soil texture diagram (shown below in the Figure 4-10) prescribed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), it can be deciphered that the texture of soil sample SQ 1, i.e. the soil at the Project site is “Sandy Loam”, and the texture of soil sample SQ 2 (around the Project site) is “Sandy”.

Figure 4-10: Soil Texture Diagram

(Source: United States Department of Agriculture https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/?cid=nrcs142p2_054167)

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4.2.5 Traffic The project will involve transportation of solar panels and other components on trucks/trailers through village roads during peak construction phase. During the operation phase, traffic movement for the project activities will be restricted only to the movement of project vehicles and materials for maintenance.

The proposed Solar Project is connected through State Highway 127 (SH-127) which passes through the village Kundaliya and connects to Radhanesda village at a distance of 8 km from the site. The road further connects to Limbidya village (Limbiya- Baet road) which is an existing government paved road (~3.5 m wide) and runs parallel towards the north of the site.

Assessment of existing traffic conditions in the project area was undertaken to identify the problems with respect to traffic movement and to formulate the possible alternative solutions and the need for organizing the same in an efficient and economical manner. A traffic volume count survey was conducted at one location, i.e. Village road connecting Kundaliya village to Radhanesda village, further diverting connecting to the Limbiya- Baet road where the project site is located. This road will be used for transportation of the construction materials during construction phase and is the main connecting road for the site. The two-way traffic volume counts were recorded for twenty-four hours (8:00 am to 8:00 pm), once during the study period to assess the existing traffic composition.

The traffic monitored has been divided into the following four (4) categories/classes:

• Two wheelers (motor cycle, scooters);

• Three wheelers (auto rickshaw, motorized cart);

• Four wheelers (passenger cars, pick up vans);

• Six wheelers (light commercial vehicles, trucks & buses);

• Bicycles; and

• Others (carts).

Since the vehicles are of different types, a factor needs to be accounted for each of them in order to express them at par in single unit terms. The factors, commonly known as Passenger Car Unit (PCU) factors that are generally adopted have been given in the following Table 4-11.

Table 4-11: PCU Factors adopted for Traffic Volume Survey

Vehicle Type PCU Factor

Two Wheelers (Motor Cycle, Scooter etc.) 0.75

Three Wheelers (Autorickshaw, motorised carts etc.) 1.2

Four Wheelers/Light Vehicles (Passenger cars, Pickup vans etc.) 1

Six Wheelers/Heavy Vehicles (Light Commercial vehicles, Trucks and Buses etc.) 3.7

Bicycles 0.5

Others (Carts etc.) 2

Source: The Indian Roads Congress Code – IRC 109-1990

The hourly traffic volume counts have been furnished in the following Table 4-12 and Figure 4-11 below.

Table 4-12: Hourly Traffic Volumes

Time (Hours) Heavy Light Three Wheelers Two Wheelers Cycle Bullock Carts/Other Total Hourly Vehicles Vehicles Carts Traffic Volume

08:00-09:00 0 5 0 2.25 0 0 7.25

09:00-10:00 11.1 10 0 6 0 0 27.1

10:00-11:00 3.7 8 0 7.5 0 0 19.2

11:00-12:00 11.1 14 0 9 0 0 34.1

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12:00-13:00 3.7 17 0 14.25 0.5 0 35.45

13:00-14:00 0 11 0 6 0.5 0 17.5

14:00-15.00 0 8 0 7.5 0 0 15.5

15.00-16.00 0 13 0 6 0 0 19

16.00-17.00 7.4 24 0 7.5 0.5 0 39.4

17.00-18.00 18.5 15 0 8.25 1 0 42.75

18.00-19.00 14.8 7 0 9 0 0 30.8

19.00-20.00 3.7 10 0 3.75 0 0 17.45

20.00-21.00 3.7 7 0 3 0 0 13.7

21.00-22.00 0 2 0 0 0 0 2

22.00-23.00 0 2 0 0 0 0 2

023.00-00.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

00.00-01.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

01.00-02.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

02.00-03.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

03.00-04.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

04:00-05:00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

05:00-06:00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

06:00-07:00 3.7 3 0 0 0 0 6.7

07:00-08:00 0 6 0 0 0 0 6

Total 81.4 162 0 90 2.5 0 335.9 Source: Laboratory Results, 2020

Traffic Count 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10

Hourly Traffic HourlyTraffic Volume 5

0

03.00-04.00

02.00-03.00

01.00-02.00

00.00-01.00

22.00-23.00

21.00-22.00

20.00-21.00

19.00-20.00

15.00-16.00 17.00-18.00 16.00-17.00 18.00-19.00

14:00-15.00

07:00-08:00

06:00-07:00

05:00-06:00

04:00-05:00

13:00-14:00

12:00-13:00

11:00-12:00

10:00-11:00

09:00-10:00

08:00-09:00 023.00-00.00 Time (Hours)

Figure 4-11: Hourly Traffic Volumes at TM1

Inference

Traffic volume count indicates that out of the total traffic at the Village road, maximum influx and outflux was observed for light vehicles (four wheelers) such as cars, vans amounting for 48% of the traffic at the road followed by two wheelers, which constituted for 26% of the traffic. This is followed by Six Wheelers/Heavy

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Vehicles such as Light Commercial vehicles, Trucks and Buses etc accounting for 24% of traffic. Further, cycles amounted for less than 1% of the traffic at the road. Other vehicles such as three wheelers, cycle rickshaws, bullock carts and other carts were not observed at the road.

Morning peak hour for maximum traffic influx was noted as 11:00-12:00 hours with 34.1 units. During night, peak traffic was observed at 17:00-18:00 hours with 32.75 units. Daily cumulative traffic movement at the village road was observed to be 335.9 units. 4.3 Biodiversity profile This section of the report summarizes the biodiversity baseline study carried out towards the ESIA. It delineates the study area covered by the assessment, describes the methodology used for the assessment and establishes a biodiversity baseline which covers the species, habitats, and ecosystem services of the study area, any invasive alien species present in the study area and the designated areas in closest proximity to the study area. This biodiversity baseline forms the basis for predicting the potential impacts of the project on the biodiversity of the study area and suggesting mitigation measures to manage the predicted impacts.

4.3.1 Delineation of the Study Area This sub-section delineates the study area covered by the biodiversity assessment. It also briefly describes the geographical and ecological status of the delineated study area.

The overall area covered by the assessment includes the following constituent areas:

a) The footprint of the project, hereafter referred to as the ‘Project Site’; b) The area extending 5 km outward from the Project Site boundary (estimated to contain the potential receptors of any project-related ecological impacts), hereafter referred to as the ‘Area of Influence’ or ‘AOI’; and c) The alignment of the external transmission line, along with the area extending 500 m on either side of the alignment, hereafter collectively referred to as the ‘Transmission Corridor’.

The ‘Project Site’, the ‘AOI’ and the ‘Transmission Corridor’ are hereafter collectively referred to as the ‘Study Area’.

Geographically, the Study Area comprises a part of the Little Rann of Kutch, a vast expanse of seasonal salt marshes containing elevated pieces of vegetated land fed mainly by the , and a part of the Vav Sandy Plain, an alluvial plain associated with the West Banas River. Ecologically, the Study Area represents a tract of Northern Tropical Thorn Forest, a forest-type typical to semi-arid tracts of north-western India, with forest sub- types including edaphic forms, such as Rann Saline Thorn Scrub and Salvadora Scrub, as well as, degraded forms, such as Euphorbia and Cassia auriculata Scrub.

The terrain of the Study Area is generally flat, with scattered shallow depressions, an overall gentle slope from northeast to southwest, and an average elevation of approximately 20 m above mean sea level. The land is drained mainly by a few shallow streams, with the drainage pattern being relatively under-developed and rain- water tending to settle in the natural depressions, creating small and large seasonal wetlands. The land-use in the Study Area is dominated by open scrub, salt marshes, seasonal wetlands, agricultural land and dispersed habitation. Crops commonly cultivated in the Study Area include Pennisetum typhoideum (Baajri), Triticum aestivum (Gau), Zea mays (Makki), Vigna radiata (Mag), Phaseolus aconitifolius (Math), Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Guvaar), Brassica nigra (Rayda), Ricinus communis (Eranda), Cuminum cyminum (Jeera), Foeniculum vulgare (Variyali) and Citrullus vulgaris (Kalenga). Plantations around habitations, on farm bunds and along roads commonly include Euphorbia sp. (Thor), Azadirachta indica (Limda), Ailanthus excelsa (Aidua) and Moringa oleifera (Saragwa).

4.3.2 Methodology This sub-section describes the methodology used for collecting the primary and secondary data on which the biodiversity baseline of the Study Area is based. The secondary data was collated from suitably authenticated public domain sources, as also, informal consultations with local government officials and members of the local community.

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The primary and secondary data collection with respect to species was limited to the higher flora, namely angiosperms, and the higher fauna, namely vertebrates.

4.3.2.1 Primary Data

The primary biodiversity data was collected through qualitative sampling at thirty (30) sites in the Study Area. The sites were selected through stratified random sampling, governed by considerations of safety and accessibility. At each site, primary observations on species, habitats and ecosystem services were recorded.

Figure 4-12 presents the locations of the biodiversity sampling sites vis-à-vis the Study Area.

Figure 4-12: Biodiversity Sampling Sites in the Study Area The primary data was recorded during 4-7 November 2019 and 7-11 January 2020. The timings of the primary data collection covered the entire diurnal faunal activity-period, from early morning till late evening, but excluded the nocturnal faunal activity-period. Primary data on both, floristic and faunal species, was recorded through the visual encounter method. Primary data records were based on direct sightings of species, as well as, indirect evidence, such as flowers, pods, calls, nests, burrows, droppings, scats, moults and tracks. 4.3.2.2 Secondary Data

Study Area-specific secondary data was collected, as available, from local Forest Department offices, project site-personnel and members of the local community. Additional suitably authenticated secondary data was collated from sources in the public domain, including research journals, standard field guides, scientific reports by research institutions and forest department offices, and websites maintained by internationally recognized conservation organizations, such as International Union for Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Alliance for Zero Extinction, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF-India), Birdlife International and Wetlands International.

The information sources quoted in this report are listed after the corresponding reportage throughout the report.

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4.3.3 Species Profile of the Study Area This sub-section describes the reported and recorded floristic and faunal species of the Study Area. 4.3.3.1 Floristic Species

The floristic species profile is based on the forest-types reported from the Study Area and the floristic species recorded in the Study Area as part of the primary data.

Reported Forest Types

According to the Champion and Seth Classification of Indian Forests, the natural vegetation of the Study Area is classifiable into the following forest-types:

Type 6B/C1 [Subtype C1 – Desert Thorn Forest of Subgroup 6B – Northern Tropical Thorn Forests]

The main forest type is spread over arid or semi-arid regions of Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and northern Gujarat, including and Kachchh. The forest type is found mostly on flat alluvial or aeolian soils but can extend over low hilly country and eroded ravine lands, though intervening patches of highly saline soil remain bare of vegetation.

The dominant species vary from 4.5-10m in height and tend to be collected in clumps leaving bare ground in between. The woody growth is of all sizes from trees to dwarf shrubs, with no differentiation into storeys. Climbers are relatively numerous and usually exhibit xerophytic adaptations. The perennial grasses also grow in clumps and tussocks. There is a thin growth of annual grass after rains.

The subtype is found in Rajasthan, Punjab and Gujarat on flat to undulating country, with low hillocks or hills and soils that are partly in situ, but usually fluvial or aeolian deposits in various stages of consolidation. It is composed of very open crops of scattered trees, with locally prominent consociations of certain species, notably Acacia senegal and Prosopis spicigera.

Species characteristic of this forest subtype include:

Tree species: Azadirachta indica, Balanites aegyptiaca, Butea monosperma, Cordia rothii, Flacourtia indica, Grewia pilosa, Holoptelea integrifolia, Premna integrifolia, Prosopis cineraria, Salvadora oleioides, senegal, Tecomella undulata, Vachellia catechu, V. jacquemontii, V. leucophloea, V. nilotica and Ziziphus jujuba;

Shrub species: Calligonum polygonoides, Calotropis gigantea, C. procera, Capparis decidua, Capparis zeylanica, Commiphora mukul, Crotalaria burhia, Euphorbia nivulia, Grewia tenax, G. villosa, Gymnosporia spinosa, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Sericostoma pauciflorum, Tephrosea purpurea and Ziziphus nummularia; and

Herb species: Aerva javanica, Aristida spp., Barleria prionitis, Cenchrus barbatus, Cymbopogon jwarancusa, Dactyloctenium scindicum, Eleusine compressa, Eragrostis spp., Heteropogon contortus, Justicia spp., Lasiurus hirsutus, Peristrophe bicalyculata and Tragia spp.

Type 6B/DS2 [Subtype DS2 – Tropical Euphorbia Scrub of Subgroup 6B – Northern Tropical Thorn Forest]

This degradation sub-type is especially conspicuous in western Rajasthan and Gujarat, usually occupying stony sites. It mostly results from excessive grazing and tree-felling, though edaphic factors may also be responsible. Species characteristic of this forest subtype include:

Tree species: Salvadora oleioides, Senegalia Senegal and Vachellia leucophloea;

Shrub species: Capparis decidua, C. divaricata, Cassia auriculata, Cocculus hirsutus, Euphorbia antiquorum, E. neriifolia, E. nivulia, Grewia spp., Gymnosporia spinosa, Justicia adhatoda, Mimosa hamata, Premna spp., Rivea hypocrateriformis, Sarcostemma acidum, Tinospora cordifolia and Ziziphus nummularia; and

Herb species: Aerva spp., Apluda mutica, Aristida spp., Arthrocnemum indicum, Barleria spp., Convolvulus spp., Cynodon dactylon, Dactyloctenium scindicum, Dicanthium annulatum, Eleusine spp., Eragrostis spp., Fagonia

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cretica, Indigofera cordifolia, Lasiurus scindicus, Rhynchosia minima, Solanum albicaule, Vernonia cinarescens, Vitis spp. and Tragia spp.

Type 6/E3 [Subtype E3 – Rann Saline Thorn Forest of Group 6 – Tropical Thorn Forest]

This edaphic sub-type occurs in the Rann region of Gujarat. It is distributed all along the extensive marine saline flats of the Rann which are periodically inundated by the sea. Natural vegetation is very sparse, while the introduced alien species Prosopis juliflora imparts a distinctive physiognomy to the vegetation. Species characteristic of this forest subtype include:

Tree species: Prosopis juliflora (introduced), Salvadora oleioides, Vachellia spp. and Tamarix ericoides;

Shrub species: Calotropis procera; and

Herb species: Indigofera spp.

Type 6/E4 [Subtype E4 – Salvadora Scrub of Group 6 – Tropical Thorn Forest]

This edaphic subtype occurs westwards of western Uttar Pradesh in semi-arid or arid in soils that are alkaline or saline.

Species characteristic of this forest subtype include:

Tree species: Salvadora oleioides, S. persica and Tamarix ericoides;

Shrub species: Calotropis procera and Tamarix aphylla; and

Herb species: Crypsis schoenoides, Halopyrum mucronatum, Indigofera spp. and Suaeda fruticosa. Source: Champion, H. G., Seth, S. K. (1968) Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India. Manager of Publications, Government of India, Delhi.

Recorded Floristic Species

Fifty-five (55) floristic species were recorded collectively at the sampling sites.

Table 4-13 presents the floristic species recorded at the sampling sites, along with the botanical family to which each species is assigned, its habit and its status as per the IUCN Red List.

Table 4-13: Floristic Species recorded in the Study Area

S. No. Species Botanical Family Habit IUCN Status* 1 Abutilon sp. Malvaceae Herb NE 2 Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Herb NE 3 Aeluropus lagopoides Poaceae Herb NE 4 Aerva javanica Amaranthaceae Herb NE 5 Aerva pseudotomentosa Amaranthaceae Herb NE 6 Ailanthus excelsa Simaroubaceae Tree NE 7 Ammania baccifera Lythraceae Herb LC 8 Aristida sp. Poaceae Herb - 9 Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Tree LC 10 Blumea sp. Asteraceae Herb - 11 Calotropis gigantea Apocynaceae Shrub NE 12 Calotropis procera Apocynaceae Shrub NE 13 Capparis decidua Capparaceae Shrub NE 14 Celosia argentea Amaranthaceae Herb NE

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15 Cenchrus biflorus Poaceae Herb NE 16 Chloris barbata Poaceae Herb NE 17 Citrullus colocynthis Cucurbitaceae Herb NE 18 Cocculus hirsutus Menispermaceae Herb NE 19 Convolvulus prostratus Convolvulaceae Herb NE 20 Cressa cretica Convolvulaceae Herb LC 21 Crotalaria burhia Herb NE 22 Cyperus sp. Cyperaceae Herb - 23 Dactyloctenium sp. Poaceae Herb - 24 Datura innoxia Solanaceae Herb NE 25 Echinops echinatus Asteraceae Herb NE 26 Eragroatis sp. Poaceae Herb - 27 Euphorbia nivulia Euphorbiaceae Shrub NE 28 Fagonia cretica Zygophyllaceae Herb NE 29 Ficus benghalensis Moraceae Tree NE 30 Heliotropium marifolium Boraginaceae Herb NE 31 Indigofera cordifolia Fabaceae Herb NE 32 Indigofera sp. Fabaceae Herb - 33 Launaea procumbens Asteraceae Herb NE 34 Leptadenia pyrotechnica Apocynaceae Shrub NE 35 Lycium edgeworthii Solanaceae Herb NE 36 Oligochaeta divaricata Asteraceae Herb NE 37 Pergularia daemia Apocynaceae Herb NE 38 Prosopis cineraria Mimosaceae Tree NE 39 Prosopis juliflora Mimosaceae Tree NE 40 Pulicaria wightiana Asteraceae Herb NE 41 Salvadora oleoides Salvadoraceae Tree NE 42 Salvadora persica Salvadoraceae Shrub NE 43 Senegalia polyacantha Fabaceae Tree NE 44 Senegalia senegal Fabaceae Tree NE 45 Senna italica Caesalpiniaceae Herb NE 46 Solanum trilobatum Solanaceae Herb NE 47 Solanum virginianum Solanaceae Herb NE 48 Tecomella undulata Bignoniaceae Tree NE 49 Tephrosia purpurea Fabaceae Herb NE 50 Tephrosia sp. Fabaceae Herb - 51 Tribulus terrestris Zygophyllaceae Herb LC 52 Vachellia jacquemontii Mimosaceae Tree NE 53 Vachellia nilotica Mimosaceae Tree NE 54 Vachellia tortilis Mimosaceae Tree NE 55 Vernonia cinarescens Asteraceae Herb NE 56 Ziziphus jujuba Rhamnaceae Tree LC 57 Ziziphus nummularia Rhamnaceae Shrub NE Source: AECOM Primary Survey

Figure 4-13 presents a photographic log of some of the floristic species recorded in the sampling sites.

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Solanum virginianum

Aerva javanica Cassia italica

Azadirachta indica Capparis decidua

Cressa cretica Ziziphus jujuba Figure 4-13: Some Floristic Species recorded in the Study Area

Source: AECOM Primary Survey

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4.3.3.2 Faunal Species

This section of the report presents the higher faunal species, namely vertebrates, comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fishes, having reported ranges that include the Study Area. The detailed species-tables are provided as annexures to this report. Each annexed table gives the scientific and common names of each species, the conservation status assigned to it by the International Union for Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Schedule of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (WPA) under which it is listed. Names of the species recorded as part of the primary data appear in bold font in each table.

Mammals

At least thirty-five (35) species of mammals have reported ranges that include the Study Area. With respect to the IUCN Red List, five (05) of these species are designated as globally threatened or near threatened. With respect to the WPA Schedules, ten (10) of these species are listed under Schedule I. Eight (08) species of mammals were recorded as part of the primary data.

Appendix B lists the mammal species of the Study Area.

Boselaphus tragocamelus (Nilgai) in the Project Site Boselaphus tragocamelus (Nilgai) in the Study Area

Sources: AECOM Primary Survey

Birds

At least two hundred and thirty-two (232) species of birds have reported ranges that include the Study Area. These include one hundred and twenty-two (122) species which are resident with respect to the Study Area and one hundred and ten (110) species, which are migratory with respect to the Study Area. With respect to the IUCN Red List, twenty-two (22) bird species of the Study Area are designated as globally threatened or near threatened. With respect to the WPA Schedules, nine (09) bird species of the Study Area are listed under Schedule I. Eighty-eight (88) species of birds, consisting of fifty-three (53) resident species and thirty-five (35) migratory species, were recorded as part of the primary data.

Appendices C and D list the resident and migratory bird species respectively of the Study Area.

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Grus virgo (Demoiselle Crane) Calandrella brachydactyla (Greater Short-toed Lark)

Luscinia svecica (Bluethroat) Sylvia curruca (Lesser Whitethroat)

Phoenicopterus roseus (Greater Flamingo) Flock of ducks and waders

Anas clypeata (Northern Shoveler) Anas acuta (Northern Pintail) Sources: AECOM Primary Survey

Reptiles

At least forty-four (44) species of reptiles have reported ranges that include the Study Area. With respect to the IUCN Red List, one (01) of these species is designated as globally threatened. With respect to the WPA Schedules, two (02) of these species are listed under Schedule I. Two (02) species of reptiles were recorded as part of the primary data.

Appendix E lists the reptile species of the Study Area.

Amphibians

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At least nine (09) species of amphibians have reported ranges that include the Study Area. With respect to the IUCN Red List, none of these species are designated as globally threatened. With respect to the WPA Schedules, none of these species are listed under Schedule I. No species of amphibians were recorded as part of the primary data.

Appendix F lists the amphibian species of the Study Area

Fishes

At least eight (08) species of fishes have reported ranges that include the Study Area. With respect to the IUCN Red List, none of these species are designated as globally threatened. With respect to the WPA Schedules, none of these species are listed under Schedule I. No species of fishes were recorded as part of the primary data.

Appendix G lists the fish species of the Study Area

4.3.3.3 Invasive Alien Species

At least two (02) species, comprising one (01) floristic species and one (01) faunal species, reported from the Study Area, are designated as invasive alien species with respect to the Study Area. Both these species were recorded as part of the primary data.

At least 1 floristic species and 1 faunal species reported from the Study Area are designated as invasive alien species with respect to the Study Area. Both these species were recorded as part of the primary data.

Table 4-14 lists the invasive alien species of the Study Area, along with the vernacular name of each species, the conservation status assigned to it by the International Union for Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and its native range. The floristic and faunal species are listed in separate sections

Table 4-14: Invasive Alien Species of Study Area

SN Scientific Name Vernacular Name IUCN Status* Native Range Floristic Species 1 Prosopis juliflora Bilayati Banwal NA Central and South America Faunal Species 2 Columba livia Kabootar LC Europe

**Status assigned by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, where – NA – Not Assessed and LC – Least Concern.

Sources: AECOM Primary Survey; IUCN (2019). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-2; Global Invasive Species Database, Invasive Species Specialist Group, IUCN; CABI Invasive Species Compendium; Invasive Alien Species of India, National Biodiversity Authority, Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Government of India.

4.3.4 Habitat Profile of the Study Area The habitat-profile of the Study Area is composed of natural, as well as, modified habitats. Each of these types include both, terrestrial and aquatic habitats. The habitats of the Study Area are fragmented mainly by metalled roads, dirt roads, foot-trails and canals, while the aerial envelope of the study area is mainly interrupted by minor power distribution lines, pylons and transmission towers.

Figures 4-14and 4-15 represent the habitat profile of the project site and the transmission corridor respectively.

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Figure 4-14: Habitat Profile of the Project Site

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Figure 4-15: Habitat Profile of the external Transmission Line Corridor

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4.3.4.1 Natural Habitats

As defined by the applicable reference frameworks, natural habitats consist of land and water areas where the biological communities are formed largely by native and animal species, and where human activity has not essentially modified the area’s primary ecological functions.

The terrestrial natural habitats of the Study Area mainly comprise scrublands, grasslands, sandy plains and saline flats. These are present predominantly in and around the Project Site. The aquatic natural habitats of the Study Area consist of seasonal freshwater or brackish-water wetlands. The freshwater wetlands are present predominantly in the external Transmission Line Corridor, while the brackish-water wetlands are present predominantly in and around the Project Site.

Scrubland in the Project Site Saline Flat (Rann) in the Study Area

Seasonal Wetland in the Study Area Sources: AECOM Primary Survey

4.3.4.2 Modified Habitats

As defined by the applicable reference frameworks, natural habitats consist of areas where the natural habitat has apparently been altered, often through the introduction of alien species of and animals.

The terrestrial modified habitats of the Study Area mainly comprise cropped, uncropped or fallow farmlands, plantations, pasturelands and habitations. These are present predominantly in the external Transmission Line Corridor. The aquatic modified habitats of the Study Area consist mainly of canals and seasonal pools of rainwater accumulated within mud-embanked plots. The canals are limited to the external Transmission Line Corridor, which they intersect at about six or seven locations dispersed along the length of the corridor. The mud- embanked plots, which support seasonal rainwater pools, are limited to the north-eastern part of the Project Site

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and a few adjacent areas, while a single, large mud-embanked plot is located in the north-western part of the Project Site.

Transmission tower in the Study Area Dirt track in the Study Area Sources: AECOM Primary Survey

4.3.4.3 Critical Habitats

As defined by the applicable reference frameworks, Critical Habitat (CH) includes areas with high biodiversity value, including habitat required for the survival of critically endangered or endangered species, areas having special significance for endemic or restricted-range species, sites that are critical for the survival of migratory species, areas supporting globally significant concentrations or numbers of individuals of congregatory species, areas with unique assemblages of species or that are associated with key evolutionary processes or provide key ecosystem services and areas having biodiversity of significant social, economic, or cultural importance to local communities. Areas which are legally protected or officially proposed for protection, such as areas that meet the criteria of the World Conservation Union classification, the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance or the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO) world natural heritage sites are also deemed to be CH.

A Critical Habitat Screening (CHS) conducted for the Study Area identified potential CH triggers with respect to the Study Area as per the CH criteria of critically endangered or endangered species, endemic or restricted range species, migratory and/or congregatory species, as also, key evoutionary processes. The CHS identified no potential CH triggers as per the other CH criteria.

This sub-section lists the potential Critical Habitat trigger species identified with respect to the Study Area.

Critically Endangered or Endangered Species

These are species listed as Critically Endangered (CR) or Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. CR species are deemed to face an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild, while EN species are deemed to face a very high risk of extinction in the wild.

Table 4-15 presents details of the Critically Endangered and Endangered species having reported ranges that include the Study Area.

Table 4-15: Critically Endangered and Endangered Species of the Study Area

SN Scientific Name Common Name IUCN

Mammals

1 Manis crassicaudata Indian Pangolin EN

Birds

1 Falco cherrug Saker Falcon EN

2 Neophron percnopterus Egyptian Vulture EN

3 Gyps bengalensis White-rumped Vulture CR

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4 Gyps indicus Indian Vulture CR

5 Sarcogyps calvus Red-headed Vulture CR

6 Aquila nipalensis Steppe Eagle EN

7 Vanellus gregarius Sociable Lapwing CR

8 Sterna acuticauda Black-bellied Tern EN

*Status assigned by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, where –CR – Critically Endangered and EN - Endangered.

Sources: R. Grimmett, C. Inskipp & T. Inskipp (2011). Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. Oxford University Press, pp 1-528; IUCN (2019). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-3.

Endemic and/or Restricted Range Species

Endemic or Restricted Range species are species which occur only within a pre-specified limited area. Equus hemionus khur (Indian Wild Ass), a subspecies of Equus hemionus (Asiatic Wild Ass), is endemic to a restricted range which includes the Study Area. The entire global population of Equus hemionus khur, estimated to be 4000 individuals, is distributed in and around the Little Rann of Kachchh, on the north-eastern fringe of which the Study Area is located. The species itself is designated as Near Threatened (NT) as per the IUCN Red List, but no evaluation is available for the sub-species. The sub-species is listed in Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act of India, 1972.

Migratory and/or Congregatory Species

Migratory Species are defined as species of which a significant proportion of members cyclically and predictably move from one geographical area to another, including within the same ecosystem. The Study Area is located within the Central Asian Flyway, as also, in proximity to the East Asia - East Africa Flyway. Thus, the Study Area is very likely to be situated in the annual cyclical flight-paths of the various winter, summer, passage migratory or nesting birds migrating either to or through the region in which it is situated. At least one hundred and ten (110) such Migratory Species, all birds, have reported ranges that include the Study Area, which may serve as a wintering/summering destination, staging site or flight-path for these species.

Congregatory species include species that gather in globally significant numbers at a particular site at a particular time in their life cycle for feeding, breeding or mid-migration resting. The Study Area contains vast seasonal wetland habitats, which indicates probable seasonal occurrence of migratory and/or congregatory waterfowl in the wetlands and the aerial envelope of the Study Area.

The CHS identified globally threatened or near-threatened migratory and/or congregatory species as a group of species which may potentially contain one or more CH triggers with respect to the Study Area.

Appendix D lists the migratory species of the Study Area. Figure 4-16 depicts the Central Asian Flyway vis-à-vis the Indian subcontinent.

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Figure 4-16: The Central Asian Flyway

Source: Birdlife International (2020). Birdlife Data Zone: Central Asia/South Asia. Downloaded from http://datazone.birdlife.org/ on 21/01/2020

A Critical Habitat Assessment (CHA) evaluated each potential CH trigger identified by the CHS and assessed that only one (1) species, Vanellus gregarius (Sociable Lapwing) qualified as a probable CH trigger with respect to the Study Area.

Vanellus gregarius (Sociable Lapwing), a Critically Endangered (CR) migratory and congregatory species, is classified as a winter visitor with respect to the Study Area. The species has an estimated population of 16,000- 17,000 individuals, containing 5,600 pairs representing 11,200 mature individuals, which is reportedly a very rough estimate requiring refinement. The size of a migrating flock of the species may be 15-20 individuals, while the size of a wintering flock may range from a few to over a hundred birds. The migratory passage of the species is distributed across a large part of West and Central Asia, as also, Egypt in northeast Africa. The reportedly shrinking wintering range of the species is currently limited to key areas in Sudan, Saudi Arabia, , and northwest India. The species is reported to be highly faithful to its wintering grounds, but not necessarily to its breeding grounds or staging sites. As per the available secondary data, the species is likely to occur in the Study Area during the period between October and April.

At least 4 habitat-types classified as suitable for the species, namely, grassland, inland saline wetlands, desert and cultivation, are present in the Study Area. The preferred habitats of the species during its migratory passage are reportedly sandy plains with short grass, dry grassland, cultivated fields and fallow farmland, while its preferred habitats during wintering are sandy wasteland, damp grassland and harvested millet fields, ideally close to wetlands. Habitat-types preferred by the species during its migratory passage, namely sandy plains with short grass and dry grassland, are present mainly in and around the Project Site, while habitat-types preferred by the species during wintering, namely harvested millet fields close to wetlands, are present mainly in and around the external Transmission Line Corridor.

The diet of the species during the migration period is reportedly omnivorous, but dominated by insects, especially Orthopterans, a group of species associated with grasslands, as are present in and around the Study Area. Non-

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intensive grazing, as is practiced in the grasslands and fallow fields of the Study Area, reportedly favours the maintenance of habitat-features important to the life-cycle of Orthopterans.

The species is reported to be extremely vulnerable to changes in livestock grazing and agricultural intensification. The advent of canals into the Study Area, reportedly over the last decade, has led to intensification of the local agricultural system from rain-fed, single crop-based subsistence-farming to irrigated, double crop-based cash- farming. As per the annual cropping cycle prevalent in the Study Area, the millet crop is harvested around October, with the subsequent crop being sown around December. Thus, the millet fields of the Study Area are in the harvested state, preferred by the species for wintering, only during the October-December period of the year. This period coincides mainly with the in-migration period of the species and only partially with its wintering period. It is probable that this agricultural intensification has rendered the Study Area less suitable as a wintering ground for the species.

The secondary data collated contains no confirmed sightings of the species in the Study Area. During informal consultations conducted towards the Scoping, CHA and ESIA studies, the local community could not conclusively identify the species or confirm its sighting in the Study Area, reportedly owing to the similarity in its appearance with that of other species occurring in the Study Area. The eBird website contains no records at all for the western Banaskantha region, in which the Study Area is located, but it reports a significantly high frequency of sightings of the species from the adjacent regions of Kachchh and Ahmedabad, which are situated southwest and southeast respectively of the Study Area. There are also a significant number of sightings at locations due south of the Study Area reported informally by national and international bird-watcher groups and individuals. Locations nearest to the Study Area from which the species has been reported so far, presented from west to east, are Aadhav, located approximately 150 km west-southwest of the Study Area, Rozwa, located approximately 95 km south of the Study Area, Nalsarovar, located approximately 160 km south-southeast of the Study Area and Patan, located approximately 80 km southeast of the Study Area.

The species (Vanellus gregarious) was not recorded in the Study Area as part of the primary baseline data collected towards the Scoping, CHA and ESIA studies.

The CHA also identified globally threatened or near-threatened migratory and/or congregatory species as a group of species that is likely to contain CH triggers. The Study Area is part of the reported passage or wintering range of at least eleven (11) globally threatened or near-threatened species, as well as, ten (10) congregatory species. Habitat-types collectively preferred by the concerned species are present in and around the entire Study Area. All the concerned species of this group are most likely to occur in the Study Area during the period between October and April. Some of the concerned species were recorded in the Study Area as part of the primary baseline data collected towards the CHA and the ESIA (during November 2019 to January 2020), though the numbers recorded did not meet the thresholds stipulated for the Study Area to qualify as a CH with respect to any of the concerned species.

However, since the corresponding field surveys (during November 2019 to January 2020) did not cover the entire possible period of occurrence of the species in the Study Area, the CHA identified lack of adequate primary data or authenticated secondary data regarding the number of individuals of Vanellus gregarius (Sociable Lapwing) as also, the concerned globally threatened or near-threatened migratory and/or congregatory species, occurring within the Study Area as significant data gaps which prevent conclusive CH determination. Subsequently, in order to address the identified data gaps, a monitoring study, focused on the identified CH trigger species or group of species, was commissioned to generate the requisite primary data with respect to their occurrence and numbers within the Study Area. In addition to the Scoping, CHA and ESIA studies (undertaken during November 2019 to January 2020), two (2) monitoring events were also conducted towards this study, during 6-10 January 2020 and 10-14 February 2020, respectively. Observations recorded during these events did not include any sightings of Vanellus gregarius (Sociable Lapwing) either, but they did include sightings of seven (07) globally threatened or near-threatened migratory species, including two (02) congregatory species. However, the numbers of individuals of the latter species recorded in the Study Area during the monitoring study did not meet the thresholds stipulated for the Study Area to qualify as a CH with respect to any of the concerned species, either.

Based on the primary and secondary data available to the ESIA at this juncture, it may be concluded that it is probable that the Study Area contains staging sites or wintering habitats of Vanellus gregarius (Sociable Lapwing). The habitats available at the Project Site, considered in isolation, are preferred by the species only during its migration passage and hence, are likely to serve as a staging site for the species rather than as a wintering ground. For the Project Site to qualify as a CH for the species, it must support at least 0.5% of the

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estimated global population of the species, amounting to 80-85 individuals, which must include at least 5 reproductive units of the species. Considering the migrating flock-size of 15-20 individuals reported for the species, the relatively insignificant extent at the Project Site of the preferred habitat-type of the species during migratory passage, as also, the presence of similar habitats over a significantly large area in other parts of the Study Area, as well as, beyond the Study Area, it seems relatively unlikely that the Project Site represents a CH with respect to the species.

The habitats available at the Project Site, considered in isolation, are preferred by the species only during its migration passage and hence, are likely to serve as a staging site for the species rather than as a wintering ground. However, considering that similar habitats are present in a significantly large area in other parts of the Study Area, as well as, beyond the Study Area, it is unlikely that the Project Site represents a CH with respect to the species.

Based on the primary and secondary data available to the ESIA at this juncture, it may also be concluded that the Study Area contains staging sites, as well as, wintering habitats of the globally threatened migratory and/or congregatory species identified as potential CH triggers with respect to the Study Area. However, considering the relatively insignificant proportion of the global populations of the concerned species recorded in the Study Area, as well as, presence of similar habitats in a significantly large area beyond the Study Area, it is unlikely that the Study Area represents a CH with respect to the concerned species.

Note: The monitoring study8 observations include sightings of nine (09) species which are neither reported by the secondary sources, nor recorded as part of the primary data, used towards the Scoping, CHA and ESIA studies.

Sources: BirdLife International 2019. Vanellus gregarius (amended version of 2018 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e. T22694053A155545788; Gardiner T (2018) Grazing and Orthoptera: a review. Journal of Orthoptera Research 27(1): 3-11; BirdLife International (2020) Species factsheet: Vanellus gregarius.; ERM’s Consolidated Bird Monitoring Study Report (February 2020).

4.3.5 Designated Areas Designated areas include legally protected areas, such as National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Reserve Forests, Protected Forests, Community Forests and Conservation Areas notified by the Government of India, as well as, internationally recognized areas, such as Ramsar Wetlands, Important Bird Areas, Key Biodiversity Areas or UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Designated areas in proximity to the Study Area is provided in the following sections.

The Figure 4-17 represents the locations of the designated areas in closest proximity to the Study Area.

8 The following additional actions are recommended to strengthen the monitoring study reportage and, by extension, the CHA: (i) The locations of each water-body, as well as, the extremities and bends of each transect, at which observations are being recorded, must be duly stated in the monitoring reports, as has been done for each point count and vantage point location; (ii) The habitat-type(s) present in the view-shed of each point-count, vantage point, water-body or saltpan location, as well as, each transect alignment, must be stated in the monitoring reports; (iii) The raw primary data collected during each monitoring event must be appended to the corresponding report, to enable temporal profiling of species occurring in the Study Area; and (iv) The monitoring study must seek to identify sites of high bird use along the external transmission line alignment to guide the mitigation planning.

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Figure 4-17: Designated Areas around the Study Area

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4.3.5.1 Legally Protected Areas

Wild Ass Sanctuary

This is the Legally Protected Area in closest proximity to the Study Area. It is notified as a Wildlife Sanctuary as per the provisions of the Wildlife (Protection) Act of India, 1972 (WPA). Though the primary purpose of according legal protection to the area is conservation of the sole habitat of Equus hemionus khur (Indian Wild Ass), a sub- species of Equus hemionus (Asiatic Wild Ass), the area is also protected as a migratory and/or congregatory species habitat of high biodiversity value. The Study Area is located approximately 1.5 km due east of the nearest point on the boundary of the Wild Ass Sanctuary. The Project Site itself is situated approximately 6.5 km west- northwest of the nearest point on the boundary of the Wild Ass Sanctuary. 4.3.5.2 Internationally Recognized Areas

Wild Ass Sanctuary IBA (IBA Code IN097):

This is the Important Bird Area in closest proximity to the Study Area. The Study Area is located approximately 1.5 km due east of the nearest point on the boundary of the Wild Ass Sanctuary IBA. The Project Site itself is located approximately 12 km northwest of the nearest point on the boundary of the Wild Ass Sanctuary IBA.

Rann of Kutch Wildlife Sanctuary

This is the Ramsar Site in closest proximity to the Study Area. The Study Area, considered in its entirety, as well as, the Project Site, considered in isolation, are located approximately 17 km northeast of the nearest point on the boundary of the Rann of Kutch Wildlife Sanctuary Ramsar Site. This Ramsar Site is also designated as an Important Bird Area (IBA Code PK055).

Thus, the Study Area, considered in its entirety, as well as, the Project Site, considered in isolation, are situated within distances of 1.5 km to 17 km from the boundaries of at least three designated areas that are internationally and/or nationally recognized as being of high biodiversity value. However, there is no coincidence or overlap between the Project Site or Study Area and any designated area.

4.3.6 Ecosystem Services This sub-section presents an overview of the ecosystem services provided by the Study Area to the local community.

Provisioning Services

As per inputs received from the local community, the Study Area provides the following provisioning ecosystem services to the community members:

Water: The groundwater and surface water bodies of the Study Area are the main sources of drinking, domestic and irrigation water. Groundwater is accessed through dug-wells and bore-wells. Almost all the natural surface water-bodies, except the saline ones, from small ponds to large lakes, are regularly accessed to collect water for drinking and domestic purposes and to water livestock.

Dug-well in the Study Area Livestock grazing in the Project Site

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Sources: AECOM Primary Survey

Cultivated : The soils of the Study Area are used by the local community to cultivate the following cereal, millet, pulse, oil-seed, spice, vegetable and fruit crops: Pennisetum typhoideum (Baajri), Triticum aestivum (Gau), Zea mays (Makki), Vigna radiata (Mag), Phaseolus aconitifolius (Math), Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Guvaar), Brassica nigra (Rayda), Ricinus communis (Eranda), Cuminum cyminum (Jeera), Foeniculum vulgare (Variyali) and Citrullus vulgaris (Kalenga).

Wild Foods: Prosopis cineraria (Khejdi), Senegalia senegal (Kummat), Salvadora oleioides (Jhaal) and Capparis decidua (Kerda)

Medicines: Tribulus terrestris (Kaante), Solanum virginianum (Phutengdi)

Fodder: Natural vegetation (especially grasses), as well as, crop residue.

Timber: Tecomella undulata (Royeda), Vachellia nilotica (Desi Bawal), Azadirachta indica (Limda), Ziziphus jujuba (Bordi)

Thatching: Crotalaria burhia (Shingitra), Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Chipda)

Brooms: Tephrosia purpurea (Sharniya)

Regulating Services

The Study Area is likely to be providing regulating services, such as groundwater recharge, sediment regulation and temperature regulation to the local community.

Supporting Services

The Study Area is likely to be providing supporting services, such as primary production, pollinating services and storm buffering to the local community.

Cultural Services

The Study Area seems to be providing cultural services to the local community in terms of aesthetic value, with community members commenting, during informal consultations, on the beauty and grandeur of the vast Rann of Kachchh landscape, especially during the twilight periods. As per inputs received from community members, the local community traditionally revers the migratory bird species visiting the Study Area during winter as ‘honoured guests’ and voluntarily abstains from hunting them. The latter sentiment also amounts to a cultural ecosystem service. 4.4 Socio-economic Profile 4.4.1 Socio-Economic Environment The section endeavours to represent the socio-economic characteristics of the project area and identify the direct and indirect project impacts with the help of collection and analysis of primary and secondary data. Relevant information and statistical data used in the section have been drawn from secondary sources such as the Census of India, 2011 and the Village Directory 2011.

4.4.2 Approach and Methodology Methodology adopted:

• Identification of project impacted area (direct and indirect project impact area) in accordance with the project site location; and

• A radius of five (05) kilometres from the project area was earmarked as the indirect project impact area for the ESIA. Identification of villages falling within the specified five (05) kilometres radii was undertaken.

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─ Primary data collection: ▪ Interaction with relevant government stakeholders were undertaken;

▪ Interaction with Village Panchayat Members of the directly impacted project villages was undertaken;

▪ Consultations with opinion leaders (leader, principal/teacher of Government School, Radhanesda village) was undertaken;

▪ Focus Group Discussions with the community members of Radhanesda and Kundaliya villages was undertaken; and

▪ Consultations with members of Rabari Community (OBC) engaged in animal grazing was undertaken;

Socio-Economic Baseline from the macro (district) level to micro (village) level was developed through consultations with community members/ village heads/opinion leaders. It is supplemented through secondary data base available in the public domain. They are as below:

─ Secondary data collection: The following government publications (secondary database) were referred to while developing the socio- economic baseline for the study;

▪ Primary Census Abstract, 2011; Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India; Ministry of Home Affairs;

▪ Village Directory Abstract 2011, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India; Ministry of Home Affairs; and

▪ District Census Hand Book, Banas kantha; Directorate of Census Operations, Gujarat.

4.4.3 Administrative Profile 4.4.3.1 State profile: Gujarat

Gujarat was created out of seventeen (17) northern districts of the former state of Bombay on May 1, 1960. Located on the western coast of India, it has the longest coastline of 1,600 Km and is bounded by the Arabian Sea to the west and south west and by Pakistan in the North. It has a population of approximately 6.03 Crore (4.99% of Indian Population). The State of Gujarat is surrounded by the States of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh towards the north east and east, Maharashtra and the Union Territories of Daman, Diu and Nagar Haveli, towards the south. Gandhinagar, the capital city of Gujarat is located close to Ahmedabad, the commercial capital of the State which is also the most populated District in the State, with 7.20 million people. The State has diverse climatic conditions with mild and pleasant winters and hot and dry summers and heavy monsoon. The state currently has 33 districts9.

Demographic profile of the state of Gujarat has been provided in Table 4-166.

Table 4-16 Demographic Profile of State of Gujarat

Description 2011 2001

Population 60,439,692 50,671,017

Male 31,491,260 26,385,577

Female 28,948,432 24,285,440

Population Growth 19.28% 22.48%

Percentage of total Population 4.99% 4.93%

Sex Ratio 919 920

Child Sex Ratio 890 883

Density/km2 308 258

9 https://gujaratindia.gov.in/state-profile/demography.htm

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Density/mi2 798 669

Area (Km2) 196,244 196,024

Area mi2 75,770 75,685

Total Child Population (0-6 Age) 7,777,262 7,532,404

Male Population (0-6 Age) 4,115,384 4,000,148

Female Population (0-6 Age) 3,661,878 3,532,256

Literacy 78.03 % 69.14 %

Male Literacy 85.75 % 79.66 %

Female Literacy 69.68 % 57.80 %

Total Literate 41,093,358 29,827,750

Male Literate 23,474,873 17,833,273

Female Literate 17,618,485 11,994,477

‘Source: https://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/gujarat.html

4.4.3.2 District profile: Banaskantha

Banas Kantha district falls in the north- western part of the State and is the fourth largest district in Gujarat in terms of area. It lies between 23° 55’ and 24° 43’ North latitudes and 71° 16’ and 73° 0’ East longitudes. The area covered by the district is 10,743 sq. km i.e. 5.47 % geographical area of Gujarat. The density of the district is 290 persons per sq. km compared to 308, the density of the State of Gujarat. In the north it is bounded by and Sirohi area of the Rajasthan State, in the east by a part of Sirohi and Sabar Kantha district, in the south-east by the district of Mahesana, to the south by the district of Patan and in the west by the Rann of Kachchh which forms frontier with Pakistan. It is divided into 12 talukas. Palanpur town is the district headquarters10. 4.4.3.3 Project Area

The project area is in Radhanesda village, Vav Tehsil in District of Banas kantha. The project area is spread over 938.06 acres in Radhanesda Village. Radhanesda village falls under the jurisdiction of Radhanesda Village Panchayat. 4.4.3.4 Study Area

The villages under direct project impact is Radhanesda village. The study area has been further divided into direct impact area (the area where the project will be located) and indirect impact area (within 05 km of the project area). Kundaliya village falls within the 5-kilometre radii of the project. It is expected that the area of influence of the project will be five (05) kilometre as the project is a Solar Power project and the socio-economic impacts of the project is anticipated to be minimal. This is because solar power projects in general do not have any significant impacts on community health and safety and the current project is not envisaged to have any physical resettlement or major economic impacts. Risks pertaining to community health and safety would be restricted primarily during the construction phase due to increased traffic movement and influx of labour migrants Table 4-17 depicts the villages and hamlets that fall within five (05) kilometre radii of the project area.

Table 4-17 Villages falling within five (05) kilometre radii.

District Tehsil Villages & Hamlets

Banas kantha Vav 1.Radhanesda 2.Kundaliya

Source: Google Earth Pro

4.4.4 Demographic profile of the Study Area

10 DCHB, Banas kantha District, Directorate of Census Operations, Gujarat

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The demographic profile section below intends to present an understanding of the prevalent demography in the study area. The population of the study area has been analysed below with a focus on the size and its composition. 4.4.4.1 Population level Table 4-18 represents the population level of the study area.

Table 4-18 Population Level

Administrative Unit Total Population Male Population Female Population (2011) (2011) (2011)

District

Banas kantha 31,20,506 16,10,379 15,10,127

(51.6%) (48.3%)

Tehsil

Vav 2,46,156 1,28,166 1,17,990 (7.8%)

(52%) (47.9%)

Villages

Kundaliya 3327 1,703 1,624 (1.3%)

51.1% 48.8%

Radhanesda 1732 839 (0.7%) 893

51.5% 48.4%

Source: PCA 2011

It can be noted from the table above that Vav tehsil comprises of 7.8% (2,46,156) of the total population of Banas kantha district which stands at 31,20,506. Kundaliya village comprises of 1.3% (3327) and Radhanesda village comprises of 0.7% (1732) of the total population Vav Tehsil ((2,46,156).

The percentage of female population in all three (3) administrative units are below 50 percent as it is 48.3% and 47.9% in Banas kantha district and Vav tehsil respectively. At the village level the female population stands at 48.8% and 48.4% in Kundaliya and Radhanesda villages respectively. 4.4.4.2 Social stratification: Vulnerable groups, SCs and STs

Vulnerable groups are those groups of people who may find it difficult to lead a comfortable life and lack developmental opportunities due to their disadvantageous positions. Further, due to adverse socio-economical, cultural and other practices present in each society, they find it difficult many a times to exercise their human rights fully11.

The accessibility to development opportunities or its absence thereof can be attributed to the level of integration and responsiveness to mediums which enhance and improve livelihoods. Marginalization from the resources can be a result of social exclusion thereafter hindering all round development and improvement of livelihood of these groups. Categories such as scheduled tribes, scheduled castes primitive tribal group, legally released bonded labour and manual scavengers and other backward classes are recognised as socially excluded categories by the constitution of India. Recognising the relative backwardness of these weaker/socio-economically disadvantaged sections of the society, the Constitution of India guarantees equality before the law (Article 14) and enjoins the State to make special provisions for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes or for SCs (Article 15(4)).

11 Human Rights of Vulnerable & Disadvantaged Groups; Dr. T. S. N. Sastry; University of ; 2012

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The section below aims to define the status of these socially excluded categories/ groups within the study area. Table 4-19 represents the presence of vulnerable sections of the community in the study area.

Table 4-19 Presence of Vulnerable Sections of Community within the study area

Administrative Unit Total SC Male SC Female SC ST Male ST Female ST Population Population Population Population Population Population Population (2011) (2011) (2011) (2011) (2011) (2011) (2011)

District

Bans kantha 31,20,506 3,27,460 1,69,288 1,58,172 2,84,155 1,44,355 1,39,800

(10.4%) (51.6%) (48.3%) (9.1%) (50.8%) (49.1%)

Tehsil

Vav 246156 44,071 22,900 21,171 2215 1180 1035

17.9%) (51.9% (48%) (0.8%) (53.2%) (46.7%)

Villages

Kundaliya 3327 646 337 309 16 9 7

(19.4%) (52.1%) (47.8%) (0.4%) (56.2%) (43.7%)

1732 3 2 1 0 0 0 Radhanesda (0.1% 66.6% 33.3% (-) (-) (-)

Source: PCA 2011

Table 4-19 above denotes that there is negligible presence of Scheduled Tribe (ST) and Scheduled Caste (SC) communities in the study area. At the district level, it is noted that the SC population comprises of 10.4% (3,27,460) and ST population comprises of 9.1% (2,84,155) of the total population (31,20,506). At the tehsil level, it is noted that the SC population comprises of 17.9% (44071) and ST population comprises of 0.8% (2215) of the total population (2,46,156).

At the village level, it is noted that Radhanesda village has no presence of Scheduled Tribe community while the SC community has a negligible presence of 0.1% (3) of the total population (1732). Kundaliya Village has 0.4% (3327) presence of ST community members and 9.4% (646) of SC Community members.

From consultations with the Sarpanches (Village Heads) of Radhanesda and Kundaliya villages it could be derived that there were no scheduled tribe communities present in the village. With regard to SC community it was stated that there is one (01) household present in Radhanesda village and in Kundaliya village SC community comprises of 10-15% of the total population. 4.4.4.3 Gender Profile

The Table 4-20 below represents the gender profile of the study area.

Table 4-20 Gender Profile of the Study Area

Administrative Unit Total Population Female Population Female Literate Female Workforce Population Population

District

Banas kantha 31,20,506 15,410,127 6,56,521 4,12,332 (48.3%) (38.5%) (33%)

Tehsil

Vav 2,46,156 1,17,990 42,988 44,215 (47.9%) (35.3%) (38.9%)

Villages

Kundaliya 3,327 1,624 516 933 (48.8%) (37.1%) (50.2%)

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Administrative Unit Total Population Female Population Female Literate Female Workforce Population Population

Radhanesda 1,732 839 149 399 (48.4%) (38.4%) (47.2%) Source: PCA 2011

The gender profile of the study area is presented in the table above. It can be noted that the female population in relation to the total population at all administrative units stand below 50 percent as Banas kantha District has 48.3% (15,410,127) and Vav tehsil has 47.9% (1,17,990) of female population. At the village level, Kundaliya village has 48.8% (1624) and Radhanesda village has 48.4% (839) of female population vis-à-vis the total population of 3327 and 1732 respectively.

Literacy level amongst the women in the area is also below 50 percent at all administrative units. Banaskantha district has 38.5% (6,56,521) Vav tehsil has 35.3% (42,988) and at village level, Kundaliya village has 37.1% (516) and Radhanesda village has 38.4% (149) of literate female population. There are various schemes being undertaken by the State government in order to improve and promote inclusive education. The schemes are Beti Bachao Beti Padao (BBBP) Scheme programmes which have been launched with the primary objective to empower the girl chid and ensure her education, essentially addressing the pre and post birth discrimination against the girl child, is implemented in the State of Gujarat.

Participation in the workforce population amongst the women in the study area also is below 50 percent. Bans kantha district has 33% (4,12,332) Vav tehsil has 38.9% (44,215) and at the village level Kundaliya village has 50.2% (933) and Radhanesda village has 47.2% (399) of women involved in the workforce population.

During consultations with the sarpanches of Kundaliya as well as Radhanesda village, it was stated the women of the village are primarily engaged in household chores. However, it was stated that the women worked in family owned agricultural fields during major agricultural activities such as cropping and harvesting as well as in agricultural lands of their family members.

4.4.5 Education level For measurement of literacy level in the census, any person aged seven years or above, who can both read and write any Indian language with understanding, is considered to be a literate person. The literacy level of the study area has been represented in this section.

The literacy level of the study area is presented in the Table 4-21 below:

Table 4-21 Literacy profile of Study Area

Administrative Unit Total Population Literate Population Literate Male Literate Female (2011) (2011) Population Population (2011) (2011)

District

Banskantha 31,20,506 17,04,923 10,48,402 6,56,521

(54.6%) (61.4%) (38.5%)

Tehsil

Vav 2,46,156 1,21,485 78,497 42,988

(49.3%) (64.6%) (35.3%)

Villages

Kundaliya 3327 1388 872 516

(41.7%) (62.8%) (37.1%)

Radhanesda 1732 388 239 149

(22.4%) (61.5%) (38.4%) Source: PCA 2011 Table 4-21 above represents the literacy level in the study area. It can be noted that the literacy level is below 55 percent in all administrative units. It is further noted that the female literacy level at all administrative units is

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below 40 percent. The literate population in Banaskantha district is 54.6% (1704923) wherein 61.4% (1048402) comprises of male population. In the tehsil level, Vav tehsil has a literate population of 49.3% (121485) wherein 64.6% (78497) comprises of male population.

At the village level, it is noted that Radhanesda village has a dismal literacy percentage at 22.4% (388) while Kundaliya Village is at 41.8% (1388). During consultations with the sarpanches of Radhanesda and Kundaliya villages, it was stated that the reason for a very low female literacy percentage is due to cultural reasons such as early marriages that is still prevalent in the area as well as the after high school, girl children drop out of school and do not pursue further education as the nearest high school is located at a distance of 20 kilometres away from the village. Connectivity to and from the villages to the nearest village was yet to be strengthen hence girl children did not pursue further education.

4.4.6 Occupation and Livelihood Occupational pattern distribution of a population in an area indicates the development and diversification of an economy. The trend suggests that developed countries have higher distribution of population in the services and secondary sectors and the developing or underdeveloped countries have higher concentration of population in the primary (i.e. the agricultural) sector. For the Census Survey, the occupations are classified into Cultivators, Agricultural Labourers, Household (HH) Industries and Others12.

12 the type of workers that come under this category of 'OW' include all government servants, municipal employees, teachers, factory workers, plantation workers, those engaged in trade, commerce, business, transport banking, mining, construction, political or social work, priests, entertainment artists, etc

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Table 4-22 Occupational pattern in the Study Area

Admin. Unit Total Main Main Male Female Main Agri. Male Agri. Female Main HH Male HH Female Others Male Others Female Workforce Workforce Cultivator Cultivator Cultivator Labourers Labourers Agri. Industries Industries HH Occupation Occupation Others Populatio Population Population Population Population Population Population Labourers Industries Occupation (2011) (2011) (2011) n Population (2011) (2011) (2011) (2011) (2011) (2011) (2011) (2011) (2011) (2011) (2011)

District

Banas 12,48,600 10,12,080 4,35,409 3,79,070 56,339 2,39,333 1,62,991 76342 8,755 6,737 2018 3,28,583 2,30,918 97,665 kantha (81%) (43%) (97%) (12.9%) 23.6% (68.1%) (31.8%) 0.8% (76.9%) (23%) 32.4% (70.2%) (29.7%)

Tehsil

Vav 1,13,500 86,079 46,510 35,743 10,767 21,838 13,435 8,403 709 522 187 17,022 12,757 4265

(75.8%) (54%) (76.8%) (23.1%) 25.3% (61.5%) (38.4%) 0.8% 73.6% (26.3%) 19.7% (74.9%) (25%)

Villages

Kundaliya 1858 993 704 625 79 247 88 159 0 0 0 42 30 12

(53.4%) (70.8%) (88.7%) (11.2%) 24.8% (35.6%) (64.3%) (-) 4.2% (71.4%) (28.5%)

Radhanesda 845 32 9 9 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 19 16 3

(3.7%) (28%) (100%) (-) (12.5%) (100%) (-) `(-) (-) (-) (59.3%) (84.2%) (15.7%)

Source: PCA 2011

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Table 4-22 above denotes that majority of the population in all administrative units except for Radhanesda village is engaged in agricultural activities as their main occupation. Banas kantha district has 66.6 % of workforce population engaged in agricultural activities. Vav Tehsil has 79.3% engaged in agricultural activities. Kundaliya and Radhanesda villages have 95.6% and 40.5% respectively who are engaged in agricultural activities as their main occupation.

At the village level, it is noted that Radhanesda village has majority of its main workforce population engaged in Others occupation. During consultations with the Sarpanch of Radhanesda village, he stated that the Radhanesda community members were engaged as agricultural labourers and cultivators however as the agricultural practice in the village was limited, majority of the workforce population migrated to nearby towns of Tharad and Vav tehsil as semi-skilled and skilled workers. Families would migrate to these towns in search of better employment opportunities. They comprise about around 60-70 percent of the workforce population of Radhanesda village. 4.4.6.1 Land use pattern The details of land use pattern in the study area has been presented in the Table 4-23 below:

Table 4-23 Land Use Pattern of Study Area

Villages Total Area Forest Area under Barren & Permanent Land Cultura Fallows Curre Net (in Area Non- Un- Pastures and Under ble Land nt Area hectares) (in Agricultura cultivable Other Grazing Miscellan Waste other Fallo Sown Hectar l Uses (in Land Area Land Area (in eous Land than ws (in es) Hectares) (in Hectares) Tree Area (in Current Area Hect Hectares) Crops Hectare Fallows (in ares) etc. Area s) Area (in Hect (in Hectare ares) Hectares) s)

Kundaliya 4844.39 0 152.7 0 715.9 0 0 609.6 0 3366. 19

(3.1%) (-) (14.7%) (-) (-) (12.5%) (-) (69.4 %)

Radhanesd 844.61 0 0 0 333.2 0 41.21 0 0 470.2 a (-) (-) (-) (39.4%) (-) (4.8%) (-) (-) (55.6 %)

Source PCA 2011

Table 4-8 above represents the land-use pattern of the study area villages, it can be noted that the highest percentage of land use in Kundaliya village is the net area sown at 69.4% (3366.19) as well as in Radhanesda village wherein the net area sown is 55.6% (470.2). Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area form the second highest land use in both villages with Radhanesda village at 39.4% (333.2) and Kundaliya village at 14.7% (715.9). 4.4.6.2 Irrigation The table 4-24 below presents the irrigation pattern of the study area villages.

Table 4-24 Irrigation Pattern in Study Area

Village Total Area Total Net Area Sown Total Unirrigated Irrigated Land (in hectares) (in hectares) Land (in hectares) (in hectares)

Kundaliya 4844.39 3366.19 3366.19 0

(69.4%) (100%) (-)

Radhanesda 844.61 470.2 470.2 0

(55.6%) (100%) (-)

Source: VDA 2011

Table 4-9 above that 69.4% and 55.6 % of total area of Kundaliya village and Radhanesda village respectively are under agricultural activities. The net area sown in both villages are not irrigated. During consultations it was

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stated that the villages were entirely dependent on rainfall for agricultural activities. A canal had been constructed to supplement irrigation in the area however the benefits of the canal has not reached the area. Ground water could not be utilised for agricultural activities due to its high salinity. 4.4.6.3 Workforce Participation Rate As main workforce population comprises majority of the workforce population in the state, district and village levels.

Table 4-25 Workforce Population in the Study Area

Administrative Total Total Male Female Main Main Male Main Female Unit Population Workforce Workforce Workforce Workforce Workforce Workforce (2011) Population Population Population Population Population Population (2011) (2011) (2011) (2011) (2011) (2011)

District

Banas kantha 31,20,506 12,48,600 8,36,268 4,12,332 10,12,080 7,79,716 2,32,364

40% (66.9%) (33%) 81% (77%) (22.9%)

Tehsil

Vav 2,46,156 1,13,500 69,285 44,215 86,079 62,457 23,622

46.1% (61%) (38.9%) 75.8% (72.5%) (27.4%)

Villages

Kundaliya 3,327 1,858 925 933 993 743 250

55.8% (49.7%) 50.2% 53.4% (74.8%) (25.1%)

845 446 399 32 29 3 Radhanesda 1,732 48.7% (52.7%) 47.2% 3.7% (90.6%) (9.3%)

Source: PCA 2011

On review of, Table 4-25, it can be noted that the workforce population in all administrative units in the Study Area is below 60%. Banas kantha district has 40% (1248600), Vav tehsil has 46.1% (113500). At the village level, Kundaliya village has 55.8% (1858) and Radhanesda village has 48.7% (845).

Main workforce population in Banas kantha District stands at 81%(1012080) there are 77% (779716) males and 22.9% (232364) female workforce population. Vav Tehsil has75.8% (86079) engaged as main workforce population. At the village level, Kundaliya village has 53.4% (993) of main workforce population in which 25.1% (250) comprises of main female workforce population. In Radhanesda village,9.3% (03) women are engaged as main workforce population.

During consultations with the sarpanches of Kundaliya as well as Radhanesda village, it was stated the women of the village are primarily engaged in household chores. However, it was stated that the women worked in family owned agricultural fields during major agricultural activities such as cropping and harvesting as well as in agricultural lands of their family members.

4.4.7 Physical Infrastructure and Civic Amenities 4.4.7.1 Health Profile and Infrastructure During consultations with the Kundaliya Village Panchayat it was stated that there is a Community Health Centre (CHC) in Kundaliya village. A nurse is present in the CHC during working hours for six (06) days a week.

There are three (03) Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) catering to the villages of Radhanesda and Kundaliya. One (01) each Rural Child Care Centres (Anganwadi Centres) is present in Kundaliya and Radhanesda village. Arogya Sanjiwani Wahan (Mobile Health Clinic) passes through the villages of Kundaliya and Radhanesda once a week. 108 Ambulance services operated under National Health Mission (NHM) is available in the village.

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The nearest hospital for delivery services is Tadav village located at a distance of approximately 20 kilometre from Radhanesda village. For other health emergencies, community members travel to Tharad located at a distance of approximately 30-40 kilometres from the village of Radhanesda and Kundaliya. 4.4.7.2 Drinking Water Drinking Water supply is primarily through panchayat supplied water pipes and is supplemented by privately owned borewells. 4.4.7.3 Sanitation Swachh Bharat Abhiyan scheme was stated to be implemented in both the villages. Consultations with Radhanesda and Kundaliya Sarpanches indicated that there was 100 percent coverage of Sanitation facilities in Kundaliya village. 4.4.7.4 Banks, Roads and Post Offices One post office is located in Kundaliya village. there is no presence of banks (government and private) in either Kundaliya and Radhanesda villages. State Highway (SH) 127 passes through village Kundaliya and connects Radhanesda village at a distance of eight (08) km from the site. The village roads are a combination of paved (pucca)and unpaved(kuccha) roads. 4.4.7.5 Electricity supply Radhanesda village is yet to receive electricity supply. Households in Radhanesda village have installed private solar panels within their premises for generation of electricity. While all households in Kundaliya village were stated to have electricity. 4.4.7.6 Cooking Fuel All households in Kundaliya and Radhanesda villages have Liquified Petroleum gas (LPG) connections. T is however further supplemented through the use of firewood/twigs collected from trees/plants within the household premises. 4.4.7.7 Religious Sites Limda Mata mandir(temple) is located within the premises of the upcoming solar power project. This temple was undergoing renovation during the time of site visit. All community member of Radhanesda and Kundaliya villages revere the temple and Navratri festival is celebrated there. Although, it is located within the project area it was stated by the project proponent, that there would be no restriction of access for the community members to visit the temple area.

Photo Documentation Government Middle School, Radhanesda village, Vav tehsil Limda Mata mandir(temple) is located within the premises of the Project area.

Water Tank at Radhanesda Village RCC and Unpaved Roads in Radhanesda village

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Government Middle School,Kundaliya village,Vav tehsil Lake in Kundaliya Village ,Vav Tehsil

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5. Stakeholder Engagement and Consultation 5.1 Introduction Stakeholder mapping refers to the process of identifying individuals or groups having influence over a project and assessing the effects of their actions on the project. Stakeholder mapping helps in identifying the different stakeholders as primary or secondary based on the degree of influence on a project and by analysing the stakes or interest each of them has in the project and the way both the stakeholder group as well as the project can benefit from each other.

Stakeholder identification and their inclusion in the decision-making process is critical in prioritizing, analysing and addressing issues; and developing management systems and mechanisms to address their respective concerns as well as apprehensions. This also helps in instilling trust within stakeholders regarding the project.

The AECOM team visited the project site from 7th- 9th January 2019. The team was able to conduct consultations with stakeholders in Radhanesda and Kundaliya villages. For the purpose of the project, stakeholder mapping has been carried out with the following objectives;

• Identify relevant stakeholder groups;

• Study the profile and characteristics and the nature of stakes each stakeholder group has;

• Assess their respective influence levels on the project; and

• Appreciate the precise issues and concerns as well as the expectations from the project that each group possesses. 5.2 Stakeholder Consultation and Disclosure Requirement for the project The disclosure of project information and consultations with stakeholders has been increasingly emphasized by project finance institutions and government regulatory bodies. A brief overview of the requirements of public disclosure and stakeholder consultation applicable to this project is provided in Table 5-1.

Table 5-1 Overview of Disclosure and stakeholder consultation requirement

Institution/ Reference Requirements Regulatory Regulation/ Body Standard IFC PS-1 • Community engagement is to be undertaken with the affected communities and must be free of external manipulation, interference, or coercion, and intimidation. • Furthermore, in situations where an affected community may be subject to risks or adverse impacts from a project, the proponent must undertake a process of consultation so as to provide the affected communities with an opportunity to express their views on the project risks, impacts, and mitigation measures, as well as allow the proponents to consider and respond to them. • Informed participation: For projects with significant adverse impacts on affected communities, the consultation process must ensure that free, prior and informed consultation with affected communities occurs and that processes exist to facilitate participation by those affected. • Apart from such a consultation process, the project proponents are also to establish a Grievance Redressal Mechanism, which will allow the affected communities’ concerns and grievances about the project proponent’s environmental and social performance to be received and allow for steps to be taken to resolve the same • Broader stakeholder engagement: The proponent must identify and engage with stakeholders that are not directly affected by the project but those that have established relationships with local communities and/or interest in the project – local government, civil society organizations, etc. – and establish a dialogue.

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5.3 Stakeholder Categorisation A stakeholder is “any identifiable group or individual who can affect the achievement of an organization’s objectives or who is affected by the achievement of an organization’s objectives”1. Stakeholders thus vary in terms of degree of interest, influence and control they have over the project. While those stakeholders who have a direct impact on or are directly impacted by the project are known as Primary Stakeholders, those who have an indirect impact or are indirectly impacted are known as Secondary Stakeholders. Keeping in mind the nature of the project and its setting, the stakeholders have been identified and listed below.

Table 5-2 Stakeholder Group Categorisation

Stakeholder Groups Primary Stakeholders Secondary Stakeholders Community • Local Laborers • Local community • Agricultural Laborers • Vulnerable Communities • Grazing lad users Institutional Stakeholders • Developers and Contractors • Civil Society/ Local NGOs • Gram Panchayats Government Bodies • Regulatory Authorities • District Administration Other Groups • Migrant Workforce

5.4 Approach and Methodology of Stakeholder Analysis The significance of a stakeholder group is categorized considering the magnitude of impact (type, extent, duration, scale and frequency) or degree of influence (power and proximity) of a stakeholder group and urgency/likelihood of the impact/influence associated with the particular stakeholder group in the project context. The magnitude of stakeholder impact/influence is assessed taking the power/responsibility2 and proximity3 of the stakeholder group and the group is consequently categorized as negligible, small, medium or large. The urgency or likelihood of the impact on/influence by the stakeholder is assessed in a scale of low, medium and high. The overall significance of the stakeholder group is assessed as per the matrix provided below (Table 5-3):

Table 5-3: Stakeholder Significance and Engagement Requirement

Likelihood of Influence on/by Stakeholder Low Medium High Magnitude of Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible Influence/ Small Negligible Minor Moderate Impact Medium Minor Moderate Urgent Large Moderate Urgent Urgent

5.5 Stakeholder Analysis Error! Reference source not found. has been used to classify the identified stakeholders (directly or indirectly i mpacting the project) in accordance to their levels of influence on the project. The influence and priority have both been primarily rated as:

• High Influence: This implies a high degree of influence of the stakeholder on the project in terms of participation and decision making or high priority to engage with the stakeholder;

• Medium Influence: Which implies a moderate level of influence and participation of the stakeholder in the project as well as a priority level to engage the stakeholder which is neither highly critical nor are insignificant in terms of influence; and

1. Freeman, R. and Reed, D. (1983). Stockholders and Stakeholders: A new perspective on Corporate Governance. California Management Review. pp. 88 – 106. 2. Power/Responsibility: Those stakeholders to whom the organisation has, or in the future may have, legal, financial, and operational responsibilities in the form of regulations, contracts, policies or codes of practice. 3. Proximity: indicates stakeholders that the organisation interacts with most, including internal stakeholders, those with long- standing relationships and those the organisation depends on its day-to-day operations.

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• Low Influence: This implies a low degree of influence of the stakeholder on the project in terms of participation and decision making or low priority to engage that stakeholder.

The intermediary categories of low to medium or medium to high primarily imply that their influence and importance could vary in that particular range subject to context specific conditions or also based on the responses of the project towards the community.

The coverage of stakeholders as stated above includes any person, group, institution or organization that is likely to be impacted (directly or indirectly) or may have interest/influence over project. Keeping this wide scope of inclusion in stakeholder category and the long life of project, it is difficult to identify all potential stakeholders and gauge their level of influence over project at the outset of the project. Therefore, the project proponent is advised to consider this stakeholder mapping as a live document which should be revised in a timely manner so as to make it comprehensive for any given period of time.

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Table 5-4: Stakeholder Analysis

Stakeholder Category Relevant Stakeholders Profile/Status Impact/Influence of Impact/Influence of Expectations, Overall Rating of the project on this the Stakeholder Opinions Key Stakeholder Stakeholder Group Group on the Concerns of Influence project Stakeholders

Primary Stakeholder GPCL/ GUVNL/ GEDA • The entire project is located on • Constituting the Consultations with • The major concern High government land that has been most critical GPCL/ GUVNL/ GEDA of the stakeholder allotted to ESPL on lease basis for stakeholder group, pointed towards their group is that of a period of 25 years; GPCL that will allot concerns for regulatory compliance by the • It was reported that land are sandy, land for the project compliance by the players operating in barren, saline and uncultivable land have previously players operating in the the solar power power park including that are not used for agriculture done land allotment park. ESPL. purpose; for similar solar • The lease of such land will not projects in the result in any form of economic or neighbouring physical dislocation. As the land is districts – owned by the GPCL, no private Charanka solar procurement of land is necessary power park; for which the project will not result • It was reported that in landlessness; ESPL is obtaining • GUVNL is responsible for the land on lease development of the common basis; and infrastructure and utilities in the • The level of impact power park; and of loss of land is GEDA is responsible for providing envisaged to be clearances and permits for erection of negligible as none the power project and commissioning of of the land parcels the project including evacuation of located within the power. solar park or the ones allotted to ESPL are under cultivation. Developer and Contractors As indicated earlier, ESPL is the • Hassle-free • Non-compliance to The contractors and Medium developer for the 200 MW solar power procurement of the the legal sub-contractors play an project proposed to be set up on 2 land identified plots of requirements; important role during the parcels allotted by GPCL. The EPC land for the project; • Not meeting the project construction contract for the project is in the process and community phase for timely of being finalised. commissioning of the Smooth operation of the expectations; and project with quality construction activity and Leaving behind a legacy construction and within to complete the work of conflict-ridden the stipulated budgetary within the scheduled relationship with local provisions. time and cost. communities.

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Stakeholder Category Relevant Stakeholders Profile/Status Impact/Influence of Impact/Influence of Expectations, Overall Rating of the project on this the Stakeholder Opinions Key Stakeholder Stakeholder Group Group on the Concerns of Influence project Stakeholders Local Labourers • A considerable section of the The local wage earners • Any labour unrest The major concerns of Medium working population of the local area have developed high and protests will this stakeholder group are agriculture labourers; expectations for cause delays in include: - • Due to the lack of industries in the employment in the construction • Regular payment of region, the availability of project. schedule and wages for the work employment in the unskilled create a non- rendered; category is limited; and congenial social atmosphere; and • Continued However, during the harvesting season, employment even availability of unskilled labour is a • The delay in beyond the concern. construction completion of activities will have construction work; financial implications on the • Health and Safety project. issues at work; and Holidays and leaves as per labour laws applicable etc.

Gram Panchayats (GPs) • Constituting the lowest strata of The project will create • GPs play an The expectations/ Medium Decentralized Local Governance in collective benefit for the important role in concerns of the GPs the Country, a typical Panchayat local community. overall mobilization include; consists of one or more revenue and shaping the • Employment villages. This body of local perception and Opportunities for governance was created through opinions of the the Local Youth; the 73rd Amendment to the people in the • CSR activities for Constitution of India; and project area. They development of • Sarpanch and other members of also serve as the local area; and the Gram Panchayat need to be official forum for actively involved in various consent and • Nature of impact activities relating to the economic approval required that the project development and social justice of for the project. would have on the their Panchayat. The smooth and livelihoods of hassle-free functioning of the communities. project is also the onus of the Panchayats.

Regulatory Authorities • The office of District Industries The project will comply • - The sole expectation of Low Commissioner (DIC) regulates with the applicable the Regulatory

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Stakeholder Category Relevant Stakeholders Profile/Status Impact/Influence of Impact/Influence of Expectations, Overall Rating of the project on this the Stakeholder Opinions Key Stakeholder Stakeholder Group Group on the Concerns of Influence project Stakeholders Industrialization at the District regulatory framework Authorities from the Level; and comprising of the project Proponents is • Gujarat Transmission Corporation guidelines and policies abidance to all Limited (GTCL) for power of the State Government evacuation/ grid connectivity etc. such as the Gujarat applicable guidelines, • Solar Power Policy policies and laws. 2019. Permission and coordination with the District Industries Centre, Banaskantha is mandatory for creation of local infrastructure and smooth operation of the industry. District/Tehsil Administration • The project area is administered at The process of land • There are several The key concerns of the Low three levels by different lease registration for the permissions and District Administration Government Bodies: at the district 2 land parcels was regulatory authorities might level, at the block/tehsil level and at reported to have been approvals that are the Panchayat level in each completed at the time of required prior to as include; village/or cluster of villages; the site visit. The District well as after the • Matters concerning • In this context, local administration Administration has construction of the local employment; refers to the district level and block played a significant role project from the • Preference to local level administration comprising of in the matter in District youths in matters of the offices of the Tehsildar, District collaboration with the Administration. vehicle hire and Magistrate Collectors, and GPCL. Delay in issuance of issuance of Revenue officer etc.; and the relevant permits contract job etc.; 1. The sub-registrar of the revenue can adversely and department is responsible for impact the timely Local area development registration of sale of land, land execution of the through CSR project. Similarly, mutation, updating of records of interventions. transfer of land. unresolved matters relating to land such as litigation, non- payment of compensation and encroachment might create complications, drag the firm into legal

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Stakeholder Category Relevant Stakeholders Profile/Status Impact/Influence of Impact/Influence of Expectations, Overall Rating of the project on this the Stakeholder Opinions Key Stakeholder Stakeholder Group Group on the Concerns of Influence project Stakeholders disputes thereby delaying project execution.

Migrant Workforce • Project-related construction • Migrant workers • Retaining the The major concerns of Low activities are yet to be allotted to may see this as a migrant workforce, this stakeholder group any contractors. An estimated better economic especially during may include; migrant workforce comprising of and livelihood the construction • Regular payment of 180 - 200 labourers will be opportunity for phase of the project wages for the work engaged in the project-specific them; and is extremely critical. rendered; construction activities, especially in • The fluctuation of This is because • Continued the skilled and highly skilled the supply of local there are similar employment even categories accounting for 30 % of labour in harvest experiences of the beyond the the total workforce. and other lack of availability of completion of agricultural peak manpower in the construction work; seasons can be local area. • Health and Safety met by deployment of migrant workers. issues at work; • Holidays and leaves as per labour laws applicable etc.; and • Issues relating to conflicts with the local labour and host community. Secondary Stakeholders Local Community • The stakeholder group comprising • There are several • The broad support • Expectations of • Low of local communities around a community of the local getting employment radius of 2 kms inhabit the Villages members who community will benefits from the of Radhanesda and Tharad might be indirectly create a hindrance project; and • The study area comprises of; dependent on the or risk-free • Growing o Caste Hindus: Brahmins; land proposed to business process. community o SC: Holar; and be sold to the demands for o Minorities: Muslims, mostly project, and hence implementing Sunni; and must be welfare • The community in the study area is compensated interventions in the dependent on wage labour and through adequate region by the other labour-intensive activities entitlements. project Proponent. such as civil construction.

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Stakeholder Category Relevant Stakeholders Profile/Status Impact/Influence of Impact/Influence of Expectations, Overall Rating of the project on this the Stakeholder Opinions Key Stakeholder Stakeholder Group Group on the Concerns of Influence project Stakeholders Agriculture and livestock rearing • In addition, the are not the major sources of CSR activities livelihood. focused on education and health, among others should also target at the neighbouring villages and the immediate local community which will lead to improvement in livelihood. Vulnerable Communities • This stakeholder group comprises • In view of the poor • The stakeholder ▪ Key concerns of ▪ Low of SC Communities in the study social and group will have a this stakeholder area. SCs account for economic negligible impact on group will primarily approximately 12 – 14 % of the conditions of the the project. revolve around total population in the study area. Vulnerable targeted support Communities, the being extended for project Proponent availing the may have to benefits of provide community engagement interventions by the avenues to its project Proponent. members.

Agricultural Laborers • There are only a few large farmers • Land for the project • The stakeholder ▪ Low in the study area. Most of the group will have a is located on farmers are small to marginal negligible impact on sandy, saline, farmers who cultivate their land and the project. work as agricultural Laborers, barren and mostly in neighbouring farms uncultivable land situated at a distance of 10 – 15 where no farming kms from the study area; activities are • The agricultural census of India undertaken; and defines farmers on the basis of the • The local following; community will be benefitted by

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Stakeholder Category Relevant Stakeholders Profile/Status Impact/Influence of Impact/Influence of Expectations, Overall Rating of the project on this the Stakeholder Opinions Key Stakeholder Stakeholder Group Group on the Concerns of Influence project Stakeholders o Marginal – Farmers having less means of the local than one hectare of land; employment o Small – Farmers having opportunities that between one and two hectares will be generated of land; for which they will o Semi-medium Farmers – be provided having between two and four hectares of land; preference. o Medium – Farmers having between four and ten hectares of land; and o Large – Farmers having more than 10 hectares of land • However, in the project area, the common perception regarding farmer categorization is as follows; o Landowners with less than 4 acres are small farmers; o With 4-6 acres are medium farmers; and o Above 6 acres are large landowners; and • Farming is the primary source of living for most families in the study area but, the actual area of cultivation within the vicinity of the project area is considerably lower owing to high salinity, inadequate water and any irrigation facilities. Highly unpredictable pattern of rain coupled with frequent droughts often leads to poor farm yield/ productivity.

Civil Society/Local NGOs • The local NGOs, mostly based out With respect to • The NGOs and The opinion of the Low of the Cities of Ahmedabad, Civil Society contributing towards the NGOs and Civil Society Gandhinagar and are acting cause of local Groups often play a Groups towards a as a social watchdog in matters development, the project critical role in relating to securing the livelihoods proponent can either bringing to the project is determined of rural communities along with participate in the limelight the issues largely by whether the ongoing developmental of vulnerable impacts of setting up of

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Stakeholder Category Relevant Stakeholders Profile/Status Impact/Influence of Impact/Influence of Expectations, Overall Rating of the project on this the Stakeholder Opinions Key Stakeholder Stakeholder Group Group on the Concerns of Influence project Stakeholders their related socio-cultural facets; activities of the communities in the the development venture and Government or might society; and is being viewed/ take up interventions on • They can also play • However, the number of such perceived in positive its own or through a major role in NGOs active in the study area partnerships with NGOs community light by the local is highly limited. and CBOs after mobilization, population with special obtaining prior approval from competent building trust and reference to the authorities. even participate in vulnerable communities implementing CSR or not. The key concerns initiatives. of this stakeholder group centres around justice and equal opportunities in matters of economic and social development being provided to the ▪ Vulnerable Communities. Note: It is significant to note that the stakeholder analysis is based on the current situation. The stakeholder influence on the project is dynamic and may change during the project life. Consequently, the stakeholder analysis needs periodical reassessment and updating.

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Summary of overall stakeholder influence is presented in the Table 5-5-5.

Table 5-5 Summary of overall stakeholder influence

Stakeholder Relevant Magnitude of Likelihood of Overall Rating of Category Stakeholders Influence/Impact Influence on/by Stakeholder Stakeholder Influence Primary GPCL/ GUVNL/ EDA High High High stakeholder Developers and Contractors Medium Medium Medium Local Labourers Negligible Medium Medium Gram Panchayats Medium Negligible Medium Regulatory Authorities Negligible Negligible Low District/ Tehsil Administration Negligible Negligible Low Migrant Workforce Negligible Negligible Low Secondary Local Community Negligible Negligible Low Stakeholders Vulnerable Communities Negligible Negligible Low Agricultural Labourers Negligible Negligible Low Civil Society/Local NGOs Negligible Negligible Low

5.6 Stakeholder Consultations and Engagement The section provides a summary of the consultations undertaken with the Stakeholders of the project. Participant List for the stakeholder consultations undertaken have been provided as Appendix A

5.6.1 Consultations with Mamlatdar (Magistrate Executive), Department of Revenue, Vav Tehsil. Basic details Location: Vav District: Banas kantha Project Title: ESIA of 200 MW solar power project of ESPL Date: 9th January 2020 Stakeholder Group Title: Mamlatdar, Department of Revenue, Vav Tehsil

Objective of the Interview/Consultation To understand the historical genesis, associated encumbrances and related issues with the Radhanesda Power Park. Guiding Questions or Points for Discussion 1. What has been the historic and recorded use of the land encompassing the Power Park?

The land use of the designated solar power park is barren land. No agricultural activity has been undertaken in the land parcel due to the infertility of the land parcel with its high saline content making it unfavourable for agricultural.

2. For how many years has the government been owning the land?

As the project area is in a strategic location near Indo-Pakistan border area. The land has always been owned by the Government of Gujarat.

3. Till when can the records of ownership/ Record of Rights (RoR) of the Power Park land be traced?

It has always been owned by the Government of Gujarat. 4. Are there any issues of encumbrances/ encroachments?

There were no physical structures such as house/homes within the project area as the area is a Border Security Force (BSF) controlled area, every person entering the premises has to register and submit proof of identity on venturing into the area.

5. Are there or have there been any settlements/ structures on the concerned land?

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Within the premises of the Solar Power Park, there is one (01) temple Limda Mata Mandir. The temple is utilized by community members of Radhanesda and Kundaliya village. However, the solar power plant is also the access road for the temple and will be utilised by both Kundaliya and Radhanesda village population to reach the temple. 6. For how many years is the land being leased to the Power Producers?

The land has been handed over to GPCL by the Revenue department. Hence the details of such is not available with his office.

Photo Documentation Consultation with the Mamlatdar, Vav Tehsil

5.6.2 Consultations with Sarpanch (Village Head) of Radhanesda Village Panchayat Radhanesda village previously was under Kundaliya Panchayat. However, in the year 2018, Radhanesda Village Panchayat was formed. There is one (01) village Radhanesda Village under Radhanesda Village.

Summary of consultations undertaken with the Sarpanch of Radhanesda village on 8th January 2020 has been presented in the table below.

Basic details Location: Radhanesda Village,Vav Tehsil District: Banaskantha Project Title: ESIA of 200 MW solar power project of ESPL Date: 8th January 2020 Stakeholder Group Title: Sarpanch (Village Head) of Radhanesda Village

Objective of the Interview/Consultation To understand the socio-economic baseline of Radhanesda village and an assessment of the perception of the upcoming project amongst the community members.

Key discussion points 1 What is the demographic of the village?

Approximately 1971 population are present in Radhanesda village residing in approximately 600 households. It comprises of 60 percent Male population and 40 percent female population.

2 Communities present in the village and their primary occupational activity.

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All members fall under the Other Backward Classes (OBC) community of the villages which is divided into sub-castes of Thakur (Kohli) and Rabari Communities. It was stated that all these communities fall under the Other Backward communities (OBC) in Gujarat.

• Thakurs are primarily involved in agricultural activities. They are small- marginal landowners but they also work as agricultural labourers on fields within the village and other nearby villages.

• Rabari community members comprises of approximately 25 percent of total population of Radhanesda village. Rabari Community is traditionally a pastoral nomadic community of the Kutch region. They were traditionally camel herders, in present times they rear cattle, sheep and goats. They are highly dependent on the sale of dairy products. Nearest dairy is present in Kundaliya village

3 Occupational Pattern and Livelihood Activities.

• Primary occupational activity comprises of cultivators and agricultural labourers. The agricultural activity was largely dependent on rainfall in the area. Agricultural labourers receive a daily wage of 300-350 per day in the village. Women are also engaged as agricultural labourers in the village.

• Live-stock rearing was a primary occupational activity amongst the Rabari community.

• Secondary occupational activity comprises of semi- skilled workers for government schemes such as MGNREGA scheme which ensures 100 days of employment for the enrolled working population. Semi- skilled which nearby towns of Tharad and Vav Tehsil.

4 Agricultural Crops Grown in the area

• The primary agricultural crops grown in the village is Cumin (local name: Jeera) is the primary crop grown in the area. Pearl Millet (local name: Bajra) is grown in the area. It is a single crop season in the area. Cumin (local name: Jeera) is the main cash crop of the area. The nearest agricultural market is located in Tharad Tehsil.

Livestock Population

• It was stated that all households in the village possess livestock. Majority of the reared livestock is for self-consumption. Rabari community members are dependent on livestock for their livelihood as well. Rabaris who were traditionally camel herders, in present times rear sheep and goats.

• They sell the dairy products to dairy cooperative present in Kundaliya village. It was stated that each Rabari household on an average owned 100 number of livestock in the village.

5 Migration Trend in the Village

• It was stated that as the lands in the village were not very fertile and agricultural activity was minimal in the village. Community members of the village practiced season migration to nearby villages to work as agricultural labourers as well as nearby towns for semi-skilled employment opportunities. Migration was specifically very high during the dry summer months of April and May as the village faced water scarcity and there was reduction (around 90 percent) in agricultural activities.

• Rabari community members also migrated to nearby villages in search of green pastures especially during the dry season.

• It was stated that as the youth population of the village also migrated to nearby towns to work as semi -skilled workers as well as agricultural labourers in nearby villages. Hence the migration trend amongst the youth population was high in the village.

6 Educational Profile

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• Radhanesda village has one (01) Middle School within its premises. It was stated that Kundaliya village has been sanctioned funds for the upgradation of its existing middle school to a High school. At present, the nearest high school is in Tadav village located at a distance of approximately 20 kilometres away from Radhanesda village.

• Three primary reasons for high dropout rate were:

a. travel to Tadav village posed as a challenge especially for the girl children;

b. the average age of marriage for girls was around 15-16 years and

c. Children along with their parents seasonally migrate with their parents during the lean/dry seasons to nearby villages/towns in search of employment opportunities.

7 Women Profile

• All girl children of Radhanesda village were enrolled in school. However, it was stated the girl children after Class 8 had a higher dropout rate. Three primary reasons for high dropout rate were i. Nearest high school is in Teda Village which is located at a distance of 20 kilometres travelling to Teda posed as a challenge especially for the girl children; ii. the average age of marriage for girls was around 15-16 years and, iii. Children along with their parents seasonally migrate with their parents during the lean/dry seasons to nearby villages/towns in search of employment opportunities.

• Women of the village are primarily engaged in household chores. However, it was stated that the women worked in family owned agricultural fields during major agricultural activities such as cropping and harvesting as well as in agricultural lands of their family members.

8 Youth Profile

The youth of Radhanesda village were primarily engaged as agricultural labourers if they resided in the village. Majority of the youth approximately 60 percent of youth migrated to nearby villages and towns to pursue employment opportunities. Majority of the youth were educated upto class 8. Girl children/youth were engaged in household work and 9 Social Perception of Project:

Community Members of Radhanesda village are aware of the upcoming 700 MW Solar Power Park Project. It was stated that the people were positive about the upcoming project. As there were other solar power projects within the state of Gujarat, community members were aware of a Solar Power Project. 10 Benefits/ Expectations from the Project

• They anticipated increased employment opportunities in terms of skilled and unskilled workers, contract and vendor opportunities as well.

• Benefits that were anticipated for the project was improvement in the transportation facility in the area.

11 Concerns regarding the Project He stated that prior to the initiation of the project, there was discontentment amongst the community members as the project area served as grazing area for the community members. However, after negotiations with the government has now earmarked approximately 167.96 acres as Grazing (Gauchar) land within the project area. After which the community members do not have any concerns regarding the project area.

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Photo Documentation Consultation with the Sarpanch of Radhanesda View of the Village Panchayat Ghar Village Panchayat

5.6.3 Consultations with Sarpanch (Village Head) Kundaliya Village Panchayat Summary of consultations undertaken with the Sarpanch of Kundaliya village on 8th January 2020 has been presented in the table below.

Basic details Location: Kundaliya Village, Vav Tehsil District: Banaskantha Project Title: ESIA of 200 MW solar power project of ESPL Date: 8th January 2020 Stakeholder Group Title: Sarpanch (Village Head) of Kundaliya Village

Objective of the Interview/Consultation To understand the socio-economic baseline of Kundaliya village and an assessment of the perception of the upcoming project amongst the community members. Key discussion points 1 What is the demographic of the village?

It was reported that at present, approximately 6000-7000 people are residing in the village, comprising 60% of male population and 40% female population.

2 Communities present in the village and their primary occupational activity.

Most members fall under the communities listed under the Bakshi Commission and are further divided into the Thakur and Rabari Communities. It was stated that both of these communities fall under the Other Back Ward communities (OBC) in Gujarat State. Rabari communities are enlisted as Scheduled Tribes in some other parts of Gujarat state. Apart from these communities, a small number of Harijan community members are also residing in the village. The Harijan community falls under the Scheduled Caste in the Gujarat State.

Thakurs are primarily involved in agricultural activities. They comprise of both landowners as well as agricultural labourers on fields of other community members.

Rabari Community Members comprise approximately 200 households of the Kundaliya Village. Rabari Community is traditionally a pastoral nomadic community of the Kutch region. They were traditionally camel herders, in present times they rear cattle, sheep and goats. They are highly dependent on the sale of dairy products for their livelihood. Nearest dairy is present in Kundaliya village.

3 Occupational Pattern and Livelihood Activities.

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Primary occupational activity comprises of cultivators, agricultural labourers and livestock breeding. The agricultural activity was largely dependent on rainfall in the area. Agricultural labourers receive a daily wage of 300-350 per day in the village. It was stated that the entire family including women and children above the age of 15 are engaged as agricultural labourers in the village.

During summers, owing to the scarcity of water in the village, most of the population move out to work as agricultural labours or workers in livestock care and breeding farms.

Secondary occupational activity comprises of semi- skilled workers for government schemes such as MGNREGA scheme which ensures 100 days of employment for the enrolled working population.

It was reported that recently, a small part of youth has also started moving to the cities such as Ahmedabad to work in the diamond manufacturing sector.

The average family income was reported to be INR 50-60,000 per year in the Kundaliya village.

4 Agricultural Crops Grown in the area The primary agricultural crop grown in the village is Cumin (local name: Jeera). It is a single season crop grown during winters. It is the main cash crop of the area. The nearest agricultural market is located in Tharad Tehsil. It was reported that recently the cultivation of pomegranate has also been started in the village, however, it has not been very successful due to the water intensive nature of the crop.

Livestock Population

It was stated that all households in the village possess livestock. Majority of the reared livestock is for self-consumption but for Rabari community members livestock is also the means of their livelihood. Rabaris who were traditionally camel herders, in present times rear sheep and goats as well. They sell the dairy product to dairy cooperative present in Kundaliya village. It was stated that the number of livestock in each Rabari household was on an average around 100.

As per the Census 2011 data procured from the Village Veterinary Officer, the village had 1857 goats, 1905 buffaloes, 887 Sheep and 224 goats.

5 Migration Trend in the Village

It was stated that as the lands in the village were not very fertile and agricultural activity was minimal in the village. Community members of the village migrated in significant numbers to nearby villages to work as agricultural labourers as well as nearby towns for semi-skilled employment opportunities. Migration was specifically very high during the dry summer months of April and May as the village faced water scarcity and there was reduction (around 90 percent) in agricultural activities.

It was stated that as the youth population of the village also migrated to nearby towns to work as semi-skilled workers as well as agricultural labourers in nearby villages. Hence the migration trend amongst the youth population was high in the village.

6 Educational Profile

Kundaliya village has one (01) Middle School within its premises. It was stated that Kundaliya village has been sanctioned funds for the upgradation of its existing middle school to a High school. At present, the nearest high school is in Tadav village located at a distance of approximately 14 kilometres away from Kundaliya village.

Three primary reasons for high dropout rate were: i. Travel to Tadav village posed as a challenge especially for the girl children;

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ii. the average age of marriage for girls was around 15-16 years and iii. Children along with their parents seasonally migrate with their parents during the lean/dry seasons to nearby villages/towns in search of employment opportunities.

7 Women Profile

It was reported that approximately 400 children of the village are going to school. These comprise of 40% girl children. However, it was stated the dropout rate after class 8 was much higher for girl students. Three (03) primary reasons for high dropout rate included the following: i. Nearest high school is in Tadav Village which is located at a distance of 14 kilometres and travelling to Tadav posed as a challenge especially for the girl students and the frequency and availability of buses was quite low, plying only at certain hours of the day; ii. the average age of marriage for girls was around 15-16 years and iii. Children along with their parents seasonally migrate with their parents during the lean/dry seasons to nearby villages/towns in search of employment opportunities.

8 Social Perception of Project:

Community Members of Kundaliya village are aware of the upcoming 700 MW Solar Power Park Project. It was stated that the people were positive about the upcoming project. They are hopeful of getting employment through the upcoming project. As there were other solar power projects within the state of Gujarat, community members were aware of a Solar Power Project.

9 Benefits/ Expectations from the Project

• They anticipated increased employment opportunities in terms of skilled and unskilled workers, contract and vendor opportunities as well.

• Benefits that were anticipated for the project was improvement in the transportation facility in the area.

• Additionally, recognition of the village and provision of more resources is being anticipated by the village population.

10 Concerns regarding the Project The general perception of the people was positive towards the solar plant. The initial concern regarding acquisition of their grazing land was resolved through provision of 167.96 acres of grazing (known as Gauchar in the local language) land to the Kundaliya Panchayat. However, it was stated that the village population had high expectations of getting employment from the project and were apprehensive to the idea of sourcing labour from outside the village.

Photo Documentation Consultation with the Sarpanch of Kundaliya Village Panchayat

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5.6.4 Consultations with Opinion Leader of Kundaliya village Summary of consultations undertaken with the Opinion Leader of Kundaliya village on 8th January 2020 has been presented in the table below

Basic details Location: Kundaliya Village, Vav Tehsil District: Banaskantha Project Title: ESIA of 200 MW solar power project of ESPL Date: 8th January 2020 Stakeholder Group Title: Opinion Leader of Kundaliya Village

Objective of the Interview/Consultation To understand the perception of the upcoming project amongst the community members. Need Assessment of the village.

Key discussion points 1 Youth Profile

Youth of the village were stated to have attained minimum education of 8th standard (Middle School). Majority approximately 60-70 percent of them dropped out after completion of middle school. The youth of the village were engaged as agricultural labourers in the village and semi- skilled workers in nearby villages and towns.

2 Social Perception of Project:

Community Members of Kundaliya village are aware of the upcoming 700 MW Solar Power Park Project. It was stated that the people were positive about the upcoming project as there was a lack of industrial units and factories in the areas.

Additionally, as there were other solar power projects within the state of Gujarat, community members were aware of Solar Power Project.

3 Benefits/ Expectations from the Project There were certain expectations of the community members from the project. The following expectations have been listed below:

• They anticipated increased employment opportunities for the youth of the villages of Radhanesda and Kundaliya villages. Employment opportunities in unskilled, semiskilled and skilled were expected from the project.

• Contract and vendor opportunities for material requirement along with logistics support were expected from the local community.

4 Concerns regarding the Project

He stated that the community members had no concerns/issues with the project. On discussions regarding the grazing area present within the project area premises. It was stated that as the community members had been assigned the grazing (gauchar) land, the locals no longer had any problems/concerns with the upcoming project.

5.6.5 Consultations with Principal/Teacher, Government Middle School, Radhanesda village, Vav Tehsil Basic details Location: Radhanesda Village, Vav Tehsil District: Banaskantha Project Title: ESIA of 200 MW solar power project of ESPL Date: 8th January 2020 Stakeholder Group Title: Principal/Teacher of Government Middle School, Radhanesda village, Vav Tehsil

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Objective of the Interview/Consultation To understand the educational profile of the village as well as to get an understanding on perception of the upcoming project amongst the community members. Additionally, to understand the needs of the village.

Key discussion points 1 Educational Profile

• There is one (01) Middle School I Radhanesda Nearest village of Kundaliya has recently been sanctioned funds for the upgradation of its existing middle school to a High school. At present, the nearest high school is in Teda village located at a distance of approximately 20 kilometres away from Radhanesda village.

• Three primary reasons for high dropout rate were:

a. travel to Teda village posed as a challenge especially for the girl children;

b. the average age of marriage for girls was around 15-16 years and

c. Children along with their parents seasonally migrate with their parents during the lean/dry seasons to nearby villages/towns in search of employment opportunities.

2 Youth Profile

Youth of the village were stated to have attained minimum education of 8th standard (Middle School). Majority approximately 60-70 percent of them dropped out after completion of middle school. The youth of the village were engaged as agricultural labourers in the village and semi- skilled workers in nearby villages and towns.

3 Social Perception of Project:

Community Members of Radhanesda village are aware of the upcoming 700 MW Solar Power Park Project. The people viewed the project positively as they anticipated employment opportunities from the project. As there was a need to diversify the livelihood opportunities of the people of Radhanesda village.

Additionally, as there were other solar power projects within the state of Gujarat, community members were aware of Solar Power Project.

4 Benefits/ Expectations from the Project There were certain expectations of the community members from the project. The following expectations have been listed below:

• They anticipated increased employment opportunities for the youth of the villages of Radhanesda and Kundaliya villages. Employment opportunities in unskilled, semiskilled and skilled were expected from the project.

• Contract and vendor opportunities for material requirement along with logistics support were expected from the local community.

5 Concerns regarding the Project

He stated that the community members had no concerns/issues with the project. On discussions regarding the grazing area present within the project area premises. It was stated that as the community members had been assigned the grazing (gauchar) land, the locals no longer had any problems/concerns with the upcoming project.

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Government Middle School, Radhanesda village,Vav tehsil

5.6.6 Consultations with Anganwadi Worker, Kundaliya Village, Vav Tehsil Basic details Location: Radhanesda Village, Vav Tehsil District: Banaskantha Project Title: ESIA of 200 MW solar power project of ESPL Date: 8th January 2020 Stakeholder Group Title: Principal/Teacher of Government Middle School, Radhanesda village, Vav Tehsil

Objective of the Interview/Consultation To understand profile of women and children of Kundaliya and Radhanesda village. Key discussion points 1 Profile of Children • It was stated that all children of Kundaliya village attended the Anganwadi located in the village. It serves a creche and a additional nutritional centre for the children of the village.

• Vaccinations for all children are undertaken within the premises of the Anganwadi centre.

• There were no major diseases/epidemics found amongst the children of Kundaliya and Radhanesda villages.

2 Women Profile

Most women of the villages of Kundaliya and Radhanesda were engaged in household chores. However, few women worked as agricultural workers in family owned fields as well fields of other community members. Few women were engaged in tailoring activities within the premises of their homes.

Tailoring related training was undertaken by a private entity in the year 2019 and had distributed around 30 tailoring machines on completion of training.

3 Health Profile of Women Women were stated to suffer from normal diseases. There is no prevalence of increase women related diseases in the villages of Kundaliya and Radhanesda.

Ante Natal Check-up (ANC)and Post Natal Check-ups (PNC) were conducted regularly by CHC in Kundaliya village and awareness of importance of institutional deliveries were spread by the ASHAs in the village.

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Photo Documentation Consultation with the Anganwadi Worker

5.6.7 Consultations with Veterinary Officer, Vav Tehsil Basic details Location: Vav Tehsil District: Banaskantha Project Title: ESIA of 200 MW solar power project of ESPL Date: 9th January 2020 Stakeholder Group Title: Veterinary Officer, Directorate of Animal Husbandry, Vav Tehsil

Objective of the Interview/Consultation To understand the Livestock Status, government schemes that are implemented in Radhanesda and Kundaliya villages. An understanding of livestock status of Rabari community members.

Guiding Questions or Points for Discussion 1 Status of Livestock in Kundaliya and Radhanesda village According to the Livestock census of 2011, there are following number of livestock in this villages: Village Cows Buffalo Sheep Goat Total

Kundaliya 1857 1905 887 224 4873

Radhanesda 1266 1264 540 `994 4064

Source: Livestock Census 2011

On an average, every household in Kundaliya and Radhanesda villages possessed livestock. Each household were able to produce diary at least for self-consumption.

2 Government Schemes implemented in these villages

The following vaccinations are given to the livestock in these villages: • Semi- Annual Vaccination for Foot and Mouth Disease

• Annual vaccination against Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS)

• Annual vaccination against Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) for the livestock

Additionally, regular camps for infertility and surgical camps are conducted in Radhanesda and Kundaliya village.

3 Any recurrent diseases/epidemics of amongst the livestock of the study area villages

There is no pattern of recurrent diseases/epidemics amongst livestock in these study area villages.

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4 Veterinary Facilities in the Study Area

The nearest Veterinary dispensary for Radhanesda and Kundaliya village is in Mavsari village. Mavsari village is located at a distance of approximately ten (10) kilometres. At present, it was stated that there were no plans to develop/construct a veterinary Dispensary in the study area villages. Another dispensary is present in the Sanval village, located at a distance of 15 km from the villages.

5 Livestock Status of Rabari Community It was stated that the livestock status of the Rabari community had increased over the years. Earlier they were cattle herders but at present times they reared primarily sheep and goats. The health status of livestock owned by Rabari community members were healthy and well-looked after. They utilised available pasturelands of Kundaliya and Radhanesda villages. Alongside livestock were also grazed on lands were Bajra was previously grown after the harvesting season. Additionally, the cattle/sheep and goats would require supplements to enhance their nutritional growth.

Photo Documentation Consultation with the Veterinary Officer, Vav Tehsil

5.6.8 Focus Group Discussions with Rabari Community Members Summary of discussions held with Rabari Community members on 9th January 2020 has been presented in the table below.

Basic details Location: Radhanesda Village, Vav Tehsil District: Banaskantha Project Title: ESIA of 200 MW solar power project of ESPL Date: 9th January 2020 Stakeholder Group Title: Rabari Community Members

Objective of the Interview/Consultation To understand the socio-economic situation, lifestyle and livelihood of Rabari community. To understand the perception of the community members on the upcoming solar power park.

Key discussion points 1 Number of households belonging to Rabari Community Members

There are 100 Rabari community households in Kundaliya village and 25 households in Radhanesda village

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2 Occupational Pattern and Livelihood Activities.

Primary occupational activity for the Rabari community members is livestock rearing. In earlier times, Rabari communities were engaged as cattle herders however in recent times, they have started rearing cattle, sheep and goats. Dairy farming was the primary source of income for Rabari communities.

3 Lifestyle Trends

The Rabari have permanent houses in the villages of Kundaliya and Radhanesda villages. They have built houses of permanent and temporary structures within the premises of the village. 4 Migration Trend

It was stated that during the dry months of April and May, one (01) member of the family travels to nearby villages such as Mavsari, Tadav in search of pasturelands for their livestock. 5 Livestock Population

All Rabari households in the village possess livestock. Majority of the reared livestock is for self- consumption. On an average one Rabari household owns 100 livestock. Most of the livestock comprises of sheep and goats.

6 Migration Trend amongst the Rabari communities

During the dry months of April and May, there is substantial reduction in the grazing area for their livestock. Hence during they travel to nearby villages/districts looking for greener pastures for their

It was stated that as the lands in the village were not very fertile and agricultural activity was minimal in the village. Community members of the village practiced season migration to nearby villages to work as agricultural labourers as well as nearby towns for semi-skilled employment opportunities. Migration was specifically very high during the dry summer months of April and May as the village faced water scarcity and there was reduction (around 90 percent) in agricultural activities. Rabari community members also migrated to nearby villages in search of green pastures especially during the dry season.

It was stated that as the youth population of the village also migrated to nearby towns to work as semi -skilled workers as well as agricultural labourers in nearby villages. Hence the migration trend amongst the youth population was high in the village.

7 Educational Profile

Radhanesda village has one (01) Middle School within its premises. It was stated that Kundaliya village has been sanctioned funds for the upgradation of its existing middle school to a High school. At present, the nearest high school is in Teda village located at a distance of approximately 20 kilometres away from Radhanesda village. Three primary reasons for high dropout rate were: i. Travel to Teda village posed as a challenge especially for the girl children; ii. the average age of marriage for girls was around 15-16 years and iii. Children along with their parents seasonally migrate with their parents during the lean/dry seasons to nearby villages/towns in search of employment opportunities. 8 Women Profile

All girl children of Radhanesda village were enrolled in school. However, it was stated the girl children after Class 8 had a higher dropout rate. Three primary reasons for high dropout rate were i. Nearest high school is in Teda Village which is located at a distance of 20 kilometres travelling to Teda posed as a challenge especially for the girl children; ii. the average age of marriage for girls was around 15-16 years and iii. Children along with their parents seasonally migrate with their parents during the lean/dry seasons to nearby villages/towns in search of employment opportunities.

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Youth Profile

The youth of Radhanesda village were primarily engaged as agricultural labourers if they resided in the village. Majority of the youth approximately 60 percent of youth migrated to nearby villages and towns to pursue employment opportunities. Majority of the youth were educated upto class 8. Girl children/youth were engaged in household work and Social Perception of Project:

Community Members of Radhanesda village are aware of the upcoming 700 MW Solar Power Park Project. It was stated that the people were positive about the upcoming project. As there were other solar power projects within the state of Gujarat, community members were aware of a Solar Power Project.

Benefits/ Expectations from the Project

• They anticipated increased employment opportunities in terms of skilled and unskilled workers, contract and vendor opportunities as well.

• Benefits that were anticipated for the project was improvement in the transportation facility in the area.

Concerns regarding the Project He stated that prior to the initiation of the project, there was discontentment amongst the community members as the project area served as grazing area for the community members. However, after negotiations with the government, an area of approximately 167.96 acres have been earmarked as Grazing (Gauchar) land within the Radhanesda Solar Park. After the grazing area was designated by the government, the community members do not have any concerns regarding the project area.

Photo Documentation Consultation with the Rabari Community of the Kundaliya Village

5.6.9 Consultations with the Gujarat Power Corporation Limited (GPCL)

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Basic details Location: Gandhinagar District: Gandhinagar Project Title: ESIA of 200 MW solar power project of ESPL Date: 6th January 2020 Stakeholder Group Title: Head – Projects

Objective of the Interview/Consultation To understand the key functions of GPCL and its specific responsibilities in the development of the Radhanesda Solar Power Park. Guiding Questions or Points for Discussion • What is the key role of GPCL in the power sector of Gujarat?

GPCL is primarily engaged in the business of power generation and distribution. Incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956, the company has been designated as the Nodal Agency by the Government of Gujarat for development of Solar Parks in the state. • What are the major functions of GPCL?

The major functions of GPCL include: -

• Identification of the need for setting up power projects based on various forms of fuel; • Preparation of techno-economic feasibility Reports for the identified power projects; • Identification of private players to collaborate and implement the identified power projects under the PPP mode; • Obtaining the statutory and non-statutory clearances, licences and permits required for implementation of the power projects; and • Pursuance of formalities concerning land procurement and fuel linkages for the power project. • What are the key sectors that GPCL has set up its projects in?

GPCL has set up its projects in the following sectors: -

• Gas; • Nuclear; • Rooftop solar; • Solar; • Tidal; • Mining; and • Wind • Which is the largest solar power project that GPCL has set up and what is its role in the development of the Radhanesda Solar Power Park?

GPCL has set up only one Solar Park i.e. the Gujarat Solar Park located over 5,384 acres of land in village Charanka in . It is the largest solar power park of the state with 500 MW installed capacity and 224 MW production capacity by 20 developers.

For the Radhanesda Solar Power Park, GPCL will be responsible for obtaining the following key clearances if they are applicable to the project: -

• Water and air pollution clearance; • Forest clearance; • Environmental and forest clearance; and • Civil aviation clearance

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6. Analysis of Alternatives

This section of the report presents the analysis of the alternatives considered for the proposed solar power project. The following scenarios have been considered.

• No Project Scenario;

• Alternate Location for the Proposed Project;

• Alternate Methods of Power Generation;

• Alternate Technology for Proposed Project; and

• Alternate Routes for Transmission Lines. 6.1 No Project Scenario India being a tropical country is blessed with good sunshine over most parts, and the number of clear sunny days in a year are also quite high. The country receives solar energy equivalent to about 5,000 trillion kWh per year, with most parts receiving over 4-7 kWh per sq. m per day. India’s equivalent solar energy potential is about 6,000 million GWh of energy per year. The State of Gujarat is blessed with about 300 sunny days per year.

According to a survey conducted by the World Energy Council, as the population increases and as the growing rate of electrification places huge requirements on energy supplies, the total primary energy demand of India is expected to increase by almost 150% by 2035.The anticipated power supply position of Gujarat in terms of Energy requirement and demand for the year 2018-2019 is given in Table 6-1.

Table 6-1: Anticipated Power Supply position of Gujarat in 2018-2019

State Requirement (Million Availability (Million Units) Surplus (+) Units) Million Units %

Gujarat 111,660 112,741 1081 1.0

Source: Load Generation Balance Report, 2018-2019, Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Power

Above data suggests that there is minor surplus in power availability against requirements. However, looking at the aggressive growth targets of setting up solar power plants of around 100,000 MW across India by 2020 under Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, there seems to be a progressive deficit.

Gujarat's total Installed Solar power capacity was reported to be 1127 MW as per the Vibrant Gujarat Summit 2017 Research Report. However, in line with the country's renewable energy target of 175 GW by 2022, the state of Gujarat has set a tentative target of 8020 MW of solar power capacity, thus to meet the target requirements, increase in the solar power potential is emphasized.

The annual global radiation in India varies from 1600 to 2200 kWh/m2. As per the data provided in the Detailed project Report, Global Horizontal Irradiation at the proposed Site varies from 40 to 111 kWh/m2 per month. As per the Solar Atlas, the proposed site receives Global Horizontal Irradiation of 5.497 kWh/m2 per day. As per the prevailing technical norms, any place with DNI more than or equal to 5.00 kWh/m2/day is considered suitable for solar thermal power projects that use only direct solar radiation. As regards with SPV power projects, they use both direct and diffuse radiation and hence values below 5.00 kWh/m2/day are also acceptable. The Table 6-2 below presents the levels of irradiance (month wise) at the project site.

Table 6-2: The levels of irradiance at the proposed Project Site (Month wise)

Month Average Monthly Global Horizontal Irradiation (kWh/m2/month)

January 144

February 147

March 204

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April 213

May 221

June 192

July 134

August 119

September 161

October 174

November 143

December - Source: Detailed Project Report (December 2018)

The proposed project is an opportunity to utilize the solar potential of the area for power generation. A “No Project Scenario” assumes that the project will not be carried out. A “No Project Scenario” will not solve the issue of progressive deficit. An alternative without the project is undesirable, as it would worsen the power supply-demand scenario, which would be a constraint on economic growth. Additionally, continued use of traditional fossil fuel sources for power generation will have adverse effect on the environment. 6.2 Alternate Location for Project Solar power projects are non-polluting energy generation projects and are dependent on the availability of sufficient solar irradiation. The state of Gujarat receives good amount of solar irradiation. Due to its geographical and environmental advantages, Gujarat has huge potential for solar power generation. India’s Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) estimates Gujarat’s renewables potential to be 72.7GW, equally balanced between solar and wind energy potential. Gujarat receives 300 Sunny days and solar irradiation of 5.6 -6.0 kwh/m2 / day. The states of Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh have large tracts of government owned wasteland which receive good solar insolation which make them suitable for development of solar parks. Gujarat has almost 13 % of culturable wasteland which is ideal for setting up solar and wind power projects. The state of Gujarat has the potential of developing 36 GW on wasteland16.

The proposed Site is selected by the GPCL to develop a 700 MW solar power park. The site is government owned wasteland, with no reported habitations and receives Global Horizontal Irradiation of 5.497 kWh/m2 per day. As the proposed site is part of a solar power park surrounded by other three (3) proposed Solar projects, hence this site becomes favourable as it would reduce resource transportation to another site, manpower requirements, construction time and effort etc. It would also ease up the surveillance efforts required by the ESPL team.

The following additional criteria have been considered for site selection:

• The proposed site is located away from major settlements;

• The site does not fall under any reserved or protected forests;

• The land procured for the site mainly comprises of salty land which is barren in nature and practically unusable for any other purpose; and

• No environmentally sensitive features such as water bodies, forests, archaeological sites are located in the immediate site surroundings. The limda mata temple is located at a distance of about 1 km from the site but the same is not affected by the site.

Reportedly, all of land selected for the project is fallow land and observed to be vacant without any use from last 10 years. Therefore, considering all the above details of the location and site settings, the identified site was chosen as a suitable option for the project. 6.3 Alternate Source of Power Generation

16 Source: Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis' Report on Gujarat's Electricity Sector Transformation

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As per 2018 report, India is World’s third largest producer of electricity after China and United States of America. Between April 2017 and January 2018, India generated 1003.52 billion units of electricity, with installed capacity of 334.4 Giga Watt (GW). The total installed capacity for electricity generation in the country has increased from 174639 MW as on 31 March 2009 to 399000 MW as on 31 Mach 2018, registering a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.61% (Table 2.3). The highest rate of annual growth from 2016-17 to 2017-18 in installed capacity in utilities is from Other Renewable Sources (ORS- 20.58%) followed by Thermal Power (2.10%).17

India also intends to add around 100 GW of power capacity between 2017 and 2022, focusing more on hydro, renewable, and gas–based power, besides looking at the adoption of clean coal technology.

Coal fired power plants have the highest Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission intensities on a lifecycle basis. Although natural gas, and to some degree oil, have noticeably lower GHG emissions. Biomass, nuclear, hydroelectric, wind, and solar photovoltaic all have lifecycle GHG emission intensities that are significantly lower than fossil fuel-based generation. UNEP’s report estimates that the lifecycle GHG emission intensity of solar power generation is consistent with renewable energy sources including biomass, hydroelectric and nuclear. Among other non-conventional sources, only, nuclear power is better than solar power with respect to emissions. However, nuclear power is not a viable option in the identified site and require longer gestation period.

As per the estimation of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) the grams of carbon equivalent (including CO2, CH4, N2O etc.) per kilowatt-hour of electricity (g Ceq/ kWh) for Solar energy project are low and scores better when compared with other forms of conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.

Various power generation options can be evaluated on the levelled cost of power generation which includes the capital and O&M costs and reliability of power generation in terms of plant load factor. The comparative analysis of various power generation options based on these factors has been presented in Table 6-3.

Table 6-3 Comparative analysis of Various Power Generation Options

S. No. Power Generation Method Cost (Rs/kWh) * Plant Load Factor** Average Life Cycle of GHG Emission (tonnes CO2e/ GWh) ***

1. Coal 2.5 65-85% 888

2. Natural Gas 3.9 70-85% 500

3. Hydro 3.8 30-50% 26

4. Nuclear Power 2.5-5.7 65-85% 28

5. Wind Energy 4.2 25-40% 26

6. Solar 15.3-17.1 10-15% 85

Source: *LBNL, CERC, CSTEP & NPCIL; ** Renewable UK; *** World Nuclear Association Report

Although power generation options using conventional sources offer advantages such as lower levelled costs of power generation and higher plant load factors, the operation and maintenance of solar power projects does not involve air emissions or effluent discharges. Other environmental pollution (stack emissions, ash management etc.) issues are also insignificant. Also, there are no significant social issues associated with solar power projects as the land was government owned and did not have any habitations.

Considering all the above-mentioned favourable scenarios existing nationally and locally for solar power generation, there is no requirement of an alternative method. Low GHG emissions during the entire project life cycle; availability of appropriate lands, solar power generation is the most appropriate alternative in the project area. 6.4 Alternate Project Technology There are different types of solar panels available for accumulation of solar energy, the proposed project intends to utilize Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Technology based on general comparisons of various parameters such as temperature & efficiency, cost effectiveness, durability, and bankability of modules. The production of

17 Source: Energy Statistics Report 2019, Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation, Government of India

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polycrystalline cells is more cost-efficient which are manufactured by cooling a graphite mould filled with molten silicon. These cells have module efficiency of around 17.01%.

The energy accumulated from the solar panels is converted from DC to suitable AC power for feeding to the grid. This process is environmentally advanced than creating battery bank for storage of energy, which minimizes the hazards related to handling and disposal of batteries. A comparison of the characteristics of the most popular cell technologies have been presented in Table 6-4.

Table 6-4: Characteristics of some PV Technology Classes

Parameter Crystalline Thin Film Thin Film CPV

Types of Polycrystalline Amorphous Silicon, Micro Amorphous Triple Junction GaAs Cell Materials CdS, CdTe etc. & lens, tracker

Handling Better protection against Not Guaranteed Guaranteed but not Installation would be at breakage proven site. Not Guaranteed

Power Efficiency 13-16% 6-8% 9-11 % 20-25%

Technology Well Developed Stable for Proven Under development Under development Performance

Module Weight Light weight modules Heavier modules Heavy modules Heaviest System

Area utilization Higher power generated Less power per unit Less power per unit Highest power per unit per unit area due to high area area area efficiency

Temperature Temperature variations Least impact of Lesser impact of High variation Effects affect output Temperature variations Temperature variations

Irradiance Used particularly for Better performance with Better performance with Works only for Normal Normal radiations Diffuse radiations Direct and Diffuse radiations radiations

Module quantity Lesser no. required due More modules required Moderate number of Lowest nos. of modules to high efficiency modules required required

Output per MW High Highest Output in Indian Varies as per sunlight Very High(due to tracking) installed Conditions condition and various locations

Transportation Lower Transportation Higher cost Lesser cost compared High cost Cost cost to amorphous

Fewer Mounting More Mounting More Mounting Sophisticated mounting Mounting structure required per structures required structures required required Structure KW power

Land Largest space Larger space required Lowest space required Requirement Lesser space required requirement per MW per MW

Inverter High inverter flexibility Limited inverter flexibility Limited inverter flexibility Limited inverter flexibility

Cost High cost per Watt Lower cost per Watt Higher Cost per watt Highest cost per Watt

Stable power output at Stability achieved after Stability achieved after Stabilization initial stages 4-6 months 4-6 months Unknown

Power Less Degradation Lower Degradation Lower Degradation High Degradation Degradation

Plant Less maintenance Highest maintenance Less maintenance High maintenance Maintenance required after installation required, so highest required after required, so high so lower cost maintenance cost installation so lower cost maintenance cost

Cooling Not required Not required Not required Requires active or passive Requirement cooling which could increase cost

Cabling Well known, and lower Well Understood but yet Well Understood but yet Complex and under cabling losses difficult due to higher difficult due to higher development. Cabling number of arrays number of arrays losses expected to be high Source: Detailed Project Report

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The calculation of the performance ratio for a given solar power installation needs to take into account several key losses. These typically fall into three broad categories:

• Irradiation Losses

• PV Module Losses

• System Losses

As per the DPR, all these losses have been analysed and taken into consideration before selection of the technology. 6.5 Alternate Transmission Line Route As per information provided by ESPL, a 33kV/220 kV internal common pooling substation (PSS) will be constructed by GUVNL near the Project Site for all the Solar Power Developers in the Solar Park and the power will be further evacuated through a 400-kV transmission line of length ~35 km. Although the RoW of the transmission line yet to be finalized, it is mostly passing through agricultural land parcels. The final route for the transmission line would be selected based on the following factors.

• To avoid any habitations along the route;

• No house or community structures are located under the transmission line;

• Areas requiring extensive clearing of vegetation have been avoided; and

• Selection of the transmission route avoids any environmental sensitive site, if identified.

Hence, with multiple benefits of clean energy production, employment generation and attempt to elevating the standards of rural economies, the project would prove advantageous to all realms of the society and nation. The transmission line details were not available, however, as per the discussions with the Site representative, the project with all the chosen options such as site selection, mode of power generation, selections of technology, transmissions lines etc., is appropriate alternative causing minimal disturbance to the surrounding regions.

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7. Impact Assessment

This chapter describes the environmental and social impacts identified by accessing the primary and secondary information gathered. Impacts have been identified based on review of available project information, discussions with representatives of the project and the local community, as well as, sector-specific professionals and subject experts. Impacts anticipated during the operation phase have also been included and classified.

Additionally, this chapter evaluates the significance of each identified impact on the basis of the collective severity of its spread, duration, intensity and nature. Mitigation measures have been suggested for each identified impact evaluated as significant. 7.1 Impact Assessment Criteria Identified impacts have been appraised along the criteria of spread, duration, intensity and nature. As presented in Table 7-1, each appraisal criterion is further classified based on the level or type of its spread, duration, intensity or nature, while stating the defining limit of each level or type.

Table 7-1: Impact Assessment Criteria Criteria Sub-Classification Defining Limit Remarks

Spread: Refers to area of Local spread impact is restricted within the In case of biodiversity, the farthest direct influence from the foot prints of the Project directly impacted habitat or impact of a particular project boundary ecosystem service would be activity. considered Medium Spread impact is spread up to 2 km In case of biodiversity, the farthest around the project area directly impacted habitat or ecosystem service would be considered High spread impact is spread beyond 2 km In case of biodiversity, the farthest from footprint boundary of the directly impacted habitat or Project ecosystem service would be considered Duration: Based on duration Short Duration when impact is likely to be In case of biodiversity, the of impact and time taken by restricted for a duration less anticipated recovery time of an environmental aspect to than 2 years impacted habitats or ecosystem recover to its original state services would be considered Medium Duration when impact extends up to five In case of biodiversity, the years anticipated recovery time of the impacted habitats or ecosystem services would be considered Long Duration when impact extends beyond In case of biodiversity, the five years anticipated recovery time of the impacted habitats or ecosystem services would be considered Intensity: Defines the Low intensity when changes in the prevailing In case of biodiversity, percentage magnitude of impact (baseline) environmental of loss or degradation of habitats conditions does not exceed and/or ecosystem services would 20% be considered Moderate intensity when changes in the prevailing In case of biodiversity, percentage (baseline) environmental of loss or degradation of habitats conditions does not exceed and/or ecosystem services would 30% be considered High intensity when changes in the prevailing In case of biodiversity, percentage (baseline) environmental of loss or degradation of habitats conditions exceeds 30% and/or ecosystem services would be considered Beneficial - Useful to Environment and Community

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Nature: Refers to whether the Adverse - Harmful to Environment and effect is considered beneficial Community or adverse

Table 7-2 presents the Impact Significance Matrix applied in order to assess the overall significance of the impacts appraised as per the Impact Assessment Criteria outlined in Table 7-1.

Table 7-2: Impact Significance Matrix Spread Duration Intensity Overall Significance

Adverse Beneficial Local Short Low Insignificant Insignificant Local Short Medium Minor Minor Medium Low Medium Medium Medium Short Low Local Long Low Local Short High Moderate Moderate Local Medium High Local Long Medium Medium Short Medium Medium Medium Low Medium Medium Medium Medium Long Low Medium Long Medium High Short Low High Short Medium High Medium Low High Medium Medium High Long Low Local Long High Major Major Medium Short High Medium Long High High Short High High Medium High High Long Medium High Low Low High Low High

7.2 Impact Identification Table 7-3 below presents the Activity-Impact Interaction matrix for pre-construction, construction, operation and decommissioning phases of the project, based on environmental and occupational health and safety variables. Each of the impacts identified has been further discussed and corresponding mitigation measures have been proposed.

Table 7-3: Activity- Impact Interaction Matrix – Pre-Construction, Construction, Operation & Decommissioning Phase

Project Activities Receptors/Resources

Safety Safety Quality Quality Quality Impact Safety Hazards Hazards Safety

Health and and Health Transport Transport Impact Visual impacts impacts Visual and Noise water Ground resources Economic Health and and Health

Aesthetics and Aesthetics Air Ambient Soil Quality and Surface Water Land Use & Traffic Ecological Social- Community Occupational Pre-Construction and Construction Phase

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Project Activities Receptors/Resources

Safety Safety Quality Quality Quality Impact Safety Hazards Hazards Safety

Health and and Health Transport Transport Impact Visual impacts impacts Visual and Noise water Ground resources Economic Health and and Health

Aesthetics and Aesthetics Air Ambient Soil Quality and Surface Water Land Use & Traffic Ecological Social- Community Occupational Land Procurement

Site Clearance, Site Levelling and Grading Sourcing and Transportation of Construction Materials and equipment Storage and Handling of Raw Materials and Debris Establishment and Use of Labour Camp Civil Works (PV Module foundations, access road construction etc.) Operation of DG sets

Erection of Solar Modules and Laying of Transmission Lines Transformer yard construction Handling and Disposal of Wastes Operation Phase Solar Panel Operation Maintenance of ancillary facilities such as store, yard, site office Site Maintenance and Security Handling and Disposal of Waste Material Handling and Storage Water Requirements for employees Repair and Maintenance of Solar Panels Inspection and maintenance of transmission lines Decommissioning Phase Removal of Solar Panels

Removal of Foundations

Site Restoration

Waste Management

Material Handling and Storage Water Requirement for Employees Loss of Employment

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7.3 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 7.3.1 Impacts during the Pre-construction and Construction Phase During the construction phase, the following activities may have impacts on environment:

• Site Preparation

• Excavation and levelling;

• Hauling of earth materials and wastes;

• Cutting and filling;

• Erection of concrete and steel structures;

• Painting and finishing;

• Clean up operations; and

• Landscaping 7.3.1.1 Ambient Air Quality

Anticipated Impacts

The impact on ambient air quality is anticipated due to the various Project activities. Project components such as site preparation, transmission cable laying, switchgear, internal road network, transportation of raw materials and porta cabins, along with land clearing, levelling, excavation, grading activities, vehicle movement and Diesel Generator (DG) sets operation. The main impacts associated with construction activities will be:

• Dust Generation: resulting from earthworks such as levelling, grading, excavation works and movement of vehicles across dirt/unpaved roads, especially during windy conditions.

• Exhaust Emissions: Exhaust emissions of SO2, NOX, CO, CO2 and PM10 will be attributed predominantly to the construction of the plant, road activities such as movement of trucks and vehicles during construction works and point source emissions from the batching plant to be installed during construction phase. These emissions will be restricted to the project area and are anticipated to be generated in medium concentration. However, it will be dispersed rapidly within the area leading to an impact of low significance. This implies the effects to be of localized nature and temporary which indicates that any deterioration in air quality at project location is unlikely to be significant and is expected to be transient.

Mitigation Measures

• The ESPL and contractors shall ensure the reduction and control of air emissions from construction activities by minimizing dust from material handling sources.

• Loading and unloading of raw materials should be carried out in the most optimum way to avoid fugitive emissions.

• Sprinkling of water to be carried out by the respective contractors to suppress dust from construction activities.

• Best practices such as halting of activity during sustained strong winds should be opted for. It shall be ensured that all stockpiles are covered, and storage areas provided with enclosures to minimize dust from open area source.

• Stock piling and storage of construction material will be oriented after considering the predominant wind direction.

• Vehicles engaged for the project will be required to obtain “Pollution under Control” (PUC) certificates.

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• Sufficient stack height needs to be provided to D.G. sets as per the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) norms.

• Speed of vehicles on the village road and on the internal roads shall be limited to 10-15 km/hr in order to reduce fugitive dust emissions.

• Cease or phase down work if excess fugitive dust is observed, or there are any community grievance related to dust. Investigate the source of dust and ensure proper dust suppression.

Significance of Impact

The impact on ambient air quality will have moderate intensity with medium spread for a short duration which will result in an overall moderate impact without mitigation. With mitigation, after control of intensity the significance of the impact will reduce to minor owing to the short duration of construction.

Table 7-4: Impact Significance – Ambient Air Quality

Aspect Scenario Spread Duration Intensity Overall

Ambient Air Quality Without Mitigation Local Short High Moderate

With Mitigation Medium Short Medium Minor

7.3.1.2 Soil Quality

Anticipated Impacts

The project will be constructed on open fallow land. Loose top soil will be generated due to excavation on project site during site levelling for erection of module structures and internal roads preparation. The impact anticipated here is loss of top soil, which can be due to inappropriate storage. However, these activities and associated impacts are limited to be within the project boundary and during construction phase only. The intensity of the impact can be considered as medium as the site was observed to be relatively flat and levelling would be required only at a few places. Soil contamination may result due to accidental spillage and inappropriate storage of PV panel components, diesel or transformer oil during construction phase.

Mitigation Measures

Following mitigation measures are recommended to reduce impact on soil due to project activities.

• Provide appropriate storage of top soil in an isolated and covered area to prevent its loss during high wind and runoff.

• Allow only covered transportation of top soil within project site.

• Use top soil at the time of plantation.

• Construction debris to be reused in paving on site approach road to prevent dust generation due to vehicular movement.

• Re-vegetation to be done in the area after the completion of construction, in order to reduce the risk of soil erosion.

Significance of Impact

Considering the distribution of impact within the project boundary and short duration of construction phase with low intensity makes impact of low significance and can be controlled with the recommended mitigation measures.

Table 7-5: Impact Significance – Soil Quality

Aspect Scenario Spread Duration Intensity Overall

Soil Quality Without Mitigation Local Short High Moderate

With Mitigation Medium Short Moderate Minor

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7.3.1.3 Impact on Surface and Ground Water Quality

Anticipated Impacts

Surface Water:

The surface topography of the project site can be characterized as mix (flat and mild undulations). Based on visual observations and as reported by villages, precipitation fall on land would accumulate on the project area during rainy season and also flows towards seasonal pond located at an aerial distance of approximately 6.0 km towards western direction of the project site boundary. There is no other surface waterbody within 10 km radius of the project boundary.

Runoff from site preparation activities could result in an increase in turbidity and organic load of surrounding water bodies. This will adversely affect the water quality and aquatic organisms.

Alteration of soil structure during construction could lead to erosion and subsequent siltation in the surface water bodies at the downstream areas. Changes in surface hydrology can in turn adversely affect conditions that maintain healthy biological resources especially the avifauna. Accidental spillage of hazardous materials, improper disposal of solid, liquid and hazardous wastes and contaminated surface runoffs from the Site.

During the construction works, there is a possibility of contaminated runoff from the site as the activities involve the installation of solar modules, underground cables, soil compaction, increased run off and sedimentation of surface waters. Any spillage of chemicals or disposal of waste in or near surface seasonal streams can cause water pollution issues in nearby areas.

Ground Water:

As per Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) classification, project area lies in ‘Saline’ ground water zonation. Ground water in the project area was informed to be highly saline and available at shallow depth of 1-2 meter below ground level.

During the construction phase, labour camp and portable cabins will be set up at the project site and hence generation of domestic wastewater from the labour camp and portable cabins is anticipated. Improper disposal of sewage and wastewater from worksite and construction debris can contaminate the groundwater resources in the area since groundwater depth is very shallow.

Mitigation Measures

• Construction of dedicated storm water drains for reduction any contamination to runoff due to project activities. Storm water drains shall be designed considering natural topography to avoid any obstruction to natural flow and final outlet shall be connected to propose storm water drains by Solar Power Park Developer;

• Proper drainage to be provided for wastewater generated from the Porta Cabins and labour camps and shall be treated on Site septic tanks and soak pits as per the specifications in IS 2470:1995 (Part I and Part II);

• Periodic monitoring shall be carried out to ensure that the waste water is not finding its way into surface and groundwater;

• All solid wastes such as construction debris, used or waste oil, paint cans, etc. will be stored on impervious surface in secure location to avoid soil and groundwater contamination;

• Paved impervious surface and secondary containment to be used for fuel storage tanks;

• Loading and unloading protocols should be prepared and followed for diesel oil and used oil;

• Drip paned provided to vehicles with leaks to prevent water contamination;

• Leak proof holding tanks for sanitary waste water to protect the shallow ground water level.

Considering the distribution of impact within project boundary and short duration which will result in an overall moderate impact without mitigation. However, with proper implementation of suggested mitigation the overall impact will be negligible.

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Table 7-6 Impact Significance – Impact on Surface and Ground Water Quality

Aspect Scenario Spread Duration Intensity Overall

Impact on Surface Without Mitigation Local Short High Moderate and Ground Water Quality With Mitigation Local Short Low Insignificant

7.3.1.4 Impact on Water Availability

Anticipated Impacts

In the construction phase, Water will be required for civil work during the preparation of concrete, construction of the foundation and building structure of all facilities, as well as for worker needs water for their daily use. The Project’s water use has the potential to result in decreased water available for other users, particularly in the Project area where known water resource challenges. Water requirement for construction activities will be about 10,000 to 15,000 litres per day and domestic use is estimated about 5,000 to 6,000 litres per day. As per the information provided by the Site personnel, the main water supply will be provided by the Solar Power Park Developer which will be supplied from Narmada Canal located at an aerial distance of 40 km from the Project site boundary. Domestic water requirement will be only for drinking, which will be met by packaged drinking water.

Since water from Narmada Canal also supplied to nearby villages and surround areas for drinking, bathing and irrigation purposes, there is a potential to result in decreased water available for other users, particularly in the Project area where known water resource challenges.

The primary source of water in the area is water supplied through Narmada Canal and/or groundwater. However, as reported by the local residents, no groundwater is used by nearby villages and surround areas as water quality is not fit for drinking and other purposes due to high dissolved solids concentrations. Since there is no ground water will be used for Project, direct depletion of ground water resource is not anticipated.

Mitigation Measures

Water for construction activities, flushing and washing purpose will be met through water supplied from Narmada Canal. It is to be ensured that pre-treatment is provided to ground water, in case ground water is utilized for drinking. It is also suggested that the quality of water from the bore wells is monitored regularly to check for contamination, if any. The other mitigation measures to be implemented are:

• Conservation of water to be undertaken at all project locations and ancillary facilities and if possible, recycling and reuse of water to be taken utilising every opportunity.

• Restoration plan to accommodate the loss of groundwater to be undertaken.

Significance of Impact

The impact on water quality will have moderate intensity with a medium spread for a short duration which will result in an overall moderate impact without mitigation. However, with proper implementation of suggested mitigation the impact will be reduced to minor.

Table 7-7: Impact Significance – Impact on Water Availability

Aspect Scenario Spread Duration Intensity Overall

Impact on Water Without Mitigation Local Short High Moderate Availability With Mitigation Medium Short Moderate Minor

7.3.1.5 Ambient Noise Quality

Anticipated Impacts

Construction will cause increased noise levels due to activities such as grading, excavating and drilling for foundations, concrete batching, construction of ancillary structures, and operation of diesel generators, material

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movement and site clean-up, and construction equipment like dozer, scrapers, concrete mixers, generators, pump, rock drills etc. There is potential for disturbance to habitations in proximity of construction site. Movement of traffic during night hours can also disturb the local community. Approximately 90 – 92 dB (A) of noise is expected to be generated from construction activities which will attenuate to less than 45 dB(A) i.e. night time prescribed noise level at about 80 m. The nearest habitations from the proposed Project site include Radhanesada Village located at an aerial distance of approximately 6.5 km towards eastern side of project boundary.

Additionally, the baseline noise levels measured at South west, north and eastern boundary indicated that the baseline noise is below the Industrial Zone Standards specified in Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 however observed to be above the Residential Zone standard limits.

Mitigation Measures

• In case of complaints of uncomforting noise received from the inhabitants of nearby settlements through Grievance Redressal Mechanism (GRM) there should be considered possibility of putting noise barriers near to the receptor.

• Mobile noise sources such as cranes, earth moving equipment and HGVs shall be routed in such a way that there is minimum disturbance to receptors.

• EPC Contractor shall instruct their safety officers to arrange for inherently quiet construction equipment and machines to maintain the noise level to minimum.

• Only manual construction activities shall be carried out during night-time (i.e. no use of machinery). The hours of operation for specified pieces of equipment or operations, especially mobile sources operating through community areas should be limited. It is also to be ensured that no village road will be utilized for movement of equipment during the night-time. All loud and sudden noises will be avoided wherever possible and fixed noise sources shall be located at least 50 m away from the site boundary.

• Rubber padding/noise isolators will be used for construction equipment or machinery.

• Temporary noise barriers shall be provided surrounding the high noise generating construction equipment.

• The personnel involved in high noise generating activities shall be provided with personal protective devices to minimize their exposure to high noise levels.

• Construction vehicles and machinery will be well maintained and not kept idling when not in use.

• Periodic monitoring of noise level should be conducted and compared with the ambient noise standard. It should also be made sure that the levels do not exceeded the national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) level.

Significance of Impact

The impact due to noise and vibration will have moderate intensity with a local spread for a short duration which will result in an overall minor impact without mitigation. However, with proper implementation of suggested mitigation the impact will be reduced to minor.

Table 7-8: Impact Significance – Ambient Noise Quality

Aspect Scenario Spread Duration Intensity Overall

Ambient Noise Quality Without Mitigation Local Short High Moderate

With Mitigation Medium Short Moderate Minor

7.3.1.6 Solid and Hazardous Waste Management

Anticipated Impacts

The construction activities such as site clearance, excavation works, and installation of modules will generate different types of solid and hazardous wastes. The construction demobilization which will entail removal of machinery, and other temporary structures will also result in generation of waste. The following types of wastes will be generated due to construction of the project:

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• Domestic solid waste and sewage from labour accommodations;

• Used oil, oil lined containers, oil-soaked rags from generator and other construction machinery;

• Packaging waste such as gunny bags, plastics, etc.;

• Empty paint containers, metal scrap, chemical lined containers etc.;

• Broken or damaged solar panel(s); and

• Construction debris.

The construction debris generated due to the construction activities will have the potential for spread to areas outside the project boundary during construction phase. The dust particles from debris generated during construction activities can be carried along with the wind into nearby areas, thereby increasing the particulate matter in the area. However, this will happen only for a temporary period as the construction activities will be for small duration only. Improper disposal of solid waste from the labour camps and lack of proper sanitation facility for labour can lead to unhygienic conditions due to open defecation and spread of diseases in the area. It can also lead to discontent of local community and result in conflicts with the labour engaged at site.

Improper disposal of packaging materials, boxes, plastics, ropes etc. can lead to littering in the construction site and surrounding areas. Hazardous wastes such as used oil from DG sets, lubricants, hydraulic oil etc. can cause contamination of soil and water bodies if adequate precautions for storage, management and handling are not undertaken. Use of chemicals such as paints, curing chemicals can lead to contamination of soil.

Mitigation Measures

The quantity of domestic waste generated daily from the labour accommodations will be small and limited as most of the workers will be hired locally. Also, one labour camp will be set up wherein migrant workers will be accommodated. The EPC Contractor shall ensure that the labour camp has adequate waste disposal facilities. Arrangements for collection of garbage in dustbins and daily disposal to the nearest dumpsite shall be made.

Provision of segregated toilets for male and female workers (if any) in the ratio of 1:15 and 1:10 (toilet to workers) respectively shall be made at the project site in order to maintain hygienic and clean surroundings. Washing and bathing areas should be provided with proper drainage system so that wastewater is not accumulated in the project site. Disposal of sewage shall be made through a septic tank – soak pit arrangement.

Waste/used oil generated from generators and construction machinery and equipment, oil lined containers, oil- soaked rags etc. should be stored on paved surface in a secure location at the project site. Appropriate secondary containment capable of containing 110 percent of the content of the largest storage tank should be provided. The used oil and oil lined containers, which are characterized as hazardous wastes according to the Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016, should be sold to Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB) approved vendors at frequent intervals. All packaging material should also be collected at the storage area and sold to authorized scrap dealers. Storage of oil/chemicals shall be undertaken on paved impervious surface and secondary containment shall be provided for fuel storage tanks.

Construction debris and excavated material to be stored in a confined area to prevent spread by wind or water. The construction debris to be used for backfilling of excavated areas and for foundation works at site.

Recyclables viz. paper, plastic, glass, scrap metal waste etc. will be properly segregated and stored in designated waste bins/containers and periodically sold to local recyclers. Any recyclable waste should be encouraged to be recycled at the site. Any waste/damaged part of solar panel(s), broken solar panels will be sent back to panel vendor for disposal.

Significance of Impact

The impact due to waste disposal will have moderate intensity with a local spread for a short duration which will result in an overall minor impact without mitigation. However, with proper implementation of suggested mitigation measures the overall impact will be minor.

Table 7-9: Impact Significance – Waste Storage and Disposal

Aspect Scenario Spread Duration Intensity Overall

Without Mitigation Local Short High Moderate

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Aspect Scenario Spread Duration Intensity Overall

Waste Storage and With Mitigation Medium Short Moderate Minor Disposal

7.3.1.7 Traffic and Transport

Anticipated Impacts

The construction phase shall involve transportation of construction materials, solar modules and mounting structures. The proposed Project is accessible through State Highway No. (SH#) 127 which passes through the village Kundaliya and connects to Radhanesda village at a distance of 8 Km towards east of the Site. The road further connects to Limbidya village (Limbiya-Baet road) which is an existing government paved road (~3-5 m wide) and runs parallel towards the north of the Site. This road network will be utilized for transportation of machines and solar modules. The Project construction activities will lead to additional traffic and increased risk of traffic related accidents and industries to community and to workers.

The traffic density along the State Highway No. 127 is low and has adequate carrying capacity to accommodate the additional traffic due to the construction activities. However, the village road at Radhanesda and Kundaliya villages are narrow (~3-5 m wide) and hence increased vehicular movements in the Project area, through the village roads may have adverse impacts in the community due to increased risk of traffic related accidents and injustices and increased pollution.

Mitigation Measures

A Traffic Management Plan is required for the management of traffic due to movement of vehicles for transport of equipment and material. Additional traffic on the village road connecting to Project site can be managed by following mitigation measures:

1. Only trained drivers with valid license shall be recruited by the EPC Contractor for transfer of material;

2. during decommission phase;

3. Training program for all the drivers, regarding awareness about road safety and adopting best transport and traffic safety procedures shall be provided before initiation of the decommissioning activities;

4. Mitigation measures such as emphasizing on safety amongst drivers, adopting limits for trip duration and arranging driver roster to avoid overtiredness and avoiding dangerous routes and times of day to reduce risk of accident shall also be implemented;

5. Regular maintenance of vehicles and use of manufacturer approved parts should be adopted to minimize potentially serious accidents caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure;

6. The villagers shall be made aware about the schedule prior to the movement of trucks and transportation in the Project area.

Significance of Impact

Table 7-10 Impact Significance – Impact on Traffic and Transport

Aspect Scenario Spread Duration Intensity Overall

Impact on Traffic and Without Mitigation Local Short High Moderate Transport With Mitigation Medium Short Moderate Minor

7.3.1.8 Occupational Health and Safety

Anticipated Impacts

Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) of workers is important during construction and operation phases where local and migrant workers are involved. The activities included in the construction phase that have potential impact to OHS of workers are land clearance for establishment of temporary structures, batching plant, access road, mobilisation of equipment and solar PV installation.

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There are likely to be potential impacts on worker’s health and safety due to exposure to risk through the project development activities. The following occupational health and safety risks are frequently present, in particular during the construction phase:

• Mobile vehicles and heavy equipment accidents;

• Heat stress when working in humid and high temperatures;

• Manual handling and musculoskeletal disorders;

• Hand are vibration impacts from concrete breakers, grinders, hammer drills, chipping hammers, chainsaws, scrabbles and needle guns;

• Temporary or permanent hearing loss from noise generated machinery used for excavation or piling work;

• Dermatitis that can rise from contact with small substances such as wet cement and asphalt;

• Tripping due to uneven surfaces and obstacles;

• Falling during working at height;

• Fire due to hot works, smoking and failure in electrical installations; and

• Electrical shocks.

Mitigation Measures

The above identified risks are typical on any construction site of this nature. Therefore, it is anticipated that the sub-contractor will have the necessary management measures in place to manage potential OHS issues under their responsibility. Appropriate OHS programme and procedures are also expected to be in place to align with the local regulations, as well as IFC PS-2. The procedure will include at minimum, the following measures:

• Develop and implement a Health and Safety (H&S) plan to follow throughout the construction phase;

• Provide occupation health and safety orientation training to all employees and workers consisting of basic hazard awareness, site-specific hazards, safe working practices, and emergency procedures;

• The contractors will be committed to ensure all Health and Safety measures are in place to prevent accidents and reduce the consequences of non-conformance events;

• The contractors will provide training, awareness and supervision to ensure all of its construction workers comply with the OHS procedures;

• The contractor will provide appropriate resources i.e. PPE to workers on Site; and

• An emergency response procedure and infrastructure will be available on Site to ensure provision of first aid for personnel in case of emergency.

Heat related Stress

• As the construction work will be carried out in months of extreme summer heat, heat- related illness can have significant impact on health of the workers engaged at the site. Heat-related illness is a spectrum of disorders due to environmental exposure to heat. It includes conditions such as heat cramps, fainting, convulsion, heat fatigue, rashes, and heat exhaustion as well as the more severe condition known as heat stroke. The heat stress can be due to many factors such as air temperature, humidity, radiant heat, wind speed, workload, physical fitness of the worker, hydration status of the workers and clothing (including PPE that may restrict air flow across the skin and hinder evaporation of sweat).

• Additionally, Ultraviolet (UV) radiation burns occurs when the skin is exposed to UV radiation from been out in the sun or from activities such as welding. The symptoms include reddening and inflammation of the skin and blistering and peeling of the skin in severe cases.

Mitigation Measures

The above identified risks are typical on any construction site of this nature. Therefore, it is anticipated that the EPC contractor will have the necessary management measures in place to manage potential issues under their responsibility. The procedure will include at minimum the following measures:

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• Increase air velocity for indoor workers by using natural cross-ventilation from windows and doors or mobile or ceiling fans. This increases both evaporation of sweat and convective heat loss, and may significantly improve thermal comfort at air temperatures as high as 40°C;

• Operate effective general and local exhaust ventilation and air conditioning;

• Avoid non-essential sources of hot ventilation (e.g. air conditioner outlets adjacent to working areas);

• Install a shield between employees and a source of radiant heat such as curtains on windows or other insulating barrier, enclose the heat source, or move the heat source away from employees;

• Provide cooled drinking water as close as possible to the work site;

• Arrange shade for outdoor workers where practicable;

• Provide a cool rest area in which workers can take their meal breaks and tea breaks;

• Modify the work schedule or shift times so that outdoor and physiologically demanding work is done in the early morning or late afternoon, when it is generally cooler, and the sun’s radiation is less intense than during the middle of the day;

• Allow workers to self-regulate their pace of work. This may involve working continuously at less than full capacity, and/ or working for short periods followed by rest pauses in a cool area;

• Workers should be encouraged to present to work in a well hydrated state, and take frequent small drinks throughout each shift to replace fluid lost through sweating;

• Diuretic Fluids such as tea, coffee, alcohol and some soft drinks should not be used to replenish fluid lost due to heat;

• Use PPE that reduces exposure to ultra violet radiation and heat (such as reflective masks or aprons, large brimmed hat, sunscreen); and

• Workers returning from periods away from hot environments should be given the opportunity to acclimatise before being expected to undertake work in very hot conditions at full capacity.

Significance of Impact

The health and safety impacts will have high intensity with a local spread for a short duration which will result in an overall moderate impact without mitigation. However, with proper implementation of suggested mitigation, the intensity can be reduced to minor.

Table 7-11: Impact Significance – Impact to Occupational Health and Safety of Workers

Aspect Scenario Spread Duration Intensity Overall

Impact to Without Mitigation Local Short High Moderate Occupational Health and Safety of Workers With Mitigation Medium Short Moderate Minor

7.3.2 Impacts during Operation Phase 7.3.2.1 Visual Impacts and Aesthetics

Anticipated Impacts

Visual impacts are assed with reference to the presence of PV panels, reduced vegetation, erection of ancillary facilities and transmission lines/towers. The visual effects are evaluated with reference to passing motorists and fixed settlement, primarily the villages in close proximity to the site.

The Project site is located on flat to undulated land and is visible from considerable distance along the village roads present within the study area. There will be a significant change to visual quality of the area resulting from the development and change in land use that will alter the landscape.

Presence of a large area of PV panels is not expected to constitute a risk for glare since it is situated far from airport, and residential dwellings.

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Also, no visual impacts are anticipated due to the PV system design, which is specifically designed to include dark, light-absorbing materials and covered with an anti-reflective coating (ARC) for glass surfaces, which reduces the reflectance from PV panels to 2.5%-2.6% while at the same time improving their efficiency. However, there will be a change of landscape due to installation of solar panels and related structures.

Mitigation Measures

The solar panels to be installed at a low height and to be kept closer to the ground so that it does not pop out of the general landscape of the area. The panels to be arranged in a systematic manner which will give an aesthetic sense to it.

Significance of Impact

The impact on aesthetics and visual aspects will have low intensity with a local spread for a long duration which will result in an overall minor impact without mitigation. The residual minor impact, even after control of intensity and spread, will remain minor owing to the duration of project.

Table 7-12: Impact Significance – Aesthetic and Visual Impacts

Aspect Scenario Spread Duration Intensity Overall

Visual and Aesthetics Without Mitigation Local Long Low Minor

With Mitigation Local Long Low Minor

7.3.2.2 Impact on Soil and Water Quality

Anticipated Impacts Due to Contamination

Operation of solar photovoltaic panels for power generation will not have any direct impact on soil. However, compaction of soils from increased levelling and grading of areas within the site will result in lower permeability and therefore, decreased infiltration and increased runoff. Water, as will be used for the washing activities may contaminate the soil if chemical is used for washing. Without appropriate measures, runoff from PV panels, compacted areas and hard standing areas in addition to erosion by wind may increase erosion and increase the sediment load in run-off.

In operation phase water is used for cleaning of solar panels, where in the use of chemicals cannot be ruled out. Hence, run-off from the plant site with leaked solar washed waste water, waste oil, and seepages from hazardous waste stored without secondary containment may affect the ground water quality. Portable cabins will be set up for site officials, equipped with urinals and toilets during the construction phase. Proper septic tanks will be constructed for discharge of waste water, hence the risk of waste water runoff into the surface water would be reduced.

Anticipated Impacts Due to Improper Waste Handling

Once the plant is commissioned there will be limited disturbance to soil. With reference to Section 2, solid wastes generated during operation will include domestic solid waste; lubricant, used oil/waste oil and oil contaminated rags and limited quantities of broken solar panels. Domestic waste will be collected be local waste collectors. Since the PV panels have a lifespan of 20-25 years, limited quantities of solar panels will be generated during operation (only faulty broken panels).

Mitigation Measures

Disturbance to soil from repair and maintenance activity will be limited and will ensure proper restoration of soil wherever excavation is undertaken.

Options of buyback agreements for defunct panels and for replacement and disposal of transformer oil by the supplier are to be explored, otherwise arrangements for disposal of defunct panels and waste oil to authorized recyclers are to be made.

Fuel and used oil will be stored in demarcated storage areas with adequate secondary containment and appropriate capacity. Spill control and prevention mechanism will be developed, and all the staff will be trained.

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If the solar panels are washed with chemicals, it should be ensured that the chemicals are non-hazardous and biodegradable;

Storage of oil/chemicals shall be undertaken on paved impervious surface and secondary containment shall be provided for fuel storage tanks;

During the washing and maintenance of the solar panels adequate storage area shall be designed to collect the washed water.

Significance of Impact

The impact on land due to improper waste disposal and other operational activities will have high intensity with a local spread for a short duration which will result in an overall moderate impact without mitigation. However, with proper implementation of suggested mitigation measures the overall impact will be negligible.

Table 7-13: Impact Significance – Impacts on Soil Quality

Aspect Scenario Spread Duration Intensity Overall

Impacts on Soil Without Mitigation Local Short Moderate Moderate Quality With Mitigation Local Short Low Insignificant

The impact on water resources will be of moderate intensity with high spread and long duration for water quality, which will result in an overall major impact without mitigation. However, impact on surface and ground water quality can be moderated by mitigation measures, as discussed above.

Table 7-14 Impact Significance – Surface Water Quality

Aspect Scenario Spread Duration Intensity Overall

Impacts on Surface Without Mitigation High Long Moderate Moderate Water Quality With Mitigation High Long Low Minor

7.3.2.3 Impact on Water Availability

Anticipated Impacts

During the operational phase, the water requirements for the plant will be predominantly for washing of solar PV modules periodically to remove bird droppings, dust and other dirt and domestic water consumption. Whereas, for domestic water consumption for the Project will be restricted to man power engaged at Project site.

As informed, water from Narmada Canal will be used for panel cleaning and domestic purpose. Water requirement of 2.5 litres per m2 of modules is anticipated for cleaning of modules and with a cleaning schedule of twice a month, approximately 3400 litres per month (2 cycles) of water consumption is anticipated. However, depletion of surface water resources due to extraction from Narmada Canal Water during operation phase of the Project is anticipated.

Since no ground water will be used during operation phase, depletion of ground water resources due to extraction during operation phase of the project is not anticipated.

Additionally, run-off from the plant site with leaked waste oil, and seepages from hazardous waste stored without secondary containment may affect the ground water quality.

Mitigation Measures

Following mitigation measures are recommended:

Rooftop rainwater harvesting system will be provided within the plant premises. The water harvested will be stored at the Site and will be used for module cleaning instead of Narmada Canal water.

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The site office shall be provided with sewage line and the collected sewage shall be channelized to a septic tank with soak pit arrangement.

If the solar panels are washed with chemicals, it should be ensured that the chemicals are non-hazardous in nature.

Fuel and used oil will be stored in demarcated storage areas with adequate secondary containment and appropriate capacity. Spill control and prevention mechanism will be developed, and all the staff will be trained.

Significance of Impact

The impact on water resources will be of moderate intensity with high spread and long duration for water quantity, which will result in an overall major impact without mitigation. However, impact on ground water quantity can be moderated by mitigation measures, as discussed above.

Table 7-15: Impact Significance – Impact on Water Availability

Aspect Scenario Spread Duration Intensity Overall

Impacts on Water Without Mitigation High Long Moderate Major Availability With Mitigation High Long Low Moderate

7.3.2.4 Occupational Health and Safety of Workers

Anticipated Impacts

During the operation phase, the risks will be quite limited due to nature of operation activities; the activities will be limited to guarding and on call and/or onsite technical support (maintenance and cleaning). There will be potential impacts on personnel’s health and safety during operation phase due to exposure to risks such as:

• Slipping and tripping;

• Falling during working at height;

• Exposure to hazards such as electric shock and thermal burn hazards;

• Exposure to chemicals, hazardous and flammable materials; and

• Maintenance activities are expected to be carried out in hot weather conditions, thus workers are exposed to dehydration, heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

Also, Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) emanate from any wire carrying electricity. Possible effects associated with the electric and magnetic fields from transmission lines (or similar electrical sources) fall into two categories:

• Short-term effects that can be perceived and may represent a nuisance

• Possible long-term health effects.

The issue of whether there are long-term health effects associated with exposure to fields from transmission lines and other sources has been investigated for several decades. There is little evidence that electric fields cause long-term health effects. Estimates of magnetic-field exposures have been associated with certain health effects in studies of residential and occupational populations. Research in this area is continuing to determine whether such associations might reflect a causal relationship.

Mitigation Measures

ESPL will prepare and implement Occupational Health and Safety Plan (OHSP) with clearly identified roles and responsibilities of the personnel involved within the project. The OHSP to include but not limited to the following: site specific safety plan, electrical safety, fire safety, heat stress, personnel protective equipment, emergency response plan, reporting and investigation and others.

Mitigation measures that will be followed include the following:

• Regular electrical safety training to workers with safety procedures and other safety requirements that pertain to their respective job assignments;

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• Implement Lock out/ Tag Out (LOTO) system;

• Use work equipment or other methods to prevent a fall from occurring. Collective protection systems, such as edge protection or guardrails, should be implemented before resorting to individual fall arrest equipment. In addition, safety nets or airbags can be used to minimize the consequences of a fall should it occur.

• Loading and unloading operation of equipment should be done under the supervision of a trained professional.

• All material will be arranged in a systematic manner with proper labelling and without protrusion or extension onto the access corridor.

• Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs) e.g., shock resistant rubber gloves, shoes, other protective gear etc. should be provided to workers handling electricity and related components and monitored that they are used by the employees

• The transformer yard should be provided with fire extinguishers and sand buckets at all strategic locations to deal with any incident of fire; and

• There should be arrangement for hygienic and scientific sanitation facilities for all the labourers working in the site.

• An accident reporting, and monitoring record shall be maintained.

Significance of Impact

The impact on occupational health and safety will have medium intensity with a local spread for a long duration (project duration) which will result in an overall moderate impact without mitigation. However, with proper health and safety measures the intensity of impact can be reduced to low resulting in an overall minor impact.

Table 7-16: Impact Significance – Occupational Health and Safety of Workers

Aspect Scenario Spread Duration Intensity Overall

Occupational Health Without Mitigation Local Long High Moderate and Safety of Workers With Mitigation Local Long Low Minor

7.3.3 Impacts during Decommissioning Phase 7.3.3.1 Environment and Occupational Health & Safety

Anticipated Impacts

Typical activities during the solar energy facility decommissioning and site reclamation phase include facility removal, breaking up of concrete pads and foundations, removal of access roads that are not maintained for other uses, re-contouring the surface, and re-vegetation.

Dismantling operation however will have impact on environment due to noise and dust arising out of it. During de- installation, a specific strategy shall be adopted to handle each type of item to keep the impact during the actual activity, low. The decommissioning will also have social impact. The impact due to decommissioning on power, social and environmental scenario will be guided by applicable laws and guidelines. The key issues associated with demobilization phase will include:

• Issue of loss of job when the workers will be asked to leave;

• Improper disposal of demolition waste and obsolete machineries will lead to contamination of soil and discontent of community;

• Demolition activity is anticipated to generate dust and exhaust emissions which can be carried downwind to habitations;

• Risks associated with health and safety issues such as trip and fall, electrical hazard etc.;

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• The decommissioning activities of dismantling the solar power plant and removing the ancillary facilities can lead to increased noise levels;

• During the dismantling of the solar power plant, visual intrusions will be likely by removal of ancillary facilities, but their consequence will be negligible due to fact that such impact would be temporary (over a short period);

• Depending on the type used, photovoltaic cells may contain toxic substances such as gallium arsenide, copper-indium-gallium-selenide and cadmium telluride. If any solar panel is damaged during dismantling of the facility, these toxins are likely to spill and leach into the soil and water of the area, posing threat to environmental and public health;

• If the solar panels are not handled or disposed of appropriately during the decommissioning phase, any toxic substances contained within them are likely to escape into the surrounding air, water or soil, creating serious environmental and public health risks.

Mitigation Measures

Demobilization will require removal of machinery, workers and other structures. The mitigation measures for decommissioning shall include:

• The proponent shall inform the workers and local community about the duration of work;

• The workers shall be clearly informed about the expected schedule and completion of each activity;

• All waste generated from decommissioning phase shall be collected and disposed of at the nearest municipal disposal site;

• Sprinkling of water is being carried out to suppress dust from decommissioning activities and transport movement;

• All necessary PPEs shall be used by the workers during demolition work;

• ESPL will be committed to ensure all health and safety measures are in place to prevent accidents and/or reduce the consequences of non-conformance events;

• Institution of suitable training modules for project personnel and labour contractors involved in the dismantling process to ensure avoidance or minimization of solar panel damage as far as possible and adherence to appropriate decontamination protocols in the event of any unavoidable damage and adhere to proper safe disposal methods.

In addition to above, it is anticipated that the contractor will have the necessary management measures in place to manage potential OHS issues under their responsibility. Appropriate OHS programme and procedures are also expected to be in place to align with the local regulations, as well as IFC PS-2. The procedure will include, at minimum, the following measures:

• Develop and implement a health and safety plan to follow throughout all phases of a project;

• Provide occupation health and safety orientation training to all employees consisting of basic hazard awareness, site-specific hazards, safe working practices, and emergency procedures;

• The contractors will be committed to ensure that all Health and Safety measures are in place to prevent accidents and reduce the consequences of non-conformance events;

• The contractors will provide training, awareness and supervision to ensure all of its construction workers comply with the OHS procedures;

• The contractor will provide appropriate resources i.e. PPE to workers on Site; and

• An emergency response procedure and infrastructure will be available on Site to ensure provision of first aid for personnel in case of emergency

Significance of Impact

Impact value for decommissioning is assessed to be moderate without mitigation measures, and minor with preventive measures.

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Table 7-17: Impact Significance – Environment Occupational Health and Safety Hazards

Aspect Scenario Spread Duration Intensity Overall

Environment and Without Mitigation Medium Short Moderate Moderate Occupational Health and Safety With Mitigation Medium Short Low Minor

7.3.3.2 Impact on Land Due to Improper Waste Disposal

Anticipated Impacts

The PV modules have a lifespan of 20-25 years. The PV modules contain heavy metals and cannot be disposed in landfills. A PV module is essentially made up of glass, metals, silicon and polymer fractions, and there are few materials like polymers as well as metals (small quantities of zinc, tin, copper and silver), metallic compounds and alloys which are classified as potentially hazardous. PV waste recycling is still at a nascent stage globally, both in terms of technical standards and physical infrastructure. So, at present, PV module recycling is not commercially viable.

The polymer component used in solar modules is difficult to recycle and can only be incinerated which again poses a significant health and environmental risk due to the formation of highly corrosive gases at the incineration stage. If landfilled inappropriately, waste and waste constituents can find ways into soil and water, resulting in a potentially damaging impact on the ecosystem. The scope of the India e-waste rules do not include solar panels and therefore there is no legal responsibility for any party to take back or recycle solar panels.

Inappropriate handling or disposal of solar panel during decommissioning phase, are likely to cause damage to the panels. Any damage or unsafe disposal of solar panels will cause release of toxic substances contained within them. These hazardous chemicals are likely to escape into the surrounding air, water or soil, creating serious environmental and public health risks.

Mitigation Measures

• Project developer to research and be involved in programmes and research for recycling solar panels.

• Project developer h to ensure that solar panels are disposed of in accordance with the law and best practice.

• Project developer to develop protocol/procedure for dismantling and handling panels.

• Project-personnel and labour contractors involved in the dismantling process to receive training ensure avoidance or minimization of such damage as far as possible and adherence to appropriate decontamination protocols in the event of any unavoidable damage. Significance of Impact

Table 7-18 Impact Significance – Impact on Land due to Improper Disposal of Waste

Aspect Scenario Spread Duration Intensity Overall

Impact on Land Due Without Mitigation High Medium High Major to Improper Waste Disposal With Mitigation Local Short Medium Moderate

7.4 Ecological Impacts and Mitigation Measures The main direct ecological impacts anticipated from the Project consists of loss or degradation of near-natural habitats at the Project Site, along with the attendant loss of provisioning services, mainly in the form of fodder resources for the local livestock. The significance of these anticipated impacts is deemed to be moderate, owing to the presence of comparable alternative natural habitats and provisioning services in the vicinity of the Project Site.

As per the applicable reference frameworks, significant conversion or degradation of natural habitat is acceptable only if the following conditions are applicable: (i) No alternatives are available; (ii) the overall benefits from the

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project are expected to substantially outweigh its environmental costs; and (iii) the conversion or degradation is appropriately mitigated.

As per the applicable reference frameworks, the corresponding mitigation measures must aim to achieve at least no net loss of biodiversity. The mitigation measures may involve a combination of actions, such as post-project restoration of habitats, offset of losses through the creation or conservation of ecologically comparable areas that are managed for biodiversity, while respecting the ongoing use of such biodiversity by Indigenous Peoples or traditional communities, or compensation to direct users of biodiversity.

Owing to the Project Site being a part of a government-promoted Solar Park and having been specifically allocated to the client by the concerned governmental authorities, no alternative is available in terms of project- siting. Owing to the anticipated impacts of the Project being of overall moderate significance, the benefits of the Project arguably outweigh its environmental costs. The inevitable conversion or degradation of the natural habitats at the Project Site is sought to be appropriately mitigated to achieve no net loss of biodiversity, as well as, to off-set any foreseeable loss of provisioning ecosystem services accruing to the local community.

The following sections present the ecological impacts anticipated directly from the Project in a phase-wise manner, along with corresponding mitigation measures based on international industrial good practices.

It may be noted that ecological impact of considerably higher significance is anticipated from the external transmission line, a shared facility of the Project, which can potentially cause direct mortality to avifauna through collision and/or electrocution.

The impacts anticipated from the external transmission line, along with the corresponding mitigation measures, are discussed in a separate section.

7.4.1 Impacts during the Construction Phase Removal of natural vegetation: The removal of vegetation to clear the Project Site for construction will cause loss of near-natural habitat, amounting to approximately 0.75 square km of natural scrubland and 0.5 square km of slightly modified grassland. The habitat loss at the Project Site will directly cause loss of habitat for scrubland and grassland fauna and loss of provisioning ecosystem services, mainly wild foods and fodder. The removal of natural vegetation would also indirectly cause exposure of soil to desiccation by wind and sunlight, loss of soil anchorage and increased vulnerability of soil to erosion by wind and water, leading to changes in the soil regime and the corresponding loss or degradation of the related ecosystem services.

The loss of the natural scrubland habitat of the Project Site is of relatively high significance owing to absence of alternative comparable habitat around the Project Site. This impact is of additional significance owing to the natural scrubland habitat of the Project Site being part of a natural scrub forest officially designated as reserved pasture for local livestock currently being grazed on land coinciding with the Solar Park. The loss of the natural grassland habitat of the Project Site is of relatively moderate significance owing to presence of comparable alternative habitats around the Project Site.

Levelling or grading of land: The current topography of the Project Site supports scrubland and grassland habitat at relatively higher elevations and saline mudflat habitats at lower elevations. Levelling or grading of land could lead to alteration of the natural topography, and consequently, the natural drainage and the natural habitat distribution. Obstruction of natural drainage channels may also lead to accumulation of salts and increase soil salinity, turning hitherto freshwater habitats into brackish water ones. Excavation and land-filling involved in levelling and grading can also alter the natural soil-profile, change soil properties and disrupt sub-soil habitats. This could affect the natural rainwater percolation into sub-surface layers, thereby impacting the natural groundwater recharge process and degrading the related ecosystem services.

The loss of the natural scrubland habitat of the Project Site is of relatively high significance owing to absence of alternative comparable habitat around the Project Site. This impact is of additional significance owing to the natural scrubland habitat of the Project Site being part of a natural scrub forest officially designated as reserved pasture for local livestock currently being grazed on land coinciding with the Solar Park. The loss of the natural grassland or saline flat habitat of the Project Site is of relatively moderate significance owing to presence of comparable alternative habitats around the Project Site.

Laying of roads and paving of surfaces: The laying of roads or paving of surfaces within the Project Site will hinder or obstruct the percolation of rainwater into the ground. This will cause reduction of groundwater recharge

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and increase in surface run-off, leading to loss or degradation of soil and sub-soil habitats, as well as, the related regulating and supporting services.

This impact is of relatively minor significance owing to availability of a large extent of comparable alternative habitats and ecosystem services around the Project Site.

Movement of vehicles and heavy machinery: Movement of vehicles and operation of construction machinery would expose the natural environment to vehicular emissions and unnatural levels of dust, noise, light and vibrations. This would generally lead to pollution of natural resources and possible contamination of food webs. It would cause compaction of soil substrates, leading to injury or death of soil organisms. It would also reduce percolation of rainwater into sub-soil layers and increase surface run-off, impacting the natural groundwater recharge process and destroying or degrading the related ecosystem services.

This impact is of moderate significance owing to the location of the Project Site in proximity to wildlife habitats.

Artificial Illumination: Use of artificial lighting to illuminate the Project Pite and during night-time will lead to unnatural illumination in the area during the natural dark part of the day. Use of vehicles during night may also lead to artificial illumination. Interruption of the natural night period by light is known to disrupt the natural biological cycles of many floristic and faunal species.

This impact is of moderate significance owing to the location of the Project Site in proximity to wildlife habitats.

Installation of solar panels: The introduction of the large, geometrically arranged, reflective surfaces of solar panels into a natural area would cause visual obstruction or visual irritation to wild fauna, especially aerially moving fauna. The overall visual effect of the solar panelling would also degrade the aesthetic qualities of the natural landscape, thus affecting the cultural services of the area.

This impact is of high significance owing to the location of the Project Site in proximity to human habitations and wildlife habitats, including habitats used by migratory and/or congregatory species, as also, within two avian migratory flyways.

Installation of internal transmission cables: Installation of over-head transmission cables would disrupt the aerial habitat space of the area, leading to death or damage to aerially moving organisms such as birds and bats through accidental collision and electrocution. Installation of underground transmission cables would disturb the natural soil-profile and fragment sub-soil habitats. These effects would lead to injury or death of organisms, thereby impacting ecosystems and the related ecosystem services.

This impact is of high significance owing to the location of the Project Site in proximity to wildlife habitats, including habitats used by migratory and/or congregatory species, as also, within two avian migratory flyways.

Mitigation Measures

• Enable or facilitate the conservation of the approximately 0.75 square km of natural scrubland habitat in the Project Site.

• Conserve the 0.50 square km of slightly modified grassland habitat in the Project Site to the extent possible.

• Offset the loss of any natural vegetation removed from the Project Site by planting ideally the same species, but higher numbers, of trees, shrubs and herbs, as applicable, in or adjacent to the Project Site.

• Opt for diverse but strictly native species in any additional plantation carried out towards the Project. Species typical to the natural forest-types of the Study Area, as reported in the baseline data, may be used in plantations. Alternatively, advice may be sought from the local forest department office, which can also provide saplings of local native species for plantation.

• Conserve the natural topography of the Project Site by integrating the natural topographical features into the project construction plans.

• Minimise the number and the width of all internal roads.

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• Maintain the connectivity and integrity of existing natural water-channels while building internal roads or embankments.

• Ensure that vehicles and machinery used in the construction activities comply with the prescribed emission standards.

• Restrict movement of construction-related vehicles, especially heavy vehicles or machinery, strictly to pre-designated routes.

• Restrict construction activities requiring high levels of illumination to daylight hours in order to prevent disruption of the natural night period by artificial lighting.

• Plant relatively tall-growing native vegetation at a suitable distance along the boundary of the project site to visually screen it from wildlife habitats and human habitations in the surrounding area, as also, to help counter the heat island effect created by the solar installations.

• Insulate any over-ground transmission cables to prevent electrocution of organisms colliding with them or install bird deflector devices on them to render them relatively more visible to aerially moving organisms. Alternatively, opt for underground transmission cabling.

• Install the solar panels in as small and discrete clusters as feasible, rather than installing them in continuous swathes.

• Opt for crystalline silicon type solar panels over other currently available technologies, to avoid introduction of toxic chemicals into the local ecosystems.

• Opt for solar panels with anti-reflective coating (ARC), preferably in conjunction with white, non- polarizing gridding, to reduce reflectiveness and light-polarization.

• Opt for low-intensity artificial lighting, such as LED, to prevent insects from being attracted to the solar park. Ensure that lights are provided with downward-facing shades to limit the dispersion of the illumination.

Aspect Scenario Extent Duration Intensity Type Significance

Degradation of Without Medium Long High Adverse Moderate Habitats Mitigation

With Mitigation Local Medium Moderate Adverse Minor

Fragmentation of Without Medium Long High Adverse Moderate Habitats Mitigation

With Mitigation Local Long Moderate Adverse Minor

Loss of Ecosystem Without Medium Long Moderate Adverse Moderate Services Mitigation

With Mitigation Medium Medium Low Adverse Minor

7.4.2 Impacts during the Operation and Maintenance Phase Physical Hindrance by On-ground Installations: The physical presence of the solar panelling and related installations would hinder faunal movement within and through the area, affecting their current access to habitats and resources. Aerially moving fauna, such as insects, birds and bats, may accidentally encounter electrical components of the project installations, leading to injury or death. Certain bird species such as raptors are known to avoid PV sites and surrounding areas due to a loss of hunting/nesting habitat. The regular activity of humans in the solar park also deter raptors, thus changing the bird community structure in the nearby areas. The solar panelling and related installations would also cast a shadow on the soil underneath, cutting off the existing natural insolation available to the soil and ground flora of the shaded area. Altered insolation patterns would also affect the existing soil-moisture conditions. These effects would collectively degrade or alter the existing floristic profile of the affected area, thus impacting its existing primary production and the associated ecosystem services. Owing to the length of solar panel-strings, as also, the large scale of the proposed installations, the physical presence of the solar panelling would lead to fragmentation of existing contiguous faunal habitats and prevent

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faunal access to habitats and habitat features such as roosts, feeding grounds, nest sites, tools and nesting materials beyond the solar park.

This impact is of high significance owing to the Project Site being located in proximity to wildlife habitats, including habitats used by globally threatened, as also, migratory and/or congregatory species.

Reflectivity of Solar Panels (Albedo Effect): Especially vulnerable to solar panel reflectivity are aerially moving diurnal organisms, mainly birds. Detours taken by migratory birds as an avoidance response to disturbances or irritants in their natural flight path are known to cause an often-fatal increase in the flight energy expenditure of many long-distance migrant species. The unnatural polarization of light caused by solar panels is known to trigger maladaptive behaviours in polarization-sensitive organisms and alter their ecological interactions, including preferential egg-laying on panel surfaces by insects. Such faunal behaviour-alteration could lead to undesirable long-term impacts on food webs in which affected species occupy critical trophic niches. Birds in flight, mistaking the reflective surface of the panels for water, may collide with the panels in an attempt to drink it. Birds that drink water on the wing (such as swallows) are at a greater risk of mortality from this effect than those that drink from a perched position.

Source: Gábor Horváth, György Kriska, Péter Malik and Bruce Robertson (2009). Polarized light pollution: a new kind of ecological photo-pollution. Front Ecol Environ 2009; 7(6): 317–325; Taylor, R., Conway, J., Gabb, O. and Gillespie, J. (2019). Potential ecological impacts of ground-mounted photovoltaic solar panels: An introduction and literature review. Report for BSG Ecology.

This impact is of high significance owing to the Project Site being located in proximity to wildlife habitats, including habitats used by migratory and/or congregatory species.

Heat Generation by Solar Panels (Heat Island Effect): The large-scale solar installation would heat the air in and around the project site, leading to an overall rise in the ambient temperature, thereby degrading the natural environment of the area. This effect is known to significantly affect areas up to approximately 300 m from the perimeter of the solar-panelled area and up to a height of 5-18 m. The latest available research indicates that temperatures over a PV plant were regularly 3–4°C warmer than associated natural habitats at night. The impact of increase in ambient temperature is known to be especially deleterious to organisms of warm tropical regions, where the normal temperatures are likely to be already near the tolerance limits of the organisms.

Sources: Nicolas Barth, Benjamin W. Figgis, Ahmed Ennaoui, Said Ahzi, "Field-scale Computational Fluid Dynamics applied to wind velocity profiles of photovoltaic plant: Case of the QEERI solar test facility Doha Qatar", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC) 2016 International, pp. 613-618, 2016; Barron-Gafford, G. A. et al. “The Photovoltaic Heat Island Effect: Larger solar power plants increase local temperatures.” Sci. Rep. 6, 35070; doi: 10.1038/srep35070 (2016)

This impact is of high significance owing to the Project Site being located in proximity to human habitations and wildlife habitats, including habitats used by migratory and/or congregatory species.

Physical Hindrance by Overhead Transmission Lines: The physical presence of overhead transmission lines would disrupt the existing contiguous aerial habitat of the area, leading to death or injury to aerially moving organisms such as birds and bats, through accidental collision with cables.

This impact is of high significance owing to the Project Site being located in proximity to wildlife habitats, including habitats used by migratory and/or congregatory species.

Physical Hindrance by Underground Installations: The physical presence of underground installations, such as the solar panel mounting foundations and underground transmission cables, would occupy a large area of sub-soil habitats. This would lead to loss of habitat area for sub-soil species and hinder their access to resources.

This impact is of relatively minor significance owing to the Project Site representing a relatively insignificant percentage of the overall land surface in the area supporting the aforementioned organisms and ecosystem services.

Project Site Illumination: Use of artificial lighting to illuminate the project site in the night-time will lead to unnatural illumination in the area during the night. Interruption of the natural night period by light is known to disrupt the natural biological cycles of many floristic and faunal species.

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This impact is of high significance owing to the Project Site being located in proximity to wildlife habitats, including habitats used by migratory and/or congregatory species.

Project-related Traffic: The movement of project-related vehicles and personnel to, from and around the Project Site would increase the ambient levels of vehicular emissions, dust, noise, vibrations and artificial illumination in and around the project site. This would lead to pollution of the natural environment. Also, disruption of the night- period by illumination is known to disturb natural floristic and faunal biological cycles.

This impact is of high significance owing to the Project Site being located in proximity to wildlife habitats.

Use of Herbicides: Herbicidal chemicals, if used to prevent or control the growth of plants which could cut off sunlight from the solar panelling, would be toxic to most organisms and may have a tendency to persist or bio- accumulate, contaminating the soil, surface water, groundwater and food-chains of the area.

This impact is of fairly high significance since the Project Site is connected by ecological flows to the ecosystems of the Little Rann of Kachchh, a designated area of high biodiversity value.

Use of Dust Settling Chemicals: Dust-settling chemicals, if used to prevent dust from coating the surface of the solar panels, would be toxic to organisms and may have a tendency to persist or bio-accumulate, contaminating the soil, surface water, groundwater and food-chains of the area.

This impact is of fairly high significance since the Project Site is connected by ecological flows to the ecosystems of the Little Rann of Kachchh, a designated area of high biodiversity value.

Spillage of Materials: Heat transfer fluids, belonging to chemical groups such as Glycols, Nitrates, Nitrites, Chromates, Sulphates and Sulphites, if used in the project systems, would be toxic to organisms. Spillage of these chemicals, either as part of routine operations, or accidentally, could lead to their leaching into the local environment, contaminating the natural soil and water resources of the area. This impact is of fairly high significance since the Project Site is connected by ecological flows to the ecosystems of the Little Rann of Kachchh, a designated area of high biodiversity value.

Mitigation Measures

• Opt for solar panels with anti-reflective coating (ARC), preferably in conjunction with white, non- polarizing gridding, to reduce reflectiveness and light-polarization.

• Opt for undergrounding the internal transmission cabling.

• Ensure that all electrical components are adequately insulated to prevent electrocution of fauna through accidental contact with project-installations.

• Restrict maintenance-related activities to the daytime.

• Avoid use of artificial lighting in and around the project site as far as possible.

• Opt for low-intensity artificial lighting, such as LED, to prevent insects from being attracted to the solar park. Ensure that lights are provided with downward-facing shades to limit the dispersion of the illumination.

• Ensure that vehicles and machinery used in the project site for operation and maintenance activities comply with the prescribed emission standards.

• Restrict movement of vehicles used in the project site strictly to the minimum possible pre-designated routes.

• Restore the soil and natural vegetation of any construction-phase roads which are not necessary for carrying out operation or maintenance activities, and hence, are not required in the operation and maintenance phase. • Ensure that operation or maintenance activities, that require illumination, are restricted to daylight hours to prevent disruption of the natural night period by artificial lighting.

• Prohibit the use of herbicides in the facility.

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• Opt for manual weeding to control or regulate plant growth in the solar panel area.

• Avoid the use of dust-settling chemicals in the facility.

• Opt for manual sprinkling of water to control dust in and around the solar panel area.

• Institute effective training modules and operational systems to ensure prevention of spillages of toxic substances.

• Install effective containment systems to prevent any accidental spillage from leaching into the local environment.

Aspect Scenario Extent Duration Intensity Type Significance

Degradation of Without Medium Long High Adverse Major Habitats Mitigation

With Mitigation Local Medium Moderate Adverse Moderate

Fragmentation of Without Medium Long High Adverse Moderate Habitats Mitigation

With Mitigation Local Long Moderate Adverse Minor

Loss of Ecosystem Without Medium Long Moderate Adverse Moderate Services Mitigation

With Mitigation Medium Medium Low Adverse Minor

7.4.3 Impacts during the Decommissioning Phase Damage to Solar Panels: If any solar panel is damaged during dismantling of the facility, polluting materials are likely to be introduced into the air, soil and water in and around the project site, thereby degrading its natural resources.

This impact is of fairly high significance since the Project Site is situated in proximity and connected by ecological flows to the ecosystems of the Little Rann of Kachchh, a designated area of high biodiversity value.

Unsafe Disposal of Solar Panels: If the solar panels are not handled or disposed of appropriately during the decommissioning phase, any toxic substances contained within them are likely to be introduced into the air, water or soil of the disposal site, thereby degrading its natural resources. This impact is of fairly high significance since the Project Site is situated in proximity and connected by ecological flows to the ecosystems of the Little Rann of Kachchh, a designated area of high biodiversity value.

Mitigation Measures

• Institute suitable training modules for project-personnel and labour contractors involved in the dismantling process to ensure avoidance or minimization of solar panel damage and adherence to appropriate decontamination protocols in the event of any unavoidable damage.

• Institute suitable training modules for project-personnel and labour contractors involved in the dismantling process to ensure adherence to appropriate safe disposal protocols.

Aspect Scenario Extent Duration Intensity Type Significance

Degradation of Without Medium Long High Adverse Moderate Habitats Mitigation

With Mitigation Local Medium Moderate Adverse Minor

Fragmentation of Without Medium Long High Adverse Moderate Habitats Mitigation

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Aspect Scenario Extent Duration Intensity Type Significance

With Mitigation Local Long Moderate Adverse Minor

Loss of Ecosystem Without Medium Long Moderate Adverse Moderate Services Mitigation

With Mitigation Medium Medium Low Adverse Minor

7.4.4 Impacts of the External Transmission Line

The external transmission line, a shared facility of the Project, is expected to span a length of approximately 35 km, with over-head cabling installed at a height of approximately 25 m above the ground. Approximately 12 km of the transmission line, stretching from Radhanesda Village to Kareli Village, is oriented in a more or less west to east direction, while the remaining approximately 23 km, from Kareli Village to Khimanavas Village, is oriented in a more or less north to south direction. The transmission line corridor traverses through a swathe of modified habitats, predominantly cultivated farmlands or plantations, interspersed with a few natural habitats, mainly patches of slightly degraded scrub and seasonal or perennial wetlands.

One anticipated impact of the external transmission line will be the disruption of the aerial habitat of the Study Area. This may trigger avoidance action on part of aerially moving fauna, such as birds and bats, causing them to forfeit access to habitats on the far side of the transmission line or fly longer distances to access such habitats. The additional energy-expenditure associated with avoidance can be critical for long-distance migrant avifauna. However, most migratory flights are known to be at heights considerably greater than 25 m above ground-level. Hence, this impact is of relatively minor significance.

The other anticipated impact is faunal mortality through collision and/or electrocution of perching or aerially moving fauna.

A bird electrocuted in one of the existing transmission lines in the Study Area

Sources: AECOM Primary Survey

Mitigation Measures

Installation of Line Markers: Line markers are usually installed on the shield wire, which is associated with maximum collision risk to increase the visibility of the power lines. Commonly used line markers include the following: • Aerial spheres: Large spheres placed on the wires to increase visibility. For better reduction of risk – staggered placement, using different colors, using light with the spheres to increase visibility at night, anywhere between 5 to 30 m intervals, situated in the centre of the span (60% of the span, excluding 20% on the sides of each pole)

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• Spirals and bird flight diverters: Spiral Vibration dampers reduce the line vibration and icrease visibility of the line, placed 3m apart on shield wires. Bird flight diverters are increasing radius spirals. Swan flight diverter is another spiral with a large diameter in the centre and the two ends gripping the line. The SFDs can be used on shield wires, but transmission lines of more 230 kV should be avoided. • Suspended Devices: The suspended devices can be swinging, flapping or fixed. They have a clamp that attached to the line so that the device dangles and based on its type, can move in the wind. They are glow in the dark designs that increase the visibility in the night as well. They can be placed 10-15m apart in a staggering position. • Tree wires: Insulated phase conductors that provide protection from momentary contact with tree branches and prevent collision-electrocution. As the diameter of an insulated wire is more, the visibility of the wire increases.

Management of the Surrounding Land: In agricultural lands near transmission lines, activities such as ploughing/clearing of field may coincide or precede the in-migration season, creating habitats suitable for migratory birds to roost/feed/nest. Such activities should be conducted after the birds have arrived in the region, in order to keep them away from the transmission line. Similarly, dumping grounds, waterbodies, etc. in industrial areas or residential areas should be covered during the migratory season or during high bird activity.

Changes to the Shield Wire: Shield wire is the highest wire on a transmission pole with the smallest wire diameter. Most bird collisions happen with the shield wire as it is the highest on the pole and has very less visibility. The purpose of a shield wire is to protect the phase conductors from lightning. Thus, to reduce the collision risk, lightning arresters can be used to replace the shield wires. However, lightning arresters may increase the risk of electrocution in case of bird hits. Therefore, it is also recommended to increase the diameter of the shield wire and place line markers to increase its visibility.

Line configuration: In cases of new transmission lines, changes in the line configuration can prevent bird collisions to a certain extent. Line configuration is of two types – horizontal and vertical. In a vertical lien configuration, the various power lines are placed one below the other. This increases the chance of collision as the wires occupy different heights in the aerial landscape. Counter to that, horizontal line configurations are less prone to bird collisions. Thus, when constructing a new transmission line, horizontal configuration should be preferred. It is also recommended that in places of multi-conductor transmission lines, the lines should be clustered so that all the power lines use the same ROW. Bundling or clustering of wires reduces collision risk as the resulting network of wires is confined to a small space and is more visible. In unavoidable circumstances, the vertical arrangement of a multi-conductor transmission line should be kept to a minimum.

Rerouting of lines: In places of high bird use or high collision risks, the transmission line should be rerouted in such a way that important habitats are avoided.

Undergrounding of lines: In places of high bird use or high collision risks, the transmission line can be buried underground. However, this is costly and comes with several more environmental threats such as water and soil contamination due to leakage/damage.

Monitoring of bird collision risk before/after establishing the transmission line: The population of migratory as well as resident birds should be monitored seasonally at the existing transmission line or once the line has been established. Any incidents or bird hits should be reported, and location-specific mitigation measures should be employed. Before establishing a transmission line, “high bird-use” areas should be identified to guide appropriate routing of the transmission line.

Other miscellaneous measures: • Using blinking lights instead of steady burning white or red lights can reduce the risk of collision. Steady burning lights disorient migrating birds and may attract them. Certain species are known to circle such stationary lights, which increases the risk of collision. • Reducing human activity and disturbances near the line’s ROW will reduce the collision risk from sudden flights. Especially in areas of high bird-use, activity should be kept minimum. Speed limit and honking on roads passing through or near to high bird use areas should be controlled. • Lowering the height of the lines below the tree level may reduce the collision risk. However, in open spaces or agricultural fields, this is difficult to achieve. • In case of existing lines, reducing the span of the line can help reduce the collision risk. Adding a pole mid-span will reduce the line span and increase the visibility of the transmission line.

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Source - APLIC (Avian Power Line Interaction Committee) (2012) Reducing Avian Collisions with Power Lines: The state of the art in 2012. Edison Electric Institute and APLIC. Washington, D.C.

Aspect Scenario Extent Duration Intensity Type Significance

Degradation of Without Medium Long High Adverse Moderate Habitats Mitigation

With Mitigation Local Medium Moderate Adverse Minor

Fragmentation of Without Medium Long High Adverse Major Habitats Mitigation

With Mitigation Local Long Moderate Adverse Moderate

Loss of Ecosystem Without Medium Long Moderate Adverse Moderate Services Mitigation

With Mitigation Medium Medium Low Adverse Minor

7.5 Socio- Economic Impacts and Mitigation Measures 7.5.1 Impacts during the pre-construction phase 7.5.1.1 Impact on animal grazing

Consultations were undertaken with key stakeholder groups engaged in grazing of animals in a plot of land measuring 68 hectares (167.96 acres) located adjacent to the two (2) land parcels allotted by GPCL to ESPL for setting up the solar power project within the Radhanesda Solar Power Park. Discussions with the communities engaged in animal rearing/ grazing on the said land parcel, the Sarpanch, Radhanesda and local communities indicated that designation of the plot of land as grazing land by the district administration has created goodwill among the local communities for the administration and the solar park authorities. In the absence of grazing land within the vicinity of the power park, the concerned grazing land has contributed towards increased domestication of animals in the villages of Radhanesda and Tharad. However, increasingly erratic monsoon and associated lack of water is serving as a major impediment in the domestication of animals. Consultations with GUVNL that is responsible for development of basic amenities and infrastructure in the solar power park revealed that efforts will be made by the agency to collaborate with the Radhanesda panchayat to improve the existing vegetation in the grazing land. This will help in enhancing the ability of the grazing land to cater to more animals in the locality.

Significance of Impact

Impact on animal grazing is assessed to be minor without any enhancement measures and moderate with enhancement measures.

Table 7-19: Impact Significance – Animal Grazing

Aspect Scenario Spread Duration Intensity Overall

Animal Grazing Without Enhancement Medium Short Moderate Minor measures

With Measures Medium Short Low Moderate

7.5.2 Impacts during the construction and operation phases 7.5.2.1 Impacts on Local Economy

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During the construction and operational phase of the project, the impact the local economy is likely to be positive as the project will lead to increase in local employment opportunities and increased demand for materials and services through local contracting. Efforts should be made to ensure that maximum proportion of the demand for manpower and materials is met locally through contractors and vendors. The power generated from the project will reportedly be transmitted to the local grid and is likely to increase the power supply in the region.

Significance of Impact

Impact on local economy is assessed to be minor without any enhancement measures and moderate with enhancement measures.

Table 7-20: Impact Significance – Local Economy

Aspect Scenario Spread Duration Intensity Overall

Local Economy Without Enhancement Medium Short Moderate Minor measures

With Measures Medium Short Low Moderate

7.5.2.2 Employment opportunities

During the peak construction phase spanning over a period of 2-3 months, the manpower requirement will be 600 – 700 (contractual workers). Consultations with the project proponent indicated that most of the manpower requirement in the unskilled and semi-skilled categories will be sourced from the local area and will comprise of youth from the neighbouring villages. Employment of local youths in the project-specific construction activities will positively contribute to the livelihood of the local villages. Specific clauses facilitating the employment of local youths should be incorporated into the EPC contract agreement between ESPL and the EPC contractor.

Significance of Impact Impact on employment opportunities is assessed to be minor without any enhancement measures and moderate with enhancement measures.

Table 7-21: Impact Significance – Employment Opportunities

Aspect Scenario Spread Duration Intensity Overall

Employment Without Opportunities Enhancement Medium Short Moderate Minor measures

With Measures Medium Short Low Moderate

7.5.2.3 Labour Rights and Welfare Approximately 30 % of the total manpower, especially in the skilled and highly skilled categories to be employed during the construction phase i.e. 180 – 200 will be sourced from outside the project. The site representative of ESPL during the site visit confirmed that a labour camp will be set up at a distance of 1 km from the site. The migrant workers will be provided accommodation in the labour camp. It was reported by ESPL that the labour camp will have a capacity to accommodate 400 labourers. It was further reported that only male workers will be accommodated in the labour camp. 40 numbers of toilets, 4 tanks of 500 litres drinking water with 2 taps each, 28 numbers of kitchen etc. will be provided as basic amenities in the proposed labour camp. The size of the rooms – 80 numbers will be 5 meters in length x 3.5 meters in breadth and 3.5 meters in height. Similarly, 2 numbers of electrical power points will be provided along with other switches for lights and fans in each room. The EPC Contract will also require providing the minimum wages to the labourers including overtime wage as per the Building and Others Construction Workers Act. In addition, benefits in terms of Employee State Insurance (ESI) should be provided to each worker engaged on site. The workers should be aware of their rights and benefits due to them so that no issues emerge. Toilet facilities and drinking water should be provided to all workers on site as well. Grievance Redressal Mechanism for workers should be developed and communicated to the workers so that the workers can approach the management if any concerns or issues are faced by them without any fear of retribution or intimidation.

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ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

Significance of Impact

Impact on Labour Rights and Welfare is assessed to be minor without any enhancement measures and moderate with enhancement measures.

Table 7-22: Impact Significance – Labour Rights and Welfare

Aspect Scenario Spread Duration Intensity Overall

Labour Rights and Without Welfare Enhancement Medium Short Moderate Minor measures

With Measures Medium Short Low Moderate

7.5.2.4 Labour Influx It is anticipated that during the construction phase there will be an influx of migrant workers. During the site visit, it was mentioned by the site representative that for specialized work activities, 180 – 200 migrant workers are envisaged to be engaged. Engagement of migrant labourers might lead to an increase of issues with the local population if proper orientation is not provided. The basic issues related with migrant labourers may include:

• Conflict amongst workers and between workers and local community members based on behavioural/ cultural practices. • Discontent amongst local community members on engagement of outsiders as workforce. • Mild outbreaks of infectious diseases due to interaction between the local population. • Safety and security issues for local women. • Use of community facilities such as temples, transport facilities, public spaces may lead to discontent between the local community and the migrant workforce.

7.5.3 Impacts during the decommissioning phase 7.5.3.1 Loss of employment opportunities The manpower requirement during the O&M phase was reported by the project proponent to be in the range of 6 – 8 workers who will be engaged on daily basis including 2 – 3 electricians, 1 site-in-charge and 1 site engineer. The workers will be engaged by the O&M contractor. Some of the key activities to be performed by workers engaged in O&M phase such as housekeeping, solar panel cleaning, bush cutting, security fall under the unskilled and semi-skilled categories for the purpose of which local youth from the neighbouring villages can be sourced. However, in an event of decommissioning, there is a high probability that the manpower engaged in O&M activities might lose employment. This will adversely impact the livelihood of the concerned people.

Significance of Impact

Impact value for employment opportunities is assessed to be moderate without mitigation measures, and minor with preventive measures.

Table 7-23: Impact Significance – Employment opportunities

Aspect Scenario Spread Duration Intensity Overall

Employment Without Mitigation Medium Short Moderate Moderate opportunities With Mitigation Medium Short Low Minor

Mitigation Measures for the identified social risks

• As part of its CSR programme, ESPL may collaborate with the Radhanesda Panchayat to improve the vegetation in the grazing land so that it can cater to a greater number of domestic animals in the local villages. • The project through the contractor agreement shall ensure that the construction contractors commit and adhere to social obligations including community relations, handling complaints and grievances, adherence to labour laws and international commitments etc. Similarly, water usage amongst the labourers shall be monitored and controlled to minimize generation of wastewater.

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ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

• The EPC Contractor needs to ensure that all the required amenities – adequate washrooms, adequate lighting and ventilation in the rooms wherein the labourers will be accommodated, adequate quantities of clean and potable drinking water, access to appropriate medical services etc. is provided in the labour camp.

• The project shall ensure that no child or forced labour is engaged by contractors and all wage payments are done without any discriminations or delays by the contractors. Similarly, adequate sanitation and waste disposal facility shall be ensured at the project site.

• The project shall ensure that while engaging contractors and sub-contractors during the operation phase agreements on priority basis shall be made with local contractors and vendors.

• ESPL should ensure that the rental accommodation proposed to be provided to the migrant workers during the construction phase should comply with the provisions of PS 5 of IFC’s Policy on Environment and Social Sustainability relating to worker accommodation. 7.6 Impact of Climate Change on Solar PV Power Plant Greenhouse gases are the gases generated from natural and anthropogenic activities, which absorb and emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range emitted by Earth eventually contributing to the global warming and broadly result in climate change. Some of the key greenhouse gases are Water vapor (H2O), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O), Ozone (O3) and Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Emission of CO2 is associated with this project which relates to global warming.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) defines climate change as the change resulting from long term direct and indirect activities that induces changes in the compared time which are much more than the natural change.

7.6.1 Anticipated Impacts 7.6.1.1 Construction Phase This ESIA has focused on the following aspects related to the climate change:

• The potential effects of the project on climate, in particular the magnitude of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions emitted during both construction and operation

• The impact of climate change on the project over its lifetime;

• The impact of the project on the climate resilience of wider (social, environmental and economic) systems over time.

GHG Emissions from Solar Power Plant

The potential sources of GHG emissions during construction phase will be vehicular movement, DG set exhaust including unburnt hydrocarbon and carbon-monoxide, and exhaust emissions from construction equipment and machinery. The GHG emissions from construction activities cannot be determined at this stage as the design details, construction plan and details of the construction materials are still to be finalized, but the impact assessment and mitigation measures in this section will consider the likely impact of the project due to climate change during construction phase to ensure minimum impact. Hence the GHG emissions from the proposed solar power plant is not likely to have serious impact on the climate change during construction phase.

The impact of climate change on the project:

Some of the key impacts of climate change on the proposed project are:

i. Rise of atmospheric temperature and heat: The rise in atmospheric temperatures will likely reduce air quality with increase in particulate matter and ozone pollution in the atmosphere and impact the ambient air quality during the construction phase.

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ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

ii. Increase in rainfall and flood: The region where the Solar Power Plant is proposed is highly susceptible to flood and the same has been shown in Figure 7-1 below.

Site Location

Figure 7-1: Flood Scenario in Gujarat State

Source: ISRO Website (https://www.isro.gov.in/flood-monitoring-using-scatsat-1-satellite) iii. It is understood that during rainfall, water stands over ground at the site due to absence of natural drainage channels and also due to existence of several bunds in vicinity of Radhanesda village and Kundalia village. These bunds have been constructed to conserve rain water and to check the ingress of salt water from surrounding area. Thus, depth of flooding could be 310 mm (nearly one feet) for a 50-year return period storm rainfall of 24-hour duration at the site. The climate change across the region may further aggravate the current scenario through increased rainfall and increase in frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall events, which are likely to increase the water level and bank erosion of the River Banas and the risk of flooding in the area, both pluvial and fluvial. This will have potential to impact/hinder the construction activities during construction phase including damage/loss of materials and equipment. The increase in wind speed due to increased storms may also have potential to cause material loss of properties and loss of lives of the workers. However, the design has taken into consideration flood protection measures enhancement through site elevation above the maximum flood level and with adoption of flood protection/erosion protection measures during construction phase (which is a short-term temporary activities), the impact of climate change on project construction activities are not deemed significant.

iv. Exhaust Emissions: There is likely to be significant CO2 emissions during construction phase arising from vehicular emissions, DG set emissions and exhaust emissions from heavy earth moving equipment and construction machineries. However, the quantum of emissions during the temporary construction phase will be of short duration and impact is not likely to be significant. The technology selected for power generation uses solar energy which is an environmentally friendly source.

Mitigation Measures:

Mitigation measures include:

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ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

• Earth filling in the solar power park to raise the ground level and thus protect the area from flooding. Raising the ground level by earth filling is also required to lay internal drainage channels with adequate slope for conveying stormwater safely to the outlets on boundary of the solar park.

• Adopt recycling/reuse of water to minimize fresh water consumption. This could be achieved by adopting various initiatives e.g. recycling treated wastewater for toilet flushing, landscaping etc.

• Construct flood protection system including site elevation and enhancement of Banas river bank.

• Use of machines, DG, equipment and vehicles only with appropriate pollution fitness certificates. Also carry out periodic maintenance of equipment and vehicles.

• Estimate, maintain and publish carbon footprint (month wise) during construction activities and operational phase and reduce vehicular movement where possible.

• Avoid use of Ozone Depleting Substances during construction phase.

7.6.1.2 Operational Phase Solar Power Plant is an environmentally friendly power generation technology which has potential to significantly reduce green-house gases (GHG) emissions as it does not use any fossil fuel and thereby reduces the greenhouse gas emissions associated when compared with fossil fuel-based electricity generation system. However, the proposed 200 MW Solar PV Power Plant, like all other Solar Power Plants and their components is vulnerable to fluctuating weather conditions and climate change in broader perspective. The photovoltaic panels of the solar power plant are vulnerable to extreme weather conditions like hail, storm, extreme temperature, cyclones or floods. The climate change factors like extremely high or low temperatures, and high wind could reduce the yield of solar modules. Researches have shown that for each degree of global temperature rise, solar modules could lose around 0.45% of their rated output (Source: “Global warming will hit solar panel performance”, PV-magazine dated 16/08/2019). However, the design of solar panels will take into consideration the Solar Radiation Assessment Report, which is likely to minimize the impact of climate change on solar panels ’operating efficiency throughout the design life of 25 years. Considering the design of solar panels have taken into account the impact of climate change on the rated outputs, the impact is not likely to be significant.

GHG Emissions from Solar Power Plant

As per the estimation of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) the grams of carbon equivalent (including CO2, CH4, N2O etc.) per kilowatt-hour of electricity (g Ceq/ kWh) for Solar energy project are low and scores better when compared with other forms of conventional and non-conventional sources of energy. The estimated average life cycle of GHG emissions from solar power plant is approximately 85 tonnes CO2e/ GWh as against 500-880 tonnes CO2e/ GWh for natural gas and coal respectively. Therefore, the proposed 200MW Solar Power Plant during operational phase (generating 4800000 Kilowatt-hour or 4.8 GWh of energy) is estimated to emit approx. 422 tonnes of CO2e, which is much lesser as compared to any conventional power plant.

The impact of climate change on the project over its lifetime

Some of the key impacts of climate change on the proposed project are:

• Rise of atmospheric temperature and heat: This climate change will likely increase the ambient temperature of the region and the country resulting in warmer winter and hotter summer. The increased risk of heat waves could impact the solar panels and deformation of Plant & accessories and road surfaces resulting in reduction in service life. Increased temperatures are likely to lead to issues with expansion of joints and cracking of internal plant and concrete pavements/structures exposed directly to atmosphere. Higher summer temperatures will likely reduce air quality with increase in particulate matter and ozone pollution in the atmosphere and impact the ambient air quality.

• Increase in rainfall and flood: The climate change due to increase in rainfall and flood across the region may further aggravate the current scenario and increase in frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall events, which are likely to increase the water level and bank erosion of the River Banas and the risk of flooding in the area, both pluvial and fluvial resulting in material damage/loss of plant and equipment. The increase in wind speed due to increased storms may also have potential to cause material loss of properties and loss of lives of the workers. However, the design has taken into consideration flood

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ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

protection measures enhancement through site elevation above the maximum flood level and with adoption of flood protection/erosion protection measures, hence the impacts of climate change on project production phase are not deemed significant.

• Exhaust Emissions: The technology selected for power generation uses solar energy which is an environmentally friendly source. Although there will be vehicular movement to and from the power plant during operation phase, the incremental increase of GHG emissions in the ambient air quality will be negligible due to very low number of vehicular movements.

Mitigation Measures:

Mitigation measures include:

• Operation and periodic maintenance of flood protection structures constructed to prevent flooding of the plant.

• Green belt development within the plant and its periphery;

• Adopt recycling/reuse of water to minimize fresh water consumption. This could be achieved by adopting various initiatives e.g. recycling treated wastewater for toilet flushing, landscaping etc.

• Construct flood monitoring system (e.g. telemetry) and set-up information sharing system with local disaster management team for taking appropriate preventive actions well before the occurrence of any natural disaster like cyclone, earthquake etc. Also consider the opportunities to enhance the embankment of Banas river bank.

• Use of machines, DG, equipment and vehicles only with appropriate pollution fitness certificates. Also carry out periodic maintenance of equipment and vehicles.

• Design and construct rainwater harvesting structure to retain the rainwater/stormwater and minimize fresh water consumption.

• Estimate, maintain and publish carbon footprint (month wise) during construction activities and operational phase and reduce vehicular movement where possible.

• Avoid use of Ozone Depleting Substances during operation phase.

7.6.1.3 Climate Transition Risk. Government of India and State Government of Gujarat’s commitment towards building a sustainable and climate resilient future for its people, a State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC) has been prepared following a consultative process to address any transitional climate risk for the prevailing environmental and socio-economic system. SAPCC aims in creating a roadmap that leads to the realization of a growing, low-emitting and sustainable economy with a more climate resilient population in Gujarat and the country. Due to the nature of the project (renewable energy or clean technology), no climate related transition risks are envisaged for this project.

Risk Rating:

The overall risk rating has been done following checklist of ADB has been referred for preliminary climate risk screening:

Screening Questions Score Remarks

Location and Design of Is siting and/or routing of the 0 Not likely Project project (or its components) likely to be affected by climate Solar modules likely to be conditions including extreme selected shall be compatible weather-related events such with the climatic condition of as floods, droughts, storms, the Radhanesda village landslides? (maximum temperature – 42 to 44-degree Celsius)

Would the project design 1 Likely need to consider any hydro-

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ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

meteorological parameters During rainfall, water just (e.g., sea-level, peak river stands over ground at the site flow, reliable water level, peak due to absence of natural wind speed etc.)? drainage channels and also due to existence of several bunds in vicinity of Radhanesda village and Kundalia village. These bunds have been constructed to conserve rain water and to check the ingress of salt water from surrounding area. Thus, depth of flooding could be 310 mm (nearly one feet) for a 50-year return period storm rainfall of 24-hour duration at the site. Therefore, project component and site design should consider the risk of local flooding

Materials and Maintenance Would weather, current and 1 Likely likely future climate conditions (e.g. prevailing humidity level, Project can be established temperature contrast between within a short time period of hot summer days and cold 11 months (approx..) winter days, exposure to wind therefore temporary impact of and humidity climate change on material hydrometeorological and maintenance may occur. parameters likely affect the selection of project inputs over the life of project outputs (e.g. construction material)?

Would weather, current and 0 Not likely likely future climate conditions, and related extreme events likely affect the maintenance (scheduling and cost) of project output(s)?

Performance of project Would weather/climate 1 Likely outputs conditions, and related extreme events likely affect Although project has been the performance (e.g. annual designed after consideration power production) of project of temperature variation output(s) (e.g. hydropower (annually), significant generation facilities) variation in temperature over throughout their design life the period of project life cycle time? may affect its performance.

Total Risk Score: 3

(Source: ESIA – 48 MW Solar Power Project in Adilabad District, Telangana, 2016)

Note:

Based on the above risk rating, the project is assessed to have medium risk with respect to impact of climate change.

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ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

Table 7-24: Impact Significance – Climate Change

Aspect Scenario Overall

Climate Change Without Mitigation Moderate

With Mitigation Minor

7.7 Cumulative Impact Assessment Cumulative Impact Assessment (CIA) is the process of (a) analyzing the potential impacts and risks of proposed developments in the context of the potential effects of other human activities and natural environmental and social external drivers on the chosen Valued Environmental and Social Components (VECs) over time, and (b) proposing concrete measures to avoid, reduce, or mitigate such cumulative impacts and risk to the extent possible.

Cumulative impacts18 are a result of effects that act together (including those from concurrent or planned future third-party activities) to affect the same resources and/or receptors as project under consideration (e.g. the combined effect of other similar projects in the general area). An effect to a resource in itself may not be considered significant but may become significant when added to the existing and potential effects eventuating from similar or diverse developments in the area.

The Project Site is a part of the 700 MW Radhanesda Solar Park located near Radhanesa Village of Vav Taluka in Banaskantha district, Gujarat. This Solar Park will be developed by Gujarat Power Corporation Limited (GPCL) in collaboration with Union Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). The other ESPL which are going to develop within Radhanesda Solar Park is given in Table 7-15 below:

Table 7-25: Details of proposed solar projects near project site

Name of the Project ESPL Distance from proposed project site

250 MW solar project SBG Cleantech Energy Within Radhanesda Solar Power Park

250 MW Solar Project Fortum Solar Plus Private Ltd (part of Finnish Within Radhanesda Solar Power Park developer Fortum).

200 MW Solar Project Electro Solaire Private Ltd (part of French group Within Radhanesda Solar Power Park Engie) Source: https://gpcl.gujarat.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=15

There is no other solar power plant located within 10 km radius of the project boundary. However, there is one (1) Solar Power Park namely Charanka Solar Park located at an aerial distance of approximately 60 km towards waste of the project boundary. The Charanka Solar Power Park is also developed by the Government of Gujarat and has capacity of 250 MW.

In addition to above, there has been a substantial increase in renewable energy developments in India, and legislation is evolving to facilitate the introduction of Independent Power Producers (IPPs). Hence it is anticipated that additional renewable energy power plants will come within 50 km radius of the project area boundary.

Since renewable power projects do not require any resource consumption for its operation, no obstruction to common property resources are anticipated. The potential cumulative impacts identified for the project has been highlighted in the following sub sections.

7.7.1 Environmental Impacts Air Quality and Soil Characteristics

18 As per Good Practice Handbook on Cumulative Impact Assessment and Management: Guidance for the Private Sector in Emerging Markets by IFC (2013), cumulative impacts are those that result from the successive, incremental, and/or combined effects of an action, project, or activity (collectively referred to as “developments”) when added to other existing, planned, and/or reasonably anticipated future ones. For practical reasons, the identification and management of cumulative impacts are limited to those effects generally recognized as important on the basis of scientific concerns and/or concerns of affected communities.

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During operation of the project no fuel of any kind will be burnt. The baseline ambient air quality measured within 5 km radius of the project was noted to be well within the prescribes standards. The impact on air quality is not considered. However, as per the information shared by the client, the development of all the proposed power plants in the vicinity of the project site will be undertaken simultaneously. It will result in increased fugitive emissions during the construction activities and due to the vehicular movement. However, the construction activity will last for 6-8 months, the cumulative impact on ambient air quality can be considered moderate.

Ambient Noise

The noise from existing surrounding has been captured in the baseline recorded for the project. It was observed that the average day noise level ranges from 54.5 - 74.4 dB(A) and average night time noise level ranges between 45.4, 40.3 – 60.4 dB(A). The baseline noise levels in the area are exceed the prescribed CPCB standards of 75 dB(A) and 70 dB(A) during the day and night time respectively at the sampled locations.

It is to be noted that ambient noise levels depend on various factors such as the exact number of vehicles/equipment being used at the construction site, number of hours of operation etc. Since construction activities will be temporary in nature and will be carried out during the day time and will not last for more than 6-8 months, cumulative noise impact is considered low.

Soil and Water Quality

There will be wastewater generation from cleaning the solar panels. The domestic wastewater may be generated from site office of the operation team. Septic tanks with soak pits should be provided to treat sewage during operation stage. Due to the proposed 700 MW capacity solar park, more wastewater generates during operation phase and there is a potential to impact soil and water quality if wastewater generated is not handled properly.

In addition to this, substantial amount of solid and hazardous waste will be generated from the solar park hence cumulative impact on water quality can be considered moderate to high.

7.7.2 Impacts on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services The chief Valued Ecological Components (VECs) with respect to the area under consideration include a potentially critical habitat, globally threatened species, specialized habitats, habitat-specialist species and priority provisioning and cultural ecosystem services, as described in the biodiversity baseline.

7.7.2.1 Impact on Biodiversity

The main cumulative impact on biodiversity is anticipated from clearing of the scrub forest in and around the solar park. The scrub forest constitutes the richest habitat in the Study Area and supports a large proportion of its floristic and faunal diversity. Thus, the construction of the Solar Park is likely to result in loss, degradation and fragmentation of the limited habitat available to these floristic and faunal communities. A second cumulative impact envisaged is the increased risk of collision and electrocution for migratory birds from the introduction of new transmission lines into the Study Area. A third cumulative impact would result from the generation of a large, reflective, water-mimicking surface by the collective, near-contiguous solar panelling of the Solar Park, which would increase risk of false landings and the resulting injury and entrapment for water-birds.

7.7.2.2 Impact on Ecosystem Services

The natural scrublands and grasslands in and around the Solar Park provide a priority provisioning ecosystem service in the form of fodder for livestock from Radhanesda village. The loss of this natural habitat will lead to the a significant reduction in the pasture available to the local livestock, thereby increasing the grazing pressure in comparable alternative habitats around the Solar Park. Another anticipated cumulative impact is that on the soil and water quality in the Study Area. The large-scale change in land-use, through clearing of vegetation and construction of the solar park and shared facilities, will increase the vulnerability of the soil to erosion by wind and water. The largescale land-levelling will impact the natural drainage of the region and may cause influx of saltwater into hitherto freshwater habitats, thus reducing the freshwater resources currently available to the local community. Any changes in the local soil salinity levels, resulting from the salinization of hitherto freshwater ecosystems, is also likely to impact the local agricultural yields.

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ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

7.7.3 Socio-economic Impacts 7.7.3.1 Impact on land

On average 4 acres of land is required per one (01) MW of solar power. For 200 MW solar power plant, around 380 hectares (~ 938.06 acres) of land is required for installation of solar modules, intermediate control stations, invertor room and shared facilities. Additional land is not required for transmission line as only RoW from private land owners and NOC from relevant departments for government land parcels will be required. The land identified for the proposed project as well as the land allotted to other players in the solar power park is sandy, saline, barren and uncultivable in nature and it is devoid of any residential dwellings/ archaeological sites. The project of ESPL as well as other players in the solar will have no economic impacts as no farming activities or other livelihood pursuits are being undertaken on it. The land is being procured through lease basis.

7.7.3.2 Migrant Workers

During the O&M phase, all the projects proposed to be set up in the solar power park will not involve any migrant labor. Only skilled personnel will be hired from outside the project area, who will be accommodated in rented accommodation complying with the relevant provisions of PS 5 of the IFC policy on environmental and social sustainability. Most of the civil works being small in nature should be handled by the local contractors from the nearby regions. This would ensure that the workers are from local area. Only skilled workers for erection of solar modules and operation of cranes should be sources from outside and their numbers should be relatively less. As a strategic principle, all the proponents should decide to engage local people during construction to avoid migration of labor from far off places. This will not have any stress on the local and moreover provide job opportunities to the local population. 7.7.3.3 Impact on Infrastructure

The road connectivity in the area is good therefore transportation of solar modules and other construction materials/ machineries will not lead to any disturbances to the habitations. There will be no disturbance to habitations as the erection activities will be undertaken at a considerable distance from human settlements.

7.7.4 Conclusion The Project will have minor as well as short term impact during construction phase. Minor impact due to generation of dust and fugitive emissions are expected during construction phase only. Minor impact is expected to resource utilization like land, water and socio-economic conditions of the Project area villages. Land for the proposed Project is uncultivated and owned by the government of Gujarat. Impact analysis reveals that minor impact is anticipated on livelihood of local community. The impacts on environment and social parameters is assessed to be minor during operation phase of the proposed project.

The Project would change overall character of the region and would contribute to the conversion of rural dry waste land to landscapes with industrial character. However, no existing highly scenic view or aesthetically unique or distinctive landscape would be forfeited by the introduction of these types of Projects. The Project represents conversion from a natural environment of dry agricultural fields to build environment with an industrial character. The area is unpopulated, and no residents would be subject to alteration of view in association with proposed Projects. Therefore, a week cumulative impact may be expected due to the Project and other Projects which may come in future in the area.

The Project would change the landscape pattern of the area and likely to have significant impact on biological diversity through habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation.

The Project also has a positive impact in terms of employment generation for the local people during entire Project lifecycle. The impacts identified both during construction and operation phase can be minimized and mitigated by adopting suitable mitigation measures as suggested in the ESIA report. Based on the conclusion drawn from the ESIA study the proposed Project can be categorized as Category B (as per categorization of Projects), which specifies that this Project is expected to have limited adverse environment and social impacts which can be mitigated by adopting suitable mitigating measures.

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ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

8. Environment and Social Management Plan 8.1 Introduction The purpose of an Environmental and Social Management Plan is to ensure that social and environmental impacts, risks and liabilities identified during the ESIA process are effectively managed during the operation and closure of the proposed project. An Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is an important component of an ESIA as it provides an important tool that can be used to measure and check, in a continuous mode, the efficacy of the mitigation measures and project commitments incorporated in the ESIA to minimize or eliminate identified negative impacts. The ESMP also aligns the schedule for implementation of management plans.

The key objectives of the ESMP are to:

• Formalize and disclose the program for environmental and social management;

• Provide a framework for the implementation of environmental and social management initiatives;

• Monitor the ESPL’s compliance with all the mitigation measures and commitments in the ESIA report;

• Monitor the ESPL’s compliance with legal standards and limits for waste discharge and emissions;

• Provide early warning signals on potential environmental changes, so that appropriate actions can be taken to prevent or minimize environmental and social impacts;

• Put in place a sound and cost-effective contingency plan that can be activated for prompt response to any accidental occurrence;

• Encourage and achieve the highest environmental and socio-economic performance and response from individual employees and contractors throughout the duration of the project; and

• Routinely check all measures/devices put in place for effective monitoring of project functions and activities.

The ESMP delineates the monitoring and management measures to avoid and/or minimize such impacts by allocating management responsibility and suggesting skill requirement for implementation of these measures. Also, the ESMP shall ensure a continuous communication process between ESPL, project developer, workers (including sub-contractors), local community and other stakeholders.

In addition, the ESMP may also be used to ensure compliance with statutory requirements, and corporate safety & environmental and social management policies.

An ESMP is, therefore, a tool which ensures continuous assessment of the environmental and social impact of a project operation as well as proactive response to the impacts to reduce their overall effect on the identified environmental and social parameters. It makes an organization to do the right thing at the right time rather than responding to situations borne out of statutory or legal compulsion.

In this section, an ESMP is presented to be used throughout the life span of the proposed project. This ESMP will facilitate environmental and social management of the proposed project and procedures are provided to help prevent, avoid or minimize negative environmental impacts that may occur during project operations and decommissioning phase. 8.2 Organizational Structure (Environment, Social, Health and Safety) The enforcement and implementation of the project specific ESMP requires a robust manpower network working towards the common goal of ensuring compliance to the commitments towards ESHS standards for the project. Organization structure of ESPL with project level responsibilities is given in Figure 8-1.

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ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

Figure 8-1: Project organization structure The overall management and coordination of the project with respect to EHS will be managed through the Head, EHS at the corporate level. Also, a designated EHS professional/EHS Project (by ESPL) will be assigned at the project level to manage the EHS functions and activities during the construction stage (including supervising the day to day activities of the Sub-contractor and his team). The designated EHS staff of the Sub-contractor will report to the Site level EHS person of ESPL. The Site level EHS Project will in turn report to ESPL Corporate.

ESPL will be responsible for the O&M of the project. 8.3 Roles and Responsibilities This section describes the roles and responsibilities of the key persons responsible for management of the project activities:

Head-EHS

• Overseeing successful EHSS screening, audit and impact assessment of assets either internally or through external agencies as the case maybe in coordination with EHS Project;

• Overseeing the implementation of the systems, protocols and checklists of the ESMS at the corporate level and where necessary, transferring information and expertise to EHS Project;

• Interaction with other teams such as project team, land, procurement, HR etc. for handling and resolution of EHSS issues and risks;

• Ensuring implementation of training and capacity building exercises at the corporate levels and project level;

• Documentation and control of ESMS related documents; and

• Development of processes with respect to EHSS. Also includes internal updating of existing systems pertaining to EHSS wherever feasibly and technically possible.

EHS Project

The EHS Project (at project level) is responsible for overall management of the project and ESMP implementation on site during operation phase of the project. The following tasks will fall within his/her responsibilities:

• Monitor site activities on weekly basis for compliance;

• Keeping a check on operation and maintenance services required during operation phase.

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Apart from the project related aspects, Site In-charge will also have additional responsibilities of community liasioning such as:

• Managing all grievances of the project and their outcomes;

• Implementing, monitoring and updating the ESMP;

• Keep record of the CSR activities being undertaken for the project, if any;

• Keep the Regional Project Manager informed on the progress of CSR activities undertaken at project site;

• Conduct periodic (formal and informal) meetings with local community for understanding their grievances and inform them about the Grievance Redressal Mechanism and ensure effective implementation.

EHS Engineer

Roles and responsibilities of EHS Engineer include the following:

• Implementation of on-ground tools, checklists and processes;

• Overseeing overall EHSS compliance at the ground level;

• Responsible for all interactions with contractors pertaining to EHSS in coordination with EHS Project;

• Carrying out compliance audits and safety checks during operation phase with assistance from EHS Project;

• Generate and reporting back of site-level audit reports and key performance indicators to the corporate level; and

• Vigilance and enforcement agency for investigation of EHSS non-compliance, investigation of incidents and accidents and imposition of fines and penalty measures.

EPC Contractor (during construction phase)

The HSE officer of the EPC contractor will be overall responsible for management of environmental and social aspects, labour management during the construction phase. The detailed roles and responsibilities of the EPC Contractor have been provided in the table below:

Aspect Roles and responsibilities

Air Quality Management • Ensure the reduction and control of air emissions from construction activities by minimizing dust from material handling sources, loading and unloading of materials and stockpiles. • Sprinkling of water to be carried out to suppress dust from construction activities. • Ensure that the vehicles engaged for project have a valid “Pollution under Control” (PUC) certificate and the speed of vehicles shall be limited on village roads to reduce fugitive dust emissions. • Provide sufficient stack height to D.G. sets as per the CPCB norms.

Soil Quality • Provide appropriate storage of top soil in an isolated and covered area to prevent its loss during high wind and runoff. • Use top soil at the time of plantation • Reuse Construction debris in paving on site approach road to prevent dust generation due to vehicular movement. • Re-vegetation to be done in the area after the completion of construction, in order to reduce the risk of soil erosion.

Surface and Ground Water • Construction of dedicated storm water drains considering natural topography for Quality reduction any contamination to runoff due to project activities. Storm water drains shall be designed to avoid any obstruction to natural flow and final outlet shall be connected to propose storm water drains by Solar Power Park Developer; • Proper drainage to be provided for wastewater generated from the Porta Cabins and labour camps and shall be treated on Site septic tanks and soak pits as per the specifications in IS 2470:1995 (Part I and Part II); • Provide separate toilets for male and female workers (if any) in the ratio of 1:15 and 1:10 (toilet to workers) at the project site in order to maintain hygienic and clean surroundings. Washing and bathing areas should be provided with proper drainage system so that wastewater is not accumulated in the project site.

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• Conduct Periodic monitoring to ensure that the waste water is not finding its way into surface and groundwater; • All solid wastes such as construction debris, used or waste oil, paint cans, etc. will be stored on impervious surface in secure location to avoid soil and groundwater contamination; • Paved impervious surface and secondary containment to be used for fuel storage tanks; • Loading and unloading protocols should be prepared and followed for diesel oil and used oil; • Leak proof holding tanks for sanitary waste water to protect the shallow ground water level. • Conservation of water to be undertaken at all project locations and ancillary facilities and if possible, recycling and reuse of water to be taken utilising every opportunity.

Noise Level • Mobile noise sources such as cranes, earth moving equipment and HGVs shall be routed in such a way that there is minimum disturbance to receptors. • EPC Contractor shall instruct their safety officers to arrange for inherently quiet construction equipment and machines to maintain the noise level to minimum. • Only manual construction activities shall be carried out during night-time (i.e. no use of machinery). It is also to be ensured that no village road will be utilized for movement of equipment during the night-time. All loud and sudden noises will be avoided wherever possible and fixed noise sources shall be located at least 50 m away from the site boundary. • Rubber padding/noise isolators will be used for construction equipment or machinery. • Temporary noise barriers shall be provided surrounding the high noise generating construction equipment. • The personnel involved in high noise generating activities shall be provided with adequate PPEs to minimize their exposure to high noise levels. • Construction vehicles and machinery will be well maintained and not kept idling when not in use.

Solid and Hazardous waste • Distribute appropriate number of properly contained litter bins and containers properly management marked as "Municipal Waste" and ensure that the waste is disposed at a regular interval. • Ensure that the waste is • Domestic and construction waste like recyclables viz. paper, plastic, glass, scrap metal waste etc. will be properly segregated and stored in designated waste bins/containers and periodically sold to local recyclers. • Any wastage/damaged part of solar panel will be sent back to panel vendor for disposal. • Used oil, oil-soaked rags, empty oil lined containers and other hazardous waste should be stored in leak proof containers at designated locations in enclosed structures over impermeable surface with adequate labelling as per the provisions of the Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016. Hazardous wastes shall be disposed within ninety days of generation to GPCB approved vendors. • Maintain a register of all hazardous materials used and accompanying MSDS must present at all times. • Spilled material should be tracked and accounted for.

Traffic and Transport • Only trained drivers with valid license shall be recruited by the EPC Contractor for transfer of material; • Ensure that all the traffic rules are obeyed at all the times and driving under the influence of any drug or alcohol shall be strictly prohibited; • Mitigation measures such as emphasizing on safety amongst drivers, adopting limits for trip duration and arranging driver roster to avoid overtiredness and avoiding dangerous routes and times of day to reduce risk of accident shall also be implemented; • Regular maintenance of vehicles and use of manufacturer approved parts should be adopted to minimize potentially serious accidents caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure; • The villagers shall be made aware about the schedule prior to the movement of trucks and transportation in the Project area.

Occupational Health and • Implement the H&S plan provided by the project proponent at the site; Safety • Provide occupation health and safety orientation training to all employees and workers consisting of basic hazard awareness, incident management, site-specific hazards, safe working practices, and emergency procedures; • Ensure all Health and Safety measures are in place to prevent accidents and reduce the consequences of non-conformance events; • Provide training, awareness and supervision to ensure all of its construction workers comply with the OHS procedures; • Provide appropriate resources i.e. PPE to workers on Site; and • An emergency response procedure and infrastructure will be available on Site to ensure provision of first aid for personnel in case of emergency.

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Heat related Stress • Increase air velocity for indoor workers by using natural cross-ventilation from windows management and doors or mobile or ceiling fans. • Operate effective general and local exhaust ventilation and air conditioning; • Avoid non-essential sources of hot ventilation (e.g. air conditioner outlets adjacent to working areas); • Install a shield between employees and a source of radiant heat such as curtains on windows or other insulating barrier, enclose the heat source, or move the heat source away from employees; • Provide cooled drinking water as close as possible to the work site; • Arrange shade for outdoor workers where practicable; • Provide a cool rest area in which workers can take their meal breaks and tea breaks; • Modify the work schedule or shift times so that outdoor and physiologically demanding work is done in the early morning or late afternoon; • Allow workers to self-regulate their pace of work. • Workers should be encouraged to present to work in a well hydrated state, and take frequent small drinks throughout each shift to replace fluid lost through sweating; • Diuretic Fluids such as tea, coffee, alcohol and some soft drinks should not be used to replenish fluid lost due to heat; • Use PPE that reduces exposure to ultra violet radiation and heat (such as reflective masks or aprons, large brimmed hat, sunscreen); and • Workers returning from periods away from hot environments should be given the opportunity to acclimatise before being expected to undertake work in very hot conditions at full capacity.

Labour Management • Ensure that no bonded labour, child labour or forced labour are engaged for project- specific construction activities; • Comply with all the applicable regulations concerning labour and working conditions; • Regularly report on issues relating to labour and working conditions to the project proponent; • Provide a platform for raising, processing and redressing grievances of all the contractual workers; • Undertake regular engagements with internal stakeholders with special reference to contractual workers; • Ensure non-discrimination in matters of terms of employment and payment of wages to all contractual workers including migrant workers; • Ensure usage of PPEs by all contractual workers while performing duty at site; and • Ensure that all facilities and basic amenities as required by relevant national legislations and international best practice are provide din the Labour Camp/ Worker Accommodation facilities.

Community Liaison Officer (CLO)

The CLO would be expected to undertake the following roles:

• Manager, review and develop the Social Program to ensure that it fulfils Project requirements, including measures observed in this ESMP and monitor the implementation;

• Co-ordinate and evaluate the effectiveness of all program elements;

• Manage the implementation of community health program, including coordination with HSE team on OHS measures associated with management of impact to community health;

• Coordinating the HSE team on implementation of the Project vehicle safety measures associated with management of impact to community safety;

• Coordinating with Human Resource (HR) team person to ensure implementation of labour related measures required in this ESMP;

• Consultation with community and liaison with relevant stakeholders in implementing the required stakeholder and grievance management measures, including liaison with related government bodies as necessary;

• Leading collaboration to establish and implement the Project grievance mechanism during construction phase, and supervise contractor’s social performance as required in this ESMP; and

• Managing social monitoring and reporting the results to the Project Manager.

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8.4 Inspection, Monitoring and Audit Training is one common method of supplying individuals with additional skills and knowledge. In order to be successful in EHSS management, training programs need to be thought out carefully and systematically. A robust social and environmental, health and safety training plan is important for effective implementation of ESMS.

The EHS Engineer along with recommendations from EHS Projects and EHS Head (at corporate) will ensure that the job specific training and EHS induction training needs are identified based on the specific requirements of the ESMS and existing capacity of site and project personnel (including the Contractors and Sub-contractors) to undertake the required actions and monitoring activities. Some of the specific trainings that will be carried out routine basis are as follows:

• ESMS Checklists and procedural guidance;

• Occupational Health & Safety;

• Fire Safety and Prevention;

• Emergency Response Preparedness;

• Operational Training;

• HR Induction Training;

• PPE Training;

• Driver Safety; and

• Implementation of Environmental and Social Management/Action plans

The above listed trainings are the preliminary trainings which will be undertaken at the inception stage once the employee/worker joins the company and/or Project. Post that, monthly refresher trainings will be undertaken, especially for the workers. Other training will be identified and implemented during the project lifecycle as per the need assessment, as part of mitigation measure and also capacity building of the staffs.

An environmental and social management training programme will be conducted to ensure effective implementation of the management and control measures during construction and operation of the project. The training programme will ensure that all concerned members of the team understand the following aspects:

• Purpose of action plan for the project activities;

• Requirements of the specific Action Plans;

• Understanding of the sensitive environmental and social features within and surrounding the project areas; and

• Aware of the potential risks from the project activities.

In case of contractors or turnkey contractors having sufficiently well-developed standards on EHS management, the training can be sub-let to the same for their respective employees and ESPL will monitor the completion and sufficiency status of these programs. In case of subcontractors, the training and capacity building will be done by the HSE Manager with site responsibilities, along with the contractor’s EHS manager to ensure such trainings of the contracted staffs either directly or through trainers of ESPL. Subsequently the responsibility can be passed on to the sub-contractors for all future training programs. 8.5 Documentation and Record Keeping Documentation and record keeping system has to be established to ensure updating and recording of requirements specified in ESMP. Responsibilities have to be assigned to relevant personnel for ensuring that the ESMP documentation system is maintained and that document control is ensured. The following records shall be maintained at site:

• Documented Environment Management System; • Legal Register;

• Operation control procedures;

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• Work instructions;

• Incident reports;

• Emergency preparedness and response procedures;

• Resource consumption Records;

• Training records;

• Monitoring reports;

• Auditing reports; and

• Complaints register, and issues attended/closed. 8.6 Training Training is one common method of supplying individuals with additional skills and knowledge. In order to be successful in EHSS management, training programs need to be thought out carefully and systematically. A robust social and environmental, health and safety training plan is important for effective implementation of ESMS.

The Assistant HSE Manager along with recommendations from Regional HSE Manager, Regional Project Manager and Site Manager will ensure that the job specific training and EHS induction training needs are identified based on the specific requirements of the ESMS and existing capacity of site and Project personnel (including the Contractors and Sub-contractors) to undertake the required actions and monitoring activities. Some of the specific trainings that will be carried out routine basis are as follows:

• ESMS Checklists and procedural guidance;

• Occupational Health & Safety;

• Fire Safety and Prevention;

• Emergency Response Preparedness;

• Operational Training;

• HR Induction Training;

• PPE Training;

• Driver Safety; and

• Implementation of Environmental and Social Management/Action plans

The above listed trainings are the preliminary trainings which will be undertaken at the inception stage once the employee/worker joins the company and/or Project. Post that, monthly refresher trainings will be undertaken, especially for the workers. Other training will be identified and implemented during the Project lifecycle as per the need assessment, as part of mitigation measure and also capacity building of the staffs.

An environmental and social management training program will be conducted to ensure effective implementation of the management and control measures during construction and operation of the Project. The training program will ensure that all concerned members of the team understand the following aspects:

• Purpose of action plan for the Project activities;

• Requirements of the specific Action Plans;

• Understanding of the sensitive environmental and social features within and surrounding the Project areas; and

• Aware of the potential risks from the Project activities.

In case of contractors or turnkey contractors having sufficiently well-developed standards on EHS management, the training can be sub-let to the same for their respective employees and Cleantech Solar will monitor the completion and sufficiency status of these programs. In case of subcontractors, the training and capacity building will be done by the HSE Manager with site responsibilities, along with the contractor’s EHS manager to ensure such trainings of the contracted staffs either directly or through trainers of Cleantech Solar. Subsequently the responsibility can be passed on to the sub-contractors for all future training programs.

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8.7 Environment and Social Management Plan and Procedures At the project level, ESPL need to develop and implement following plans for management of environmental and social aspects of the project during operation and decommissioning phase:

• Environment and Social Management Plan

• Waste Management Plan

• Storm Water Management Plan

• Occupational Health and safety Plan

• Traffic Management Plan

• Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan

• Climate Change Vulnerability Adaptability Measures

• Grievance Redressal Mechanism

• Stakeholder Engagement Plan

• Community Development Plan under CSR

• Budgetary provisions for ESMP Implementation

8.7.1 Environment and Social Management Plan The environmental and social management plan proposed during planning and designing phase mainly focuses on the aspects related to land procurement and resettlement, permit compliances, procurement of materials and landscaping. Detailed ESMP proposed for the planning and designing phase is given in the Error! Reference s ource not found.. 8.7.1.1 ESMP during Construction Phase Major environmental, social and biological aspects considered during the Construction phase are:

• Water resources (ground and surface water) and their quality

• Ambient Air and Noise quality

• Soil quality

• Noise levels

• Solid and hazardous waste generation

• Ecology and biodiversity

• Local Economy of the area Detailed ESMP proposed during the construction phase is given in Error! Reference source not found..

8.7.1.2 ESMP during Operation Phase The environmental and social management plan proposed during the operation phase has been prepared considering the impacts this project may have on the surround environment and human beings’ due operational activities.

The major aspects covered during the operation phase are ambient temperature, solid and hazardous waste generation, waste water management, ecology and biodiversity.

Detailed ESMP proposed during the operation phase is given in Error! Reference source not found..

8.7.1.3 ESMP during Decommissioning Phase During decommissioning phase, all the environmental, social and biologicals aspects that were considered for the construction phase have been taken into consideration. The major aspects covered in the ESMP proposed during

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decommissioning phase are land use, air quality, water quality, soil quality, noise levels and solid and hazardous waste generation. Detailed ESMP proposed during decommissioning phase is presented in Table 8-4.

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Table 8-1: ESMP during Pre-Construction Phase S. N. Aspects Impacts Impact Mitigation/ Control Measures Impact Intensity Monitoring/ Training Intensity with Mitigation Requirements 1. Permit Compliance Non-compliance to various Environmental • Site has to obtain various Environmental Permits such as no- • ESPL should ensure Permits required and pertaining to the objection certificate (NOC) for abstraction of ground water Periodic EHS audits proposed Solar Power project or there under Environment protection Act Environment Protection Act should be could be legal Implications to ESPL Major -1986, in case groundwater is used through installation of Minor conducted to verify groundwater abstraction well or bore well, Factory License permit requirements under Factories Act, 1948, NOC from Gram Panchayat for and associated Initiation of construction activities, as applicable, and other compliances permits related to workers and living conditions.

2. ESMP Inadequate implication of ESMP by • Site Specific Environment management system and • ESPL and its Implementation Developer/Contractor procedures should be prepared before construction work contractor should commences; ensure periodic • Social, Environment, Health and Safety Organization Chart audits should be shall be prepared at Corporate level and Site-specific level; conducted to verify Moderate Minor the implementation • Proper procedure shall be developed for training of personnel and effectiveness of & contractor, ESMP monitoring and reporting (externally & the management internally); systems • ESMP shall be part of the tender and bid documents so that contractor can include cost related to ESMP

3. Procurement of Inadequate implication of ESMP by • The contractor shall follow all stipulated conditions for • Development of Machineries and Developer/Contractor pollution control as suggested in ESMP and as per the EMS management Construction regulatory requirements system and Equipment (such as • No such installation by the Contractor shall be allowed till all procedures before Diesel Generators, the required legal clearances are obtained from the competent construction work Moderate Minor Batching Plant, authority Concrete mixing • Equipment’s conforming to the latest noise and emission plant etc.) control measures shall be used. • PUC certificates for all vehicles and machinery shall be made available for verification whenever required.

4. Biodiversity and Impacts arising from land-clearance, land • Conservation of approximately 0.75 square km of natural • Training of site scrubland and approximately 0.5 square km of slightly personnel, Ecosystem Services levelling / grading, installation of fencing (Project) modified grassland at Project Site contractors and and laying of internal access roads - • Conservation of the natural topography and drainage in and labour to sensitize • Loss of approximately 0.75 square around the Project Site towards biodiversity km of natural scrubland and and ecosystem Moderate • Minimization of number, length and width of internal access Minor approximately 0.5 square km of services roads slightly modified grassland at conservation • Plantation of diverse native vegetation to compensate for that Project Site • Monitoring of site lost to unavoidable land-clearance at the Project Site • Degradation and fragmentation of clearance process existing natural scrub forest for qualitative and quantitative

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S. N. Aspects Impacts Impact Mitigation/ Control Measures Impact Intensity Monitoring/ Training Intensity with Mitigation Requirements contiguous with natural scrubland of documentation of Project Site. natural vegetation • Loss of or loss of access to priority loss to inform provisioning (pasture/fodder) compensatory ecosystem services for the local plantations pastoral community • 5. Biodiversity and Impacts arising from land-clearance and • Conservation of traditional land-use in and around the corridor • Training of site personnel to Ecosystem Services land levelling/grading - • Conservation of comparable alternative habitats away from (External sensitize towards • Loss, degradation and fragmentation Moderate the corridor Minor Transmission Line) biodiversity and of potential wintering habitat of ecosystem services Critically Endangered Vanellus conservation gregarius (Sociable Lapwing)

6. Livestock Grazing • Designation of the plot of land within • Efforts should be made by ESPL to collaborate with GUVNL ESPL should ensure the Radhanesda as grazing land by and the Radhanesda Gram Panchayat to improve the existing that effective the district administration has created vegetation in the designated grazing land and around the communication with goodwill among the local Solar Park. This will help in maintaining availability and quality GUVNL, the communities for the administration of fodder for the livestock of Radhanesda. Radhanesda Gram and the solar park authorities. Panchayat and other regulatory authorities is • Owing to loss or loss of access to the Moderate Minor done concerning the ground cover of the Project Site and need for enhancing the rest of the Solar Park, traditionally vegetation in the used as pasture for the livestock of Grazing Land. Radhanesda, the grazing pressure on the designated grazing land is likely to increase leading to degradation of fodder quality.

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Table 8-2: ESMP during Construction Phase S. N. Aspects Impacts Impact Mitigation/ Control Measures Impact Intensity Monitoring/ Training Intensity with Mitigation Requirements

Ambient Air • Fugitive Dust due to movement • The ESPL and contractors shall ensure the reduction and control of • ESPL /Contractor to Quality of project vehicles and site air emissions from construction activities by minimizing dust from ensure all vehicles used clearance; and material handling sources. for transportation must • Emission from Diesel • Loading and unloading of raw materials should be carried out in the have a PUC certificate. Generators. most optimum way to avoid fugitive emissions. • Sprinkling of water to be carried out by the respective contractors to suppress dust from construction activities. • Best practices such as halting of activity during sustained strong winds should be opted for. It shall be ensured that all stockpiles are covered, and storage areas provided with enclosures to minimize dust from open area source. • Stock piling and storage of construction material will be oriented Moderate after considering the predominant wind direction. Minor • Vehicles engaged for the project will be required to obtain “Pollution under Control” (PUC) certificates. • Sufficient stack height needs to be provided to D.G. sets as per the CPCB norms. • Exhaust emissions of construction equipment to be adhered to emission norms as set out by MoEF&CC/ CPCB. • Speed of vehicles on the village road and on the internal roads shall be limited to 10-15 km/hr in order to reduce fugitive dust emissions. • Cease or phase down work if excess fugitive dust is observed, or there are any community grievance related to dust. Investigate the source of dust and ensure proper dust suppression.

Soil Quality • Top Soil Loss • Provide appropriate storage of top soil in an isolated and covered • Procedure to be area to prevent its loss during high wind and runoff. developed for utilization • Allow only covered transportation of top soil within project site. of top soil which may include isolated storage • Use top soil at the time of plantation. of top soil and its Moderate Minor • Construction debris to be reused in paving on site approach road to utilization for cover the prevent dust generation due to vehicular movement. surface or for gardening; • Re-vegetation to be done in the area after the completion of • Records to be maintain construction, in order to reduce the risk of soil erosion. for generation and utilization of top soil.

Surface and • Possibility of contaminated • Construction of dedicated storm water drains for reduction any • Regular monitoring of Ground Water runoff from the site entering Moderate contamination to runoff due to project activities. Storm water drains Minor storm water drains to Quality ground; shall be designed considering natural topography to avoid any check any contamination into drains;

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S. N. Aspects Impacts Impact Mitigation/ Control Measures Impact Intensity Monitoring/ Training Intensity with Mitigation Requirements • Domestic water runoff from the obstruction to natural flow and final outlet shall be connected to • Regular monitoring of portable toilets into the ground propose storm water drains by Solar Power Park Developer; wastewater drains, septic water can lead to degradation of • Proper drainage to be provided for wastewater generated from the tank and soak pit to water quality. Porta Cabins and labour camps and shall be treated on Site septic check any waste findings tanks and soak pits as per the specifications in IS 2470:1995 (Part I its way to surface and and Part II); ground water; • Periodic monitoring shall be carried out to ensure that the waste • Regular monitoring or water is not finding its way into surface and groundwater; inspection of fuel storage area, fuel • All solid wastes such as construction debris, used or waste oil, loading/unloading area paint cans, etc. will be stored on impervious surface in secure and hazardous waste location to avoid soil and groundwater contamination; storage area for any • Paved impervious surface and secondary containment to be used spillages or leakages into for fuel storage tanks; storage areas • Loading and unloading protocols should be prepared and followed for diesel oil and used oil; • Drip paned provided to vehicles with leaks to prevent water contamination; • Leak proof holding tanks for sanitary waste water to protect the shallow ground water level.

Impact on • Depletion on Ground and • Conservation of water to be undertaken at all project locations and • Water Consumption Water Surface water resources due to ancillary facilities and if possible, recycling and reuse of water to be Records on daily basis; Availability project water demand taken utilising every opportunity. Moderate Minor • Water recycling and • Restoration plan to accommodate the loss of groundwater to be reuse plan on yearly undertaken. basis

Noise Level • Disturbance to habitants • In case of complaints of uncomforting noise received from the • Periodic monitoring of • Vehicular noise from heavy inhabitants of nearby settlements through Grievance Redressal noise level should be vehicles utilized to deliver Mechanism (GRM) there should be considered possibility of putting conducted and compared construction materials and solar noise barriers near to the receptor. with the ambient noise plant parts • Mobile noise sources such as cranes, earth moving equipment and standard. It should also be made sure that the • Noise from DG sets HGVs shall be routed in such a way that there is minimum disturbance to receptors. levels do not exceeded • Construction noise from using the national ambient air Moderate • Contractor shall instruct their safety officers to arrange for Minor mobile equipment, and concrete quality standard inherently quiet construction equipment and machines to maintain mixing (NAAQS) level; the noise level to minimum. • Training to drivers of • Only manual construction activities shall be carried out during construction equipment night-time (i.e. no use of machinery). The hours of operation for specified pieces of equipment or operations, especially mobile sources operating through community areas should be limited. It is also to be ensured that no village road will be utilized for movement

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S. N. Aspects Impacts Impact Mitigation/ Control Measures Impact Intensity Monitoring/ Training Intensity with Mitigation Requirements of equipment during the night-time. All loud and sudden noises will be avoided wherever possible and fixed noise sources shall be located at least 50 m away from the site boundary. • Rubber padding/noise isolators will be used for construction equipment or machinery. • Temporary noise barriers shall be provided surrounding the high noise generating construction equipment. • The personnel involved in high noise generating activities shall be provided with personal protective devices to minimize their exposure to high noise levels. • Construction vehicles and machinery will be well maintained and not kept idling when not in use.

Solid and Contamination of Land and water • Distribute appropriate number of properly contained litter bins and • Periodic EHS audits Hazardous resources, containers properly marked as "Municipal Waste". should be conducted by waste • Domestic and construction waste like recyclables viz. paper, ESPL; plastic, glass, scrap metal waste etc. will be properly segregated • Training to Solid and and stored in designated waste bins/containers and periodically Hazardous Waste sold to local recyclers. Handlers • Any wastage/damaged part of solar panel will be sent back to panel vendor for disposal. Moderate Minor • Used oil should be stored at designated locations in enclosed structures over impermeable surface. • Maintain a register of all hazardous materials used and accompanying MSDS must present at all times. • Spilled material should be tracked and accounted for. • Hazardous wastes shall be stored in leak-proof containers and dispose, to disposal facilities registered with the Central Pollution Board.

Traffic and • Community Health and Safety • Only trained drivers with valid license shall be recruited by • Traffic management Transport • Traffic related accidents and Contractor for transfer of material; plan; injuries; • Training program for all the drivers, regarding awareness about • Maintain records of • Increased pollution road safety and adopting best transport and traffic safety driving licenses; procedures shall be provided before initiation of the Moderate Minor • Training to drivers; decommissioning activities; • Grievance Redressal of • Mitigation measures such as emphasizing on safety amongst any complaint received drivers, adopting limits for trip duration and arranging driver roster related to traffic to avoid overtiredness and avoiding dangerous routes and times of day to reduce risk of accident shall also be implemented;

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S. N. Aspects Impacts Impact Mitigation/ Control Measures Impact Intensity Monitoring/ Training Intensity with Mitigation Requirements • Regular maintenance of vehicles and use of manufacturer approved parts should be adopted to minimize potentially serious accidents caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure; • The villagers shall be made aware about the schedule prior to the movement of trucks and transportation in the Project area.

Occupational • Material handling and storage • Develop and implement a Health and Safety (H&S) plan to follow • labour engaged for Health and • Possible injuries associated throughout the construction phase. Also, ensue that the H&S plan working at height should Safety with working with transmission is provided to the EPC contactor for implementation at the site; be trained for temporary line laying • Provide occupation health and safety orientation training to all fall • Other occupational hazards employees and workers consisting of basic hazard awareness, • All the workers should be site-specific hazards, safe working practices, and emergency made aware of the • Accidents during cutting, procedures; possible occupational chipping and piling • The contractors will be committed to ensure all Health and Safety risks/hazards by the way • Physical injuries when workers measures are in place to prevent accidents and reduce the of an OHS involved in loading/unloading consequences of non-conformance events; training/awareness activities and don’t adhere to program proper ergonomics discipline. • The contractors will provide training, awareness and supervision to ensure all of its construction workers comply with the OHS • An accident reporting, • Trip and fall hazards procedures; and monitoring record • Violation of the privacy and should be maintained • The contractor will provide appropriate resources i.e. PPE to dignity of women involved in the workers on Site; and • Proper hygienic and work force. scientific sanitation • An emergency response procedure and infrastructure will be • Other occupational hazards facilities for all the Moderate available on Site to ensure provision of first aid for personnel in Minor labourer’s working in the • Diseases due to unhygienic case of emergency. condition site with spate exclusive arrangements for men & women to ensure the privacy and dignity of all individuals • GRM is properly maintained and followed on site. • Contractor should inform the labour about Emergency Preparedness Plan (EMP) and communication system to be followed during emergency situation.

Biodiversity and • Loss, degradation or • Plantation of diverse native vegetation to off-set project- • Trainings for site Ecosystem fragmentation of habitat Moderate related heat generation and screen solar panelling from Minor personnel, contractors for habitat-specialist surrounding habitats and habitations and labour to sensitize

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ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

S. N. Aspects Impacts Impact Mitigation/ Control Measures Impact Intensity Monitoring/ Training Intensity with Mitigation Requirements Services species, possibly • Restoration of any access roads not required beyond the towards biodiversity and (Project) including globally construction phase ecosystem services threatened resident and conservation Restriction of movement of vehicles and operation of heavy migratory avifaunal • machinery to pre-designated routes species Restriction of construction activities to daytime hours • Increase in risk of injury • or death through • Avoidance of artificial illumination during night-time diversion, entrapment, • Avoidance or damping of construction noise and vibrations to collision or electrocution the maximum extent possible with respect to globally • Institution of efficient systems for containment and disposal threatened resident and of waste or spillage migratory and/or congregatory avifaunal • Prohibition of harvesting of water, fuelwood or wild foods species (including fauna) by construction labour • Loss of or hindrance in • Use of seamed paving instead of contiguous concrete access to priority surfaces to reduce hindrance to rain-water percolation provisioning • Organization of solar panelling into discrete clusters, to (pasture/fodder) minimize contiguous reflective surface ecosystem services for • Installation of bird-deflectors on overhead transmission the local pastoral cables to minimize collision-risk to aerially moving fauna community • Undergrounding of internal transmission cabling to avoid • Loss or degradation of collision-risk to aerially moving fauna cultural ecosystem • Insulation of all project-related electrical components to avoid services with respect to electrocution risk to fauna the local community • Creation of proportionate set-asides or alternative access to off-set residual impacts on biodiversity and priority ecosystem services. Biodiversity and • Fragmentation of aerial • Monitoring for estimating bird collision risk and identifying • Trainings for site Ecosystem habitat space potentially high bird use sites or critical avian habitats before and after personnel, Services used by globally establishment of the transmission line contractors and (External threatened resident, • Opting for undergrounding of the transmission line in areas of labour to sensitize Transmission migratory and/or critical avian habitats towards biodiversity Line) congregatory avifaunal Re-routing of the transmission line to avoid critical avian and ecosystem species. • habitats services • Increase in risk of injury Major Moderate conservation Minimization of the span of the transmission line to increase or death by collision or • visibility electrocution with respect to globally threatened • Insulation of phase conductors to avoid electrocution risk resident, migratory and/or • Installation of line markers on power lines to increase congregatory avifaunal visibility species • Opting for horizontal configuration of power lines • Minimization of vertical configuration of power lines

Electro Solaire Private Limited AECOM

ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

S. N. Aspects Impacts Impact Mitigation/ Control Measures Impact Intensity Monitoring/ Training Intensity with Mitigation Requirements • Opting for bundling/clustering of multiconductor transmission lines • Installation of line-markers on power lines to increase visibility • Increasing diameter of shield wires to increase visibility • Opting for blinking lights instead of steady-burning lights where required • Restriction of human activity around the transmission line corridor to avoid sudden avian flights in high bird use areas

Local Economy • The project will lead to increase • Efforts should be made to ensure that maximum proportion of the • Informal training to EPC (EPC in local employment demand for manpower and materials is met locally through Contractor on the need Contractor) opportunities and increased Minor contractors and vendors. Moderate for local sourcing of demand for materials and manpower and materials. services through local contracting.

Electro Solaire Private Limited AECOM

ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

Table 8-3: ESMP during Operation Phase S. Aspects Impacts Impact Mitigation/ Control Measures Impact Intensity Monitoring/ Training N. Intensity with Mitigation Requirements

1. Aesthetics and Visual • Visual and landscape impacts • The solar panels to be installed at a low height and to be • Visual inspection of solar due to presence of Solar kept closer to the ground so that it does not pop out of the panels and ensure that Panels Minor general landscape of the area. Minor panels are not pop out of the • The panels to be arranged in a systematic manner which general landscape of the will give an aesthetic sense to it. area

2. Impact on Soil and • Contamination of land and • Disturbance to soil from repair and maintenance activity will • Periodic checking of solid Water Quality soil; be limited and will ensure proper restoration of soil wherever and hazardous waste • Impacts due to improper excavation is undertaken. storage areas, fuel storage waste handling • Options of buyback agreements for defunct panels and for areas, chemical storage replacement and disposal of transformer oil by the supplier areas for checking in are to be explored, otherwise arrangements for disposal of spillage or leakages from defunct panels and waste oil to authorized recyclers are to these areas be made. • Fuel and used oil will be stored in demarcated storage areas with adequate secondary containment and appropriate Moderate capacity. Spill control and prevention mechanism will be Minor developed, and all the staff will be trained. • If the solar panels are washed with chemicals, it should be ensured that the chemicals are non-hazardous and biodegradable; • Storage of oil/chemicals shall be undertaken on paved impervious surface and secondary containment shall be provided for fuel storage tanks; • During the washing and maintenance of the solar panels adequate storage area shall be designed to collect the washed water.

3. Water Availability • Depletion of water resources • Rooftop rainwater harvesting system will be provided within • Maintaining water due to project water demand the plant premises. The water harvested will be stored at the consumption records on Site and will be used for module cleaning instead of daily basis; Narmada Canal water. • Prepare programme for • The site office shall be provided with sewage line and the water recycling and reuse collected sewage shall be channelized to a septic tank with and minimize Narmada Major soak pit arrangement. Moderate Canal Water • If the solar panels are washed with chemicals, it should be ensured that the chemicals are non-hazardous in nature. • Fuel and used oil will be stored in demarcated storage areas with adequate secondary containment and appropriate capacity. Spill control and prevention mechanism will be developed, and all the staff will be trained.

Electro Solaire Private Limited AECOM

ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

S. Aspects Impacts Impact Mitigation/ Control Measures Impact Intensity Monitoring/ Training N. Intensity with Mitigation Requirements 4. Occupational Health • Electrocution • Regular electrical safety training to workers with safety • Labour engaged for working and Safety of Workers • Fire due to short-circuit procedures and other safety requirements that pertain to at height should be trained their respective job assignments; for temporary fall • Possible injuries associated with working at height • Implement Lock out/ Tag Out (LOTO) system; • All the workers should be made aware of the possible • Diseases due to unhygienic • Use work equipment or other methods to prevent a fall from occupational risks/hazards condition occurring. Collective protection systems, such as edge protection or guardrails, should be implemented before by the way of an OHS resorting to individual fall arrest equipment. In addition, training/awareness program safety nets or airbags can be used to minimize the • An accident reporting, and consequences of a fall should it occur. monitoring record should be • Loading and unloading operation of equipment should be maintained done under the supervision of a trained professional. • Proper hygienic and • All materials will be arranged in a systematic manner with scientific sanitation facilities proper labelling and without protrusion or extension onto the for all the labourer’s working Moderate Minor access corridor. in the site with spate exclusive arrangements for • Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs) e.g., shock resistant men & women to ensure the rubber gloves, shoes, other protective gear etc. should be privacy and dignity of all provided to workers handling electricity and related individuals components and monitored that they are used by the employees • GRM is properly maintained and followed on site. • The transformer yard should be provided with fire extinguishers and sand buckets at all strategic locations to • Contractor should inform the deal with any incident of fire; and labour about Emergency Preparedness Plan (EMP) • There should be arrangement for hygienic and scientific and communication system sanitation facilities for all the labourers working in the site. to be followed during • An accident reporting, and monitoring record shall be emergency situation. maintained. • Ensure proper sanitation facilities.

5. Biodiversity and • Loss, degradation or • Restriction of movement of vehicles to pre-designated • Trainings for site personnel, Ecosystem Services fragmentation of habitat routes contractors and labour to (Project) for habitat-specialist • Restriction of maintenance activities to daytime hours sensitize towards species, possibly • Avoidance of artificial illumination during night-time biodiversity and ecosystem including globally • Institution of efficient systems for containment and disposal services conservation threatened resident and of waste or spillage • Monitoring in and around the migratory avifaunal Moderate • Prohibition of harvesting of water, fuelwood or wild foods Minor Project Site to document species (including fauna) by site employees effectiveness of mitigation • Increase in risk of injury • Seasonal orientation of solar panelling to minimize albedo measures, including set- or death through with respect to wildlife habitats (including any corridors) in asides and offset plantations diversion, entrapment, the vicinity collision or • Maintenance of bird-deflectors on any overhead internal electrocution with transmission cables to reduce collision-risk to aerially moving fauna

Electro Solaire Private Limited AECOM

ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

S. Aspects Impacts Impact Mitigation/ Control Measures Impact Intensity Monitoring/ Training N. Intensity with Mitigation Requirements respect to globally • Maintenance of insulation on electrical components to threatened resident and minimize electrocution risk to fauna migratory and/or congregatory avifaunal species • Loss of or hindrance in access to priority provisioning (pasture/fodder) ecosystem services for the local pastoral community • Loss or degradation of cultural ecosystem services with respect to the local community

6. Biodiversity and • Fragmentation of aerial • Maintenance of line-markers or insulation installed on • Trainings for site personnel, Ecosystem Services habitat integrity for habitat- power lines to minimize electrocution risk to fauna contractors and labour to (Transmission Line) specialist species, possibly • Restriction of human activity around the transmission line sensitize towards including globally threatened corridor to avoid sudden avian flights in high bird use areas biodiversity and ecosystem resident, migratory and/or services conservation congregatory avifaunal • Monitoring in the species Major Moderate Transmission Line Corridor • Increase in risk of injury or to document effectiveness death by collision or of collision and electrocution with respect to electrocution mitigation globally threatened resident, measures migratory and/or congregatory avifaunal species 7. Employment • Most of the manpower • Specific clauses facilitating the employment of local youths • Review of a monthly Opportunities requirement in the unskilled should be incorporated into the EPC contract agreement statement prepared by the and semi-skilled categories between ESPL and the EPC contractor. EPC/ O&M Contractor will be sourced from the highlighting the details of the local area and will comprise manpower employed – of youth from the Minor Moderate location-wise, skill-wise neighbouring villages; and • Employment of local youths in the project-specific construction/ operation activities will positively

Electro Solaire Private Limited AECOM

ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

S. Aspects Impacts Impact Mitigation/ Control Measures Impact Intensity Monitoring/ Training N. Intensity with Mitigation Requirements contribute to the livelihood of the local villages.

Electro Solaire Private Limited AECOM

ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

Table 8-4: ESMP during Decommissioning Phase S. N. Aspects Impacts Impact Mitigation/ Control Measures Impact Intensity Monitoring/ Training Intensity with Mitigation Requirements 1. Environment • Issue of loss of job when • The proponent shall inform the workers and local community about the • Waste Management and the workers will be asked to duration of work; Plan for Occupational leave; • The workers shall be clearly informed about the expected schedule and Decommissioning Health and • Improper disposal of completion of each activity; activities; Safety demolition waste and • All waste generated from decommissioning phase shall be collected and • Training records to obsolete machineries will disposed off at the nearest municipal disposal site; workers; lead to contamination of • Sprinkling of water is being carried out to suppress dust from • Waste Disposal soil and discontent of decommissioning activities and transport movement; Records; community; • All necessary PPEs shall be used by the workers during demolition work; • OHS programmes • Demolition activity is and procedures • ESPL will be committed to ensure all health and safety measures are in place anticipated to generate dust confirming IFC PS-2 and exhaust emissions to prevent accidents and/or reduce the consequences of non-conformance which can be carried events; downwind to habitations; • Institution of suitable training modules for project personnel and labour • Risks associated with contractors involved in the dismantling process to ensure avoidance or health and safety issues minimization of solar panel damage as far as possible and adherence to such as trip and fall, appropriate decontamination protocols in the event of any unavoidable electrical hazard etc.; damage and adhere to proper safe disposal methods. • The decommissioning Appropriate OHS programme and procedures are also expected to be in place to activities of dismantling the align with the local regulations, as well as IFC PS-2. The procedure will include, solar power plant and Moderate Minor removing the ancillary at minimum, the following measures: facilities can lead to increased noise levels; • Develop and implement a health and safety plan to follow throughout all phases of a project; • During the dismantling of the solar power plant, • Provide occupation health and safety orientation training to all employees visual intrusions will be consisting of basic hazard awareness, site-specific hazards, safe working likely by removal of practices, and emergency procedures; ancillary facilities, but their • The contractors will be committed to ensure that all Health and Safety consequence will be measures are in place to prevent accidents and reduce the consequences of negligible due to fact that non-conformance events; such impact would be • The contractors will provide training, awareness and supervision to ensure all temporary (over a short of its construction workers comply with the OHS procedures; period); • The contractor will provide appropriate resources i.e. PPE to workers on Site; • Depending on the type and used, photovoltaic cells • An emergency response procedure and infrastructure will be available on may contain toxic Site to ensure provision of first aid for personnel in case of emergency. substances such as gallium arsenide, copper-indium- gallium-selenide and cadmium telluride. If any

Electro Solaire Private Limited AECOM

ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

S. N. Aspects Impacts Impact Mitigation/ Control Measures Impact Intensity Monitoring/ Training Intensity with Mitigation Requirements solar panel is damaged during dismantling of the facility, these toxins are likely to spill and leach into the soil and water of the area, posing threat to environmental and public health; • If the solar panels are not handled or disposed of appropriately during the decommissioning phase, any toxic substances contained within them are likely to escape into the surrounding air, water or soil, creating serious environmental and public health risks.

2. Improper • Top Soil Loss • Provide appropriate storage of top soil in an isolated and covered area to • The workforce shall Waste • Contamination of land and prevent its loss in high wind and runoff. be sensitized to Disposal soil by hazardous waste • Demolition debris would be properly transported in trucks outside the site with handling and storage of hazardous • Soil Contamination cover to prevent spillage and contamination of local soil substances viz. fuel • Re-vegetation done in the area after the completion of demolition and oil, machine oil/fluid dismantling work in order to reduce the risk of soil erosion. etc. • In case of any accidental spill, the soil will be cut and stored securely for • The workers disposal with hazardous waste. engaged in handling • Store hazardous material (like used oil) in isolated room with impervious Major Moderate hazardous surface. Filling and transfer of oil to and from the container shall be on substances shall be impervious surface. briefed about the • Hazardous wastes, when accumulated, be disposed to facilities registered possible hazards and with the GPCB. the need to prevent • Mini Spill Kit shall be provided at site to counter any spill incident. contamination. • Cleared or disturbed areas would be rehabilitated as soon as possible to prevent erosion. • Used and broken Solar panels shall be collected at a designated place and sent back to the manufacture.

3. Biodiversity • Loss, degradation or • Restoration of the natural vegetation of the Project Site • Trainings for and Ecosystem fragmentation of • Conservation of the natural topography and drainage in and around the site managers, Moderate Minor Services habitat for habitat- Project Site contractors (Project) specialist species, and labour to

Electro Solaire Private Limited AECOM

ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

S. N. Aspects Impacts Impact Mitigation/ Control Measures Impact Intensity Monitoring/ Training Intensity with Mitigation Requirements possibly including • Minimization of number, length and width of access roads, followed by sensitize globally threatened restoration of land under the footprint of access roads towards resident and • Restriction of movement of vehicles and operation of heavy machinery biodiversity migratory avifaunal to pre-designated routes and ecosystem species • Restriction of decommissioning activities to daytime hours services • Increase in risk of • Avoidance of artificial illumination during night-time conservation injury or death • Avoidance or damping of construction noise and vibrations to the through diversion, maximum extent possible entrapment, collision • Institution of efficient systems for containment and disposal of waste or or electrocution with spillage respect to globally • Prohibition of harvesting of water, fuelwood or wild foods (including threatened resident fauna) by labour and migratory and/or • Meticulous removal and sensitive disposal of solar panels and other waste, congregatory following the best prescribed practices avifaunal species • Loss of or hindrance in access to priority provisioning (pasture/fodder) ecosystem services for the local pastoral community • Loss or degradation of cultural ecosystem services with respect to the local community

4. Biodiversity • Fragmentation of aerial • Restoration of the land-use in the Transmission Line Corridor • Trainings for site and Ecosystem habitat integrity for habitat- • Restriction of movement of vehicles and operation of heavy machinery managers, Services specialist species, to pre-designated routes contractors (Transmission possibly including globally • Restriction of decommissioning activities to daytime hours and labour to Line) threatened resident, • Avoidance of artificial illumination during night-time sensitize towards migratory and/or • Avoidance or damping of noise and vibrations to the maximum extent biodiversity and congregatory avifaunal possible ecosystem services species Moderate • Prohibition of harvesting of water, fuelwood or wild foods (including Minor conservation • Increase in risk of injury or fauna) by labour death by collision with • Meticulous removal and sensitive disposal of transmission line respect to globally components and other waste, following the best prescribed practices threatened resident, migratory and/or congregatory avifaunal species

Electro Solaire Private Limited AECOM

ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

S. N. Aspects Impacts Impact Mitigation/ Control Measures Impact Intensity Monitoring/ Training Intensity with Mitigation Requirements

5. Labour Rights • Approximately 30 % of the • The workers should be aware of their rights and benefits due to them so that • Periodic/ surprise and Welfare total manpower, especially no issues emerge; audits and checks in the skilled and highly • Adequate sanitation, drinking water and waste disposal facilities should be skilled categories to be provided to all workers on site as well; employed during the • The project shall ensure that no child or forced labour is engaged by construction phase i.e. 180 Minor contractors and all wage payments are done without any discriminations or Moderate – 200 will be sourced from delays by the contractors; and outside the project. • Grievance Redressal Mechanism for workers should be developed and communicated to the workers so that the workers can approach the management if any concerns or issues are faced by them without any fear of retribution or intimidation.

Electro Solaire Private Limited AECOM

ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

8.7.2 Waste Management Plan All project generated wastes will need to be managed and disposed of in a manner to prevent potential impacts on the environment and risks to human health. A Waste Management Plan (WMP) for the proposed project has been developed.

The construction, operation and decommissioning phase of the proposed project will generate various type of waste which will need appropriate collection, transportation, primary treatment and disposal. Hence, to serve the purpose, a Waste Management Plan has been formulated to demonstrate:

• Inventorization of waste in different type of categories like garbage, rubbish, hazardous waste etc.;

• Maintain the site in a clean and tidy state to reduce the attraction of pest species, impacts on the local environment and negative impacts on visual amenity; and

• Suggestion of options for waste handling and disposal during construction and operation phase of the project.

The plan shall be applicable to the ESPL and O&M Contractor engaged by ESPL for the proposed project. The elements of the plan will be directly implemented by the O&M staff deployed on site while overall management and responsibility will lie with ESPL. 8.7.2.1 Waste Type and Quantity Generated All wastes generated from the project will be categorised as either non-hazardous or hazardous following an assessment of the hazard potentials of the material, in line with local and national requirements.

Construction Phase

The waste will generate from construction activities like site clearing, levelling etc. Other categories of waste will be produced daily and comprise of the following:

• Scrap metal;

• Soil waste;

• Food waste from kitchen premises of labour accommodation;

• Construction debris;

• Broken or damaged solar panels; and

• Sewage from temporary toilets.

The operation phase will require the use of hazardous materials such as diesel or petrol to cater the fuel equipment and vehicles and maintain equipment. The following hazardous wastes will also be produced from construction activities.

• Oily rags;

• Used oil and oil filters - from generators or vehicle maintenance; and

• Scrap and packaging material.

Operation Phase

Operations and maintenance of the PV power facility is not expected to generate any significant amount of waste. PV panels, array enclosures and inverter/transformer enclosures will not produce waste during operation except the following:

• Defunct solar panels;

• Broken solar panels generated during cleaning and other maintenance activities; • Fuel requirements like greasing, transformer oil, and

• Oily rags

Electro Solaire Private Limited AECOM

ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

Decommissioning Phase

Waste generated during decommissioning phase of the project will generate:

• Demolition waste; and

• Obsolete Machinery 8.7.2.2 Waste Management, Handling and Disposal Damaged panels would need to be characterized and managed as hazardous waste. Following measures to be taken for management of waste:

• A buy back agreement for defunct solar panels is required by ESPL / O&M contractor;

• A designated area needs to be demarcated within the module premises for storage of defunct and broken solar panels with restricted access and on impervious surface;

• All fuel storage should be equipped with secondary containment and spillage trays;

• It is to be ensured that hazardous waste (defunct/broken solar panels, used oil, oily rags etc.) is disposed of through GPCB authorized vendor/ recycler;

• Transportation of defunct solar panels is required to be undertaken as per the procedures specified by the Manufacture of Solar Panels.

• Proper PPEs are to be provided to the workers handling the broken solar panels;

• The workers at site are also on regular basis appraised about the potential health risks associated with handling of solar panels.

8.7.3 Storm Water Management Plan The purpose of Storm Water Management Plan (SWMP) is to ensure prevention and control of any adverse impact caused by un-regulated storm water runoff from the main plant to the nearby natural drainage channels, surface water bodies, public and private properties.

Following measures will be taken as part of the Storm Water Management Plan:

• The peripheral drains will be provided outside the plant boundary during construction phase, which will prevent the silt contaminated surface run-off from site to enter into the adjoining lands.

• No surface run-off from within the solar power plant site will be directly discharged into any nallah/water body.

• Rain water collected from the project site will be used to recharge the ground water through onsite rain water harvesting tank/pits.

• Avoidance of disturbance of flows into natural watercourses i.e. provision should be made for temporary or permanent measures that allow for attenuation, control of velocities and capturing of sediment upstream of natural watercourses.

8.7.4 Occupational Health and Safety Plan OHSP provides a guidance document for identifying the potential risks involved in a project operation. This section provides the OHSP applicable to the proposed project, during operation phase of the proposed project. This section also covers the training requirements and safe work practices to be followed onsite to manage various risks involved during the operation phase of the project.

The occupational health and safety plan (OHSP) will address the following:

• Evaluation and Identification of hazards;

• Defining responsibilities to prevent risks; • Elimination and removal of hazards;

• Control of Hazards which cannot be eliminated; and

• Recovery from accidents.

Electro Solaire Private Limited AECOM

ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

8.7.4.1 Risk Assessment Risk assessment is an important step in protecting workers. ESPL / O&M Contractor shall ensure a risk assessment to be performed by a competent person before commencement of operations on site. Such an assessment shall as a minimum:

• identify the risks and hazards to which persons may be exposed to;

• analyze and evaluate the identified risks and hazards;

• document a plan of safe work procedures, including the use of any personal protective equipment or clothing and the undertaking of periodic “tool box talks” or inductions before undertaking hazardous work, to mitigate, reduce or control the risks and hazards that have been identified;

• provide a monitoring plan; and

• provide a review plan.

Risk assessment includes:

• Identification of hazards, discuss with workers and employees actually working at site, check manufacturer’s instructions or data sheets for chemicals and equipment, review accident and ill-health records, long-term hazards to health (e.g. high levels of noise or exposure to harmful substances) as well as safety hazards etc.;

• Identify who may be harmed and what type of injury or ill health might occur;

• Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions to protect people from harm. Consider if the hazard can be eliminated and controlled so that harm is unlikely. 8.7.4.2 Control Measures Operation of a solar power project involves many on job hazards which need to be identified and eliminated or minimized to an expectable level in order to achieve a safe and healthy work environment. Following control measures can be implemented to prevent risks identified on project site:

• Organize work to reduce exposure to the hazard;

• Identification of unsafe working conditions, e.g., falls, electrical hazards, heat/cold stress.

• Provide personal protective equipment (e.g. clothing, footwear, goggles etc.);

• Provide welfare facilities (e.g. First aid and washing facilities for removal of contamination);

• Implementation of LOTO; and

• Record the findings by writing down the findings of the risk assessment. 8.7.4.3 Training Requirements ESPL to ensure that every employee / worker (direct or contractual) is aware of the EHS risks associated with the work being carried out at the site and is trained and competent in the relevant work practices and maintenance procedures. ESPL shall also establish procedures to identify training needs and provide adequate safety training for all levels of employees including contractors. The safety training should provide staff with the knowledge and skills necessary for organising and managing occupational safety and health programmes; team leaders with leadership skills and knowledge to lead, implement and apply occupational safety and health activities; and workers with the knowledge, skills and right attitudes to enable them to work safely. Training proposed for the project includes but not limited to:

• Induction Training on Health and Safety covering

• HSE policy;

• Hazards and risks associated with operation and workplace;

• Control measure to eliminate or minimize HSE risks, including safe working systems and procedures; use of personal protective equipment; action to be carried out during emergency;

• Emergency response procedures, such as firefighting and evacuation procedure;

• Tool Box Training or pre-task briefings, highlighting hazards and the method of dealing with them;

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ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

• Special Job Hazard Training including entry into confined space and another hazardous environment; and

• Training on first aid 8.7.4.4 Documentation and Record Keeping ESPL should maintain data and records concerning the identification of hazards, assessment and control of risks of the ongoing activities. The document should establish and maintain procedures for controlling all relevant EHS documents and data. Such documents can include but not limited to:

• EHS Policy;

• Hazard Identification Records;

• Risk Register;

• Licenses, Certificates, Permits;

• Control Methods including process control and machine design, safe work procedures, in-house work rules;

• Design Drawings;

• Organization Structure;

• HSE group meeting records;

• Training Records;

• Drill Reports;

• Inspection and Audit Records;

• Incident/ Accident Records; and

• Medical and Health Surveillance Records

ESPL should communicate and inform any person affected by risks about:

• The nature of risks involved; and

• The control measures or safe work procedures to be taken to address the risks involved.

The risk assessment should be reviewed and revised upon the occurrence of any injuries to any person as a result of exposure to a hazard in the workplace; or where there is a significant change in work practices or procedures.

8.7.5 Contract Worker Accommodation Plan As indicated earlier, approximately 600 – 700 workers will be engaged during the peak construction phase of the project estimated to span between 2 – 3 months. Out of the total workers engaged during the construction phase, approximately 30 % i.e. 180 – 200 will be migrant workers from neighbouring states. The migrant workers will be hired specifically for skilled and highly skilled activities for which availability of local labour is limited. Discussions with the site representative, the project team of ESPL and review of documents shared by ESPL indicate that the migrant workers will be provided accommodation in a Labour camp proposed to be set up at a distance of approximately 1 km from the project site. The total capacity of the labour camp will be to accommodation approximately 400 workers in 80 rooms i.e. 4-5 workers per room. The basic amenities to be provided in the labour camp such as drinking water, toilets, electrical fittings etc. have been illustrated by ESPL in the form of dedicated documents that were shared for review by the AECOM team. It is to be noted that the Labour camps along with their operation and maintenance will be the responsibility of the EPC Contractor. However, the principal employer i.e. ESPL will be responsible for periodic auditing and review of the labour camp in order to ensure compliance with national laws and the ADB reference framework pertaining to labour camps.

The guidelines/ principles to be followed while undertaking the various key activities during the construction and operations of the labour camp by the EPC Contractor are as follows: -

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ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

8.7.5.1 Designed/ Construction standard

• The height of the rooms should at least be 10 feet;

• The floor should be constructed from PCC Brick work in cement mortar and cement pointing with truss supporting roof or Prefabricated Insulated plastic-coated sheets;

• The minimum area of each room should be 22.5 square mtrs and the minimum area per person should be 3.5 square mtrs;

• Maximum 6 numbers of people should be provided accommodation in one room and all of them should belong to the same gender;

• Separate room should be provided to family members;

• There should be separate entry for Bachelors and workers living with their family members in order to ensure privacy of the family members of the workers;

• All rooms should be provided with at least one window for ventilation and adequate illumination;

• External lighting should be provided in the camp area to allow persons to move safely during the night time;

• Toilets/ drains should be connected to the septic tank and cleaning of the septic tank should be ensured regularly;

• Before construction of the Labour Camp, fire safety assessment should be done of the proposed site by qualified Fire Safety Personnel and all the suggests proposed therein should be incorporated while construction of the Labour Camp;

• Electrical safety norms should be adhered to ensure electrical safety in the Labour Camp e.g. earthing, MCBs, wiring as per electrical load etc.;

• Adequate drinking water should be provided as per generic standards and the same should be monitored on a monthly basis; and

• Sanitation and drainage should be ensured in order to maintain proper hygiene in the Labour Camp.

8.7.5.2 Drinking water

• All containers used for distribution of water shall be clearly marked ‘Drinking Water Only’ or equivalent and are not to be used for any other purpose;

• Portable containers used for dispensing of drinking water shall have right fitting lids and equipped with a tap. These containers should be kept clean and free from contamination;

• Tanker trucks used for transporting portable water shall be clearly identified and shall not be used for any other purpose;

• Outlets dispensing non-drinking water – for washing, bathing and toilets shall be marked ‘caution – water unfit for drinking and cooking’; and

• Drinking water should meet national/ local drinking water standards.

8.7.5.3 Toilet/ Washing/ Showering Facilities

• Adequate toilet/ washing/ showering facilities should be provided in the Labour Camp. The number of toilets and showering facilities will depend on the size of the Labour Camp and the number of workers being accommodated therein;

• Toilet/ Washing facilities should be provided as required to maintain healthy and sanitary conditions in the Labour Camp. Such facilities should be properly maintained and provided with potable water and drainage to prevent pooling of water; and

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ESIA of 200 MW Solar Power Project

• The areas shall be checked and cleaned daily by a crew comprising of Sanitation workers. Disinfection of floors, sinks and toilet bowls should be carried out by the EPC Contractor.

8.7.5.4 Hygiene and housekeeping

• High standard of hygiene and housekeeping shall always be maintained in the Labour Camp;

• The disposal of waste shall be done regularly as required and disposed of in accordance with the applicable local and national regulations;

• Containers for waste materials shall be placed in all areas and cleaned on a regular basis;

• Rubbish should not be dumped or disposed of indiscriminately but shall be stored in sealed rubbish bags at designated collection points for removal by the sanitary crew for disposal;

• No open fires shall be allowed within the Labour Camp; and

• Pest control measures should be in place to control insects and this should include flogging and spraying during the mosquito breeding season.

8.7.5.5 First aid/ Medical facilities

Access to adequate medical facilities is important to maintain workers’ health and to provide adequate responses in case of health emergency situations. The availability or level of medical facilities provided in the Labour Camp/ Worker’s accommodation is likely to depend on the number of workers living on site, the medical facilities already existing in the neighbouring communities and the availability of transport. However, first aid must always be available in the Labour Camp.

8.7.5.6 Audit and Inspection

EPC Contractor and the caretaker of the Labour Camp shall make a weekly inspection and record the observations along with any required corrective actions.

The EPC Contractor Site-in-Charge will inspect the Camp on a monthly basis along with the Site representative and the Project HR representative of ESPL. The proposed inspection should use the points illustrated in this document as a guiding tool.

Non-conformances identified must be corrected within the agreed timeline.

Non compliances observed during the audit will attract penalty which will be decided by the Project Manager in line with the terms and conditions of the EPC Contract.

8.7.6 Traffic Management Plan

Traffic of more than daily average is anticipated during project decommissioning phase. A Traffic Management Plan is however, required for the management of traffic due to movement of vehicles for transport of equipment and material. Additional traffic on the village road can be managed by measures mentioned below.

8.7.6.1 Management Measures

• Only trained drivers with valid license shall be recruited by ESPL/ Contractor for transfer of material during decommission phase; • Training program for all the drivers, regarding awareness about road safety and adopting best transport and traffic safety procedures shall be provided before initiation of the decommissioning activities;

• Mitigation measures such as emphasizing on safety amongst drivers, adopting limits for trip duration and arranging driver roster to avoid overtiredness and avoiding dangerous routes and times of day to reduce risk of accident shall also be implemented;

• Regular maintenance of vehicles and use of manufacturer approved parts should be adopted to minimize potentially serious accidents caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure;

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• The villagers shall be made aware about the schedule prior to the movement of trucks and transportation in the project area.

8.7.7 Environment and Social Monitoring Plan 8.7.7.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan Regular monitoring of environmental aspects during the project operations phase is important to assess the status of environment with respect to baseline conditions. The monitored data can serve as an indicator for any change in environmental quality due to the project activities, and further to take adequate mitigation measures to safeguard the environment.

Monitoring indicators have been developed for each of the activity considering the mitigation measures proposed. Monitoring results would be documented, analysed and reported internally. Monitoring requirements (including monitoring frequency) have been presented in Table 8-5.

Table 8-5 Environmental Monitoring Plan

S. No. Environmental Monitoring Parameters Frequency of Responsibility Attribute Monitoring

1. Ambient Air Every Six Months Site Manager Measurement of PM , PM , SO , NO , CO Quality 10 2.5 x x

2. Ambient Noise Every Six Months Site Manager Measurement of Noise Pressure Level in dB(A) quality

3. Soil Quality Physico-chemical parameters monitored for Every Six Months Site Manager baseline data collection

4. Water Physico-chemical parameters monitored for Surface Every Six Months Site Manager Resources and Ground water baseline data collection

Water meter readings to be maintained on daily Monthly Site Manager basis

5. Waste Waste inventory for both hazardous and non- Weekly Site Manager hazardous waste, Waste Labelling, storage and disposal records Visual inspection for spilling/ leakages in the waste storage area

Agreements with vendors for waste collection and Every Six Months Site Manager storage for both hazardous and non- hazardous waste

6. Ecological Visual inspection of the site area for death or injury Weekly Site Manager of any higher faunal species due to electrocution,

habitat disturbances due to project activities. Inspection of site area for any spillage of waste materials and possibility of their mixing into natural Monthly water resources.

8.7.7.2 Social and Health and Safety Monitoring Plan Working conditions on site with respect to health and safety of the workers and concerns from the communities are required to be monitored regularly to ensure the positive impacts of the mitigation and management measures taken for the anticipated impacts.

Table 8-6 Social and Health and Safety Monitoring Plan

S. No. Attribute Monitoring Parameter Monitoring Responsibility Frequency

8. Health and Safety • Sanitation status of onsite office building Monthly Site Manager Risks • Potable nature of drinking water with respect to BIS drinking water standards 10500:2012; • Usage of adequate PPEs; • Electromagnetic field

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S. No. Attribute Monitoring Parameter Monitoring Responsibility Frequency • Adequate Health and Safety Training to workers • Fire Safety measures on site • Incident/ Accident Records • Permit to Work Records • LOTO records

8.7.7.3 Monitoring Plan during Decommissioning Phase Following aspects are required to be monitored throughout during the decommission phase, regularly by the Site Manager.

• Local community and workers shall be informed for the duration of works;

• All waste generated from decommissioning phase shall be collected and disposed of to the authorized vendor;

• All necessary PPEs shall be used by the workers during demolition work;

• Vehicle maintenance records, accident records

• Visual inspection of waste storage area;

• Broken/defunct solar panels shall be disposed of to authorized vendor through buy back agreements;

• It is to be ensured that dismantling is carried out during non-monsoon season and all the drainage channels will keep intact by creating bunds around them;

• ESPL should ensure that retrenchment packages are provided for all staff who stand to lose their jobs when the plant is decommissioned.

8.7.8 Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan The primary objective of formulating Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan (EPRP) is to undertake immediate rescue and relief operations and stabilize the mitigation process as quickly as possible. The main parameters of a response plan based on such mechanism include:

• Identification and declaration of potential emergencies;

• Signal/warning mechanism;

• Activities and their Levels;

• Command and control structure;

• Individual roles and responsibilities of each specified authority to achieve the activation as per response time;

• Emergency procedures;

• Alternate plans & contingency measures; and

• Co-ordination with external parties 8.7.8.1 Responsibilities The Site EHS Coordinator will be responsible for implementing this procedure, which includes

• Ensuring that the emergency preparedness measures are in place;

• Providing training to the personnel at site regarding reporting of the emergencies, and to site office personnel regarding response to emergency calls from the site personnel, • Direct action-and co-ordination at the time of an emergency

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8.7.8.2 Identification of Emergencies All the anticipated hazards and risks associated with each project activity, which may lead to an emergency are identified in the section, along with the required actions to be taken before or after the emergency arises. This section identifies the hazardous areas and activities in the operation phases. Probable emergencies that might arise due to these hazards for the duration of the project have been listed below.

Hazardous Areas

Following potentially hazardous areas and activities have been identified at the construction site:

• Fuel storage areas

• Electrical installations – improper laying of cables

• Switch Yard

• Transformer Area

• Hazardous waste storage area

• Broken/ defunct panel storage area

Emergency Situations

The possible emergency situations identified for the operation phases of the Project are as listed below:

Fire and Explosion

• Leakage of fuel from storage areas; and

• Short-circuit at project site.

Mechanical and Electrical Hazards

• Accidentally dropped object;

• Electrocution.

Occupational Hazards

• Handling of chemicals;

• Electrocution;

• Accidents due to vehicle movement; and

• Vandalism. 8.7.8.3 Declaration of Emergencies Level 1 (Minor Emergency) All events with no escalation potential and which can be controlled and contained by the action of Safety Officer at the site will be considered as Level 1. In such cases of local alert, Site EHS Manager will be notified. Some typical incidents are:

• Vehicle collision (involving no loss of life);

• Equipment damage;

• Medical Evacuation (not very serious cases);

• Minor fires.

Level 2 (Serious Emergency)

All events with escalation potential, depending on the effectiveness of the local response will be considered as Level 2. These incidents may impact the entire project operations or have cascading effect. For such type of incidents Site Manager will take the lead. Some typical incidents are:

• Substantial security incident / Vandalism;

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• Structural collapse;

• Minor Flooding;

• Serious damage to structures;

• Substantial fire; and

• Cultural conflict.

Level 3 (Major Emergency)

The crisis that requires assistance from external resources in order to save lives, minimize damage and to bring the abnormal situation back under control are Level 3 emergencies. These incidents have the potential to impact beyond the project footprints and affect the community. In such cases appropriate government / regulatory authorities will be informed and involved. Some typical Level 3 incidents are:

• Major fire/explosion;

• Fatality;

• Severe flooding.

Personnel on site will know that a Major Emergency has been declared if the site fire alarm siren and /or the local fire alarm systems are activated. The Emergency Siren Modes will be demonstrated and shared with all workers to identify with them.

Level 2 and level 3 will be declared using emergency siren and evacuation shall be done. 8.7.8.4 Emergency Equipment The following points should be implemented to tackle emergency situations:

• Onsite emergency equipment such as first aid boxes, firefighting equipment, PPEs etc. shall be maintained at project site;

• The adequacy and availability of emergency equipment shall be assessed at periodic intervals by the EHS Manager;

• Inventory and locations of respective emergency equipment shall be displayed at project office building and other work areas;

• It is to be ensured that the site staff is trained on usage of each type of emergency equipment.

First Aid Boxes

First aid boxes shall be provided at identified locations within the plant premises. A first aid box shall contain, but not limited to the following articles:

• Cotton wool

• Sterile gauze

• Antiseptic lotion

• Box of adhesive dressing (Plasters) for small wounds

• Blunt-ended scissors

• Tweezers for removing splinters

• Triangular bandages (for making a sling or emergency bandage)

• Safety pins

• Sterile eye dressings

• Crepe bandages • Aspirin/ Paracetamol tablets

• Skin creams for treating burns

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• Anti-histamine cream for insect bites and stings

Fire Fighting Equipment

During operation phase, fire extinguishers and sand buckets shall be provided at critical areas such as fuel storage area, waste storage area, areas with electrical installations and project office.

Other firefighting systems to be installed should include:

• Heavy-duty ABC powder type fire extinguishers kept at important electrical equipment areas;

• Portable CO2 extinguishers provided throughout the plant

Provision of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Onsite workers and site staff should be provided with adequate number of personal protective equipment (PPEs) to deal with emergency situations. The PPEs shall be stored at the designated Emergency Control Centre (ECC) in the plant premises and will be easily accessible during times of emergency. Training of proper use of PPEs shall be provided to all working personnel on periodic basis.

Assembly Area

Safe assembly area shall be identified and marked and employees to be instructed to gather at the assembly area during emergencies.

Codification of Sirens

The following codes of siren will be following during emergencies:

Table 8-7 Codification of Siren S. No. Siren Indicate Authority

9. 120 seconds Continuous Whelming ON SITE EMERGENCY (ALERT) for Plant Head/ EHS Manager Sound evacuation

2. 30 + 30 + 30 seconds EMERGENCY CONTROLLED Site Manager/ Site EHS Sound with an interval of 5 seconds Manager each

Below points shall be noted during prevalence of emergency situation:

• Emergency siren to be sounded only if required.

• All staff shall be prior informed of use of emergency sirens during mock drills.

• No worker will leave the emergency spot unless ‘all clear’ siren blown. 8.7.8.5 Coordination with External Agencies During emergency situations, Site Manager and Site EHS Manager shall form the Emergency Control Centre (ECC). Site EHS Manager shall coordinate with the following departments:

• Fire brigade;

• Police department;

• Hospitals/ Ambulance Services;

• Utility departments (electricity and water);

• Technical departments such as GPCB, Factory Inspectorate etc.

• Local Authorities and District Administration

• District Disaster Control Room, Tharad 8.7.8.6 Emergency Response Team • The Emergency Response Team (ERT) shall be set up immediately for the project;

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• Each personnel identified as part of the ERT shall be designated specific roles and responsibilities for handling emergency situations.

• The ERT at the operating site under its control will have following role:

• Control the emergency and render the facility premises safe by the application of local resources; and

• Support the local response effort by coordinating additional equipment, personnel, and other external resources for the direct response effort.

• The ERT will comprise of the following personnel:

─ Site Manager;

─ Site EHS Manager;

─ Safety Officer(s);

─ Evacuation Officer;

─ Employee/Workers 8.7.8.7 Emergency Response Procedure Effective command and control start with a clear definition of the overall command and control structure, and description of the duties of key personnel with specific responsibilities for emergency response. The control of emergencies will consider the minimum number of persons required to provide an adequate response to emergencies.

All emergencies occurring as a result of project activities shall be managed according to the following order of priorities:

• Preservation of Life (self, team, community);

• Protection of the Environment;

• Protection or Property/assets; and,

• Preservation of Evidence. 8.7.8.8 Reporting and Documentation

The following aspects need to be communicated for the emergency reporting:

• While witnessing or receiving notification of an emergency, as much information as possible should be taken and/or conveyed to the relevant emergency activation authority;

• Where possible, all information should be logged in written form with time and date included and provided to EHS Manager;

• Personnel working on the site may, at any time, be exposed to an emergency which could take many forms, for example (but not limited to):

─ Injuries and/or fatalities

─ Fires and/or explosions

─ Extreme weather

• When an emergency occurs, an appropriate and prompt response is required, providing precise action to control, correct and return the site to a safe condition. Timely action will also be required to protect people, the environment and property from damage; and

• All near misses and unsafe acts will be written in logbooks / reported in the ‘near miss, unsafe acts, hazards and sub-standard conditions report’ and verbally communicated to the concerned Site Supervisor within a reasonable time.

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9. Conclusions and Recommendations

The Environmental and Social Assessment study for the proposed 200 MW solar power project to be developed by ESPL in Banaskantha District of Gujarat has been undertaken in accordance with International Finance Corporation (IFC) Sustainability Framework (Policy and Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability) 2012 and the associated World Bank Group Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines, ADB’s 2009 Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) and FMO's Social Sustainability Policy.

The ESIA study aimed to identify and evaluate potential environmental and social impacts associated with all aspects of the proposed project. The conclusion and recommendations of this study are result of on-site inspections, evaluation of impacts identified, and the process of stakeholder consultation. The proposed project is an opportunity to utilize the solar potential of the state for power generation. There are no fuel requirements or large quantities of water required for the operation of the plant. GHG emissions and other environmental pollution (stack emissions, ash management etc.) issues are also limited.

Categorisation of Project as per IFC Environment and Social Sustainability Standards:

Applying the criteria stipulated by the IFC Policy on Environmental and Social Sustainability for environmental and social categorization of projects, ESPL's proposed 200 MW solar project may be assigned as ‘Category B’ with respect to environmental and social impacts. This is so basis the primary data available to date which indicates that the environmental and social risks and impacts of the proposed project activities are expected to be few in number, generally site-specific, largely reversible, and readily addressed through mitigation measures, which supports the ‘Category B’ classification. Additional rationale for the above categorization is as below:

• Solar power project is a clean technology project using solar energy for generation of electricity; • No harmful emissions are expected from the project operations; • The Project Site does not coincide or overlap with any Designated Area; and • Available data suggests that the construction, operation and decommissioning of the proposed solar project are likely to have limited environmental and social impacts which can be readily addressed with mitigation measures.

Categorisation of Project as per ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009):

The project has been evaluated considering the environmental (SPS1) categorization of ADB. The adverse environmental and social impacts of the project are considered site-specific and reversible. Therefore, it has been classified as Category B in accordance with ADB’s SPS1 (2009). The rationale for categorisation is as follows:

• Solar power project is a clean technology project using solar energy for generation of electricity; • No harmful emissions are expected from the project operations; • The Project Site does not coincide or overlap with any Designated Area; • Available data suggests that the construction, operation and decommissioning of the proposed solar project are likely to have limited environmental and social impacts which can be readily addressed with mitigation measures.

On the backdrop of the understanding of the categorisation of ADB Projects and based on Involuntary Resettlement impacts and based on the following facts, the proposed Project can be classified as Category C with respect to SPS 2 – Involuntary Resettlement. The rationale for categorisation is as follows:

• The proposed Project is being set up on land owned by the Government of Gujarat (GoG) and has been leased to the proponent for a period of 25 years; • The land has not been procured from any private land owners and has been in continuous possession of the GoG for at least a period of more than 60 years i.e. since 1960s;

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• No livelihood activities apart from some grazing was reported or observed on the proposed Project land parcel; and

• No housing structures, habitations or settlements were reported or observed at site during the site visit. The same was confirmed through community consultations and discussions with institutional stakeholders.

On the backdrop of the understanding of the categorisation of ADB Projects and based on impacts of IPs and based on the following facts, the proposed Project can be classified as Category C with respect to SPS 3 – IPs. The rationale for categorisation is as follows:

• The proposed Project will be set up on land owned by the GoG and no acquisition/ procurement of land from private land owners including land parcels owned by IPs is involved in the Project;

• IPs do not have any livelihood dependence on the proposed Project land or any customary land rights on the concerned land parcels; and

• There are no designated CPRs located within the proposed Project area that are being used by IPs.

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Appendix A Participant list of Stakeholder Consultations

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Appendix B Mammals of the Study Area

SN Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Status * WPA Schedule**

1 Equus hemionus khur Asiatic Wild Ass NT I

2 Boselaphus tragocamelus Blue Bull LC III

3 Gazella bennettii Indian Gazelle LC I

4 Antilope cervicapra Blackbuck LC I

5 Caracal Caracal LC I

6 Felis silvestris Asiatic Wild Cat LC I

7 Felis chaus prateri Jungle Cat LC II

8 Prionailurus rubiginosus Rusty Spotted Cat NT I

9 Viverricula indica Small Indian Civet LC II

10 Herpestes edwardsii Grey Mongoose LC II

11 Herpestes auropunctatus Small Indian Mongoose LC IV

12 Hyaena Striped Hyaena NT III

13 Canis lupus Grey Wolf LC I

14 Canis aureus Golden Jackal LC II

15 Vulpes bengalensis Indian Fox LC II

16 Vulpes pusilla Red Fox LC II

17 Mellivora capensis Honey Badger LC I

18 Lutrogale perspicillata Smooth-coated Otter VU I

19 Lepus nigricollis dayanus Indian Hare LC IV

20 Manis crassicaudata Indian Pangolin EN I

21 Suncus murinus House Shrew LC -

22 Suncus etruscus Pygmy White-toothed Shrew LC -

23 Paraechinus micropus Indian Hedgehog LC IV

24 Hemiechinus collaris Desert Hedgehog LC -

25 Hystrix indica Indian Crested Porcupine LC IV

26 Funambulus pennantii Northern Palm Squirrel LC IV

27 Tatera indica Indian Gerbil LC -

28 Meriones hurrianae Indian Desert Jird LC -

29 Gerbillus gleadowi Little Indian Hairy-footed Gerbil LC -

30 Mus musculus House Mouse LC V

31 Mus booduga Little Indian Field Mouse LC V

32 Millardia meltada Soft-furred Field Rat LC V

33 Golunda ellioti Indian Bush Rat LC V

34 Bandicota indica Large Bandicoot Rat LC V

35 Rattus House Rat LC V

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*Status assigned by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, where –CR – Critically Endangered; EN – Endangered; LC – Least Concern, NA – Not Assessed; NT – Near Threatened; and VU - Vulnerable.

**Schedules I to VI: Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

Sources: Vivek Menon (2014), Indian Mammals: A Field Guide. Hachette Book Publishing India Pvt. Ltd., Gurgaon, India, pp 1- 522; The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-3; Schedules I to VI: Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

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Appendix C Resident Birds of the Study Area

SN Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Status* WPA Schedule**

1 Francolinus pondecerianus Grey Francolin LC IV

2 Pavo cristatus Indian Peafowl LC I

3 Sarkidiornis melanotos Knob-billed Duck LC IV

4 Nettapus coromandelianus Cotton Pygmy Goose LC IV

5 Anas poecilorhyncha Indian Spot-billed Duck LC IV

6 Tachybaptus ruficollis Little Grebe LC IV

7 Mycteria leucocephala Painted Stork LC IV

8 Anastomus oscitans Asian Openbill LC IV

9 Phoenicopterus roseus Greater Flamingo LC IV

10 Phoenicopterus minor Lesser Flamingo NT IV

11 Threskiornis melanocephala Black-headed Ibis LC IV

12 Pseudibis papillosa Red-naped Ibis LC IV

13 Platalea leucorodia Eurasian Spoonbill LC I

14 Ardeola grayii Indian Pond Heron LC IV

15 Ardea purpurea Purple Heron LC IV

16 Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret LC IV

17 Egretta garzetta Little Egret LC IV

18 Falco chicquera Red-necked Falcon NT I

19 Falco jugger Laggar Falcon NT I

20 Elanus caeruleus Black-winged Kite LC IV

21 Milvus migrans Black Kite LC IV

22 Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite LC IV

23 Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus Grey-headed Fish Eagle NT IV

24 Pernis ptilorhynchus Oriental Honey Buzzard LC IV

25 Neophrons percnopterus Egyptian Vulture EN IV

26 Gyps bengalensis White-rumped Vulture CR I

27 Gyps indicus Indian Vulture CR I

28 Sarcogyps calvus Red-headed Vulture CR IV

29 Circaetus gallicus Short-toed Snake Eagle LC IV

30 Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent Eagle LC IV

31 Accipiter badius Shikra LC I

32 Butastur teesa White-eyed Buzzard LC IV

33 Aquila rapax Tawny Eagle LC IV

34 Aquila fasciata Bonelli’s Eagle LC IV

35 Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted Waterhen LC IV

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36 Turnix suscitator Barred Buttonquail LC -

37 Porphyrio Purple Swamphen LC IV

38 Gallinula chloropus Common Moorhen LC IV

39 Fulica atra Eurasian Coot LC IV

40 Grus antigone Sarus Crane VU I

41 Burhinus (oedicnemus) indicus Indian Thick-knee LC IV

42 Hydrophasianus chirurgus Pheasant-tailed Jacana LC IV

43 Himantopus Black-winged Stilt LC IV

44 Vanellus indicus Red-wattled Lapwing LC IV

45 Charadris dubius Little Ringed Plover LC IV

46 Charadrius alexandrinus Kentish Plover LC IV

47 Rostratula bengalensis Greater Painted-snipe NA IV

48 Cursorius coromandelicus Indian Courser LC -

49 Glareola maldivarum Oriental Pratincole LC -

50 Glareola lactea Small Pratincole LC -

51 Sterna aurantia River Tern LC -

52 Sterna acuticauda Black-bellied Tern LC -

53 Pterocles exustus Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse LC IV

54 Pterocles indicus Painted Sandgrouse LC IV

55 Columba livia Common Pigeon LC -

56 Streptopelia decaocto Eurasian Collared Dove LC IV

57 Streptopelia tranquebarica Red Collared Dove LC IV

58 Stigmatopelia senegalensis Laughing Dove LC IV

59 Psittacula krameri Rose-ringed Parakeet LC IV

60 Eudynamis scolopaceus Asian Koel LC IV

61 Taccocua leschenaultii Sirkeer Malkoha LC IV

62 Centropus sinensis parroti Southern Coucal LC IV

63 Tyto alba Barn Owl LC IV

64 Athene brama Spotted Owlet LC IV

65 Bubo bubo Eurasian Eagle Owl LC IV

66 Ketupa zeylonensis Brown Fish Owl LC IV

67 Caprimulgus mahrattensis Sykes’s Nightjar LC IV

68 Caprimulgus asiaticus Indian Nightjar LC IV

69 Caprimulgus affinis Savanna Nightjar LC IV

70 Apus affinis Little Swift LC -

71 Coracias benghalensis Indian Roller LC IV

72 Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Kingfisher LC IV

73 Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher LC IV

74 Ceryle rudis Pied Kingfisher LC IV

75 Merops orientalis Green Bee-eater LC -

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76 Megalaima haemocephala Coppersmith Barbet LC IV

77 Dendrocopos mahrattensis Yellow-crowned Woodpecker LC IV

78 Tephrodornis pondicerianus Common Woodshrike LC IV

79 Coracina macei Large Cuckooshrike LC IV

80 Aegithinia nigrolutea Marshall’s Iora LC IV

81 Pericrocotus erythropygius White-bellied Minivet LC IV

82 Pericrocotus cinnamomeus Small Minivet LC IV

83 Lanius vittatus Bay-backed Shrike LC -

84 Lanius schach Long-tailed Shrike LC -

85 Lanius meridionalis Southern Grey Shrike LC -

86 Dicrurus macrocercus Black Drongo LC -

87 Rhipidura aureola White-browed Fantail LC IV

88 Dendrocitta vagabunda Rufous Treepie LC IV

89 Corvus (corax) subcorax Punjab Raven LC IV

90 Corvus splendens House Crow LC V

91 Ptyonoprogne concolor Dusky Crag Martin LC -

92 Hirundo smithii Wire-tailed Swallow LC IV

93 Alaemon alaudipes Greater Hoopoe Lark LC IV

94 Melanocorypha bimaculata Bimaculated Lark LC IV

95 Ammomanes phoenicurus Rufous-tailed Lark LC IV

96 Ammomanes deserti Desert Lark LC IV

97 Calandrella raytal Sand Lark LC IV

98 Eremopterix nigriceps Black-crowned Sparrow Lark LC IV

99 Galerida cristata Crested Lark LC IV

100 Alauda gulgula Oriental Skylark LC IV

101 Pycnonotus leucotis White-eared Bulbul LC IV

102 Pycnonotus cafer Red-vented Bulbul LC IV

103 Prinia hodgsonii Grey-breasted Prinia LC -

104 Prinia gracilis Graceful Prinia LC -

105 Prinia inornata Plain Prinia LC -

106 Prinia buchanani Rufous-fronted Prinia LC -

107 Orthotomus sutorius Common Tailorbird LC IV

108 Chaetornis striata Bristled Grassbird VU IV

109 Turdoides caudata Common Babbler LC IV

110 Turdoides malcolmi Large Grey Babbler LC IV

111 Chrysomma sinense Yellow-eyed Babbler LC IV

112 Acridotheres ginginianus Bank Myna LC IV

113 Acridotheres tristis Common Myna LC IV

114 Sturnia pagodarum Brahminy Starling LC IV

115 Saxicoloides fulicatus Indian Robin LC IV

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116 Saxicola macrorhynchus Stoliczka’s Bushchat VU IV

117 Cinnyris asiaticus Purple Sunbird LC IV

118 Passer domesticus House Sparrow LC -

119 Gymnoris xanthocollis Chestnut-shouldered Petronia LC -

120 Ploceus philippinus Baya Weaver LC IV

121 Euodice malabarica Indian Silverbill LC -

122 Anthus rufulus Paddyfield Pipit LC IV

*Status assigned by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, where –CR – Critically Endangered; EN – Endangered; LC – Least Concern, NA – Not Assessed; NT – Near Threatened; and VU - Vulnerable.

**Schedules I to VI: Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

Sources: R. Grimmett, C. Inskipp & T. Inskipp (2011). Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. Oxford University Press, pp 1-528; IUCN (2019). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-3.; Schedules I to VI: Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

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Appendix D Migratory Birds of the Study Area

SN Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Status* WPA Schedule** Type of Migrant

1 Coturnix coturnix Common Quail LC IV Winter

2 Coturnix coromandelica Rain Quail LC IV Summer

3 Tadorna ferruginea Ruddy Shelduck LC IV Winter

4 Marmaronetta angustirostris Marbled Duck LC IV Winter

5 Anas strepera Gadwall LC IV Winter

6 Anas penelope Eurasian Wigeon LC IV Winter

7 Anas platyrhynchos Mallard LC IV Winter

8 Anas clypeata Northern Shoveler LC IV Winter

9 Anas acuta Northern Pintail LC IV Winter

10 Anas querquedula Garganey LC IV Winter

11 Anas crecca Common Teal LC IV Winter

12 Netta rufina Red-crested Pochard LC IV Winter

13 Aythya ferina Common Pochard VU IV Winter

14 Aythya fuligula Tufted Duck LC IV Winter

15 Mergellus albellus Smew LC IV Winter

16 Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe LC IV Winter

17 Ciconia nigra Black Stork LC IV Winter

18 Ciconia ciconia White Stork LC IV Winter

19 Phoenicopterus roseus Greater Flamingo LC IV Winter

20 Ardea cinerea Grey Heron LC IV Winter

21 Pelecanus onocrotalus Great White Pelican LC IV Winter

22 Pelecanus crispus Dalmatian Pelican NT IV Winter

23 Microcarbo niger Little Cormorant LC IV Winter

24 Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Indian Cormorant LC IV Winter

25 Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant LC IV Winter

26 Falco tinnunculus Common Kestrel LC IV Winter

27 Falco subbuteo Eurasian Hobby LC IV Winter

28 Falco cherrug Saker Falcon LC IV Winter

29 Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon LC IV Winter

30 Falco (peregrinus) pelegrinoides Barbary Falcon NA IV Winter

31 Milvus (migrans) lineatus Black-eared Kite NA IV Winter

32 Pandion haliaetus Osprey LC I Winter

33 Gyps fulvus Griffon Vulture LC IV Winter

34 Aegypius monachus Cinereous Vulture NT IV Winter

35 Circus aeruginosus Eurasian Marsh Harrier LC IV Winter

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36 Circus macrourus Pallid Harrier NT IV Winter

37 Circus pygargus Montagu’s Harrier LC IV Winter

38 Buteo rufinus Long-legged Buzzard LC IV Winter

39 Aquila clanga Greater Spotted Eagle VU IV Winter

40 Aquila nipalensis Steppe Eagle EN IV Winter

41 Aquila heliaca Eastern Imperial Eagle VU IV Winter

42 Hieraaetus pennatus Booted Eagle LC IV Winter

43 Chlamydotis macqueenii Macqueen’s Bustard VU I Winter

44 Turnix sylvaticus Small Buttonquail LC - Summer

45 Turnix tanki Yellow-legged Buttonquail LC - Summer

46 Grus virgo Demoiselle Crane LC IV Winter

47 Grus grus Common Crane LC IV Winter

48 Recurvirostra avosetta Pied Avocet LC IV Winter

49 Vanellus gregarius Sociable Lapwing CR IV Winter

50 Calidris pugnax Ruff LC IV Winter

51 Gallinago gallinago Common Snipe LC IV Winter

52 Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit NT IV Winter

53 Numenius arquata Eurasian Curlew NT IV Winter

54 Tringa erythropus Spotted Redshank LC IV Winter

55 Tringa totanus Common Redshank LC IV Winter

56 Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank LC IV Winter

57 Tringa ochropus Green Sandpiper LC IV Winter

58 Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper LC IV Winter

59 Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper LC IV Winter

60 Calidris minuta Little Stint LC IV Winter

61 Cursorius cursor Cream-coloured Courser LC IV Winter

62 Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus Brown-headed Gull LC IV Winter

63 Gelochelidon nilotica Gull-billed Tern LC IV Winter

64 Hydroprogne caspia Caspian Tern LC IV Winter

65 Chlidonias hybrida Whiskered Tern LC IV Winter

66 Chlidonias leucopterus White-winged Tern LC IV Winter

67 Pterocles alchata Pin-tailed Sandgrouse LC IV Winter

68 Pterocles senegallus Spotted Sandgrouse LC IV Winter

69 Pterocles orientalis Black-bellied Sandgrouse LC IV Winter

70 Streptopelia orientalis Oriental Turtle Dove LC IV Winter

71 Clamator jacobinus Jacobin Cuckoo LC IV Winter

72 Asio flammeus Short-eared Owl LC IV Winter

73 Caprimulgus europaeus European Nightjar LC IV Winter

74 Tachymarptis melba Alpine Swift LC IV Winter

75 Upupa epops Common Hoopoe LC - Winter

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76 Coracias garrulus Eurasian Roller LC IV Passage

77 Merops persicus Blue-cheeked Bee-eater LC - Summer

78 Jynx torquilla Eurasian Wryneck LC IV Winter

79 Lanius isabellinus Isabelline Shrike LC - Winter

80 Lanius phoenicuroides Red-tailed Shrike LC - Passage

81 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow LC - Winter

82 Calandrella brachydactyla Greater Short-toed Lark LC IV Winter

83 Acrocephalus stentoreus Clamorous Reed Warbler LC IV Winter

84 Phylloscopus collybita Common Chiffchaff LC - Winter

85 Phylloscopus neglectus Plain Leaf Warbler LC - Winter

86 Sylvia curruca Lesser Whitethroat LC - Winter

87 Sylvia (curruca) minula Desert Whitethroat LC - Winter

88 Sylvia althaea Hume’s Whitethroat LC - Passage

89 Sylvia hortensis Orphean Warbler LC - Winter

90 Sylvia nana Asian Desert Warbler LC - Winter

91 Pastor roseus Rosy Starling LC IV Winter

92 Luscinia svecica Bluethroat LC IV Winter

93 Cercotrichas galactotes Rufous-tailed Scrub Robin LC IV Winter

94 Phoenicurus ochruros Black Redstart LC IV Winter

95 Saxicola torquatus Common Stonechat LC IV Winter

96 Saxicola caprata Pied Bushchat LC IV Winter

97 Oenanthe isabellina Isabelline Wheatear LC IV Winter

98 Oenanthe chrysopygia Red-tailed Wheatear LC IV Winter

99 Oenanthe deserti Desert Wheatear LC IV Winter

100 Oenanthe picta Variable Wheatear LC IV Winter

101 Monticola solitarius Blue Rock Thrush LC IV Winter

102 Ficedula parva Red-breasted Flycatcher LC IV Winter

103 Passer hispaniolensis Spanish Sparrow LC IV Winter

104 Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail LC - Winter

105 Motacilla citreola Citrine Wagtail LC - Winter

106 Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail LC - Winter

107 Motacilla alba White Wagtail LC - Winter

108 Anthus campestris Tawny Pipit LC IV Winter

109 Anthus hodgsoni Olive-backed Pipit LC IV Winter

110 Emberiza melanocephala Black-headed Bunting LC IV Winter

*Status assigned by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, where –CR – Critically Endangered, EN – Endangered, LC – Least Concern, NA – Not Assessed; NT – Near Threatened; and VU - Vulnerable.

**Schedules I to VI: Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

Sources: R. Grimmett, C. Inskipp & T. Inskipp (2011). Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. Oxford University Press, pp 1-528; IUCN (2019). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-3.; Schedules I to VI: Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

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Appendix E Reptiles of the Study Area

SN Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Status* WPA Schedule**

1 Indotyphlops braminus Brahminy Blind Snake LC -

2 Python molurus Indian Rock Python LC I

3 Eryx conicus Russel's Boa LC -

4 Eryx johnii Indian Sand Boa LC -

5 Boiga trigonata Common Cat Snake LC -

6 Coelognathus helena Common Trinket Snake LC -

7 Fowlea piscator Checkered Keelback LC II

8 Lycodon aulicus Indian Wolf Snake LC -

9 Lycodon striatus Barred Wolf Snake LC -

10 Oligodon arnensis Banded Kukri Snake LC -

11 Oligodon taeniolatus Variegated Kukri Snake LC -

12 Platyceps ventromaculatus Glossy-bellied Racer LC -

13 Ptyas mucosa Indian Rat Snake LC II

14 Spalerosophis atriceps Black-headed Royal Snake NE -

15 Psammophis leithii Leith's Sand Snake LC -

16 Bungarus caeruleus Common Krait LC -

17 Bungarus sindanus Sind Krait NE -

18 Naja naja Indian Cobra LC II

19 Echis carinatus Saw-scaled Viper LC -

20 Cyrtopodion kachhense Kutch Bent-toed Gecko NE -

21 Calotes minor Dwarf Ground Lizard DD -

22 Calotes versicolor Indian Garden Lizard LC -

23 Hemidactylus frenatus Asian House Gecko LC -

24 Saara hardwickii Indian Spiny-tailed Lizard NE II

25 Sitana spinaecephalus Fan-throated Lizard LC -

26 Trapelus agilis Brilliant Ground Agama NE -

27 Chamaeleo zeylanicus Indian Chameleon LC II

28 Cyrtopodion scabrum Rough Bent-toed Gecko LC -

29 Hemidactylus flaviviridis Northern House Gecko LC -

30 Hemidactylus leschenaultii Leschenault's Leaf-toed Gecko LC -

31 Hemidactylus sahgali Sahgal's Termite Hill Gecko LC -

32 Eublepharis fuscus West Indian Leopard Gecko LC -

33 Acanthodactylus cantoris Indian Fringe-fingered Lizard NE -

34 Ophisops jerdonii Jerdon's Snake-eyed Lacerta LC -

35 Ophisops kutchensis Kutch Small-scaled Snake-eye NE -

36 Ablepharus grayanus Minor Snake-eyed Skink NE -

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37 Eurylepis taeniolatus Alpine Punjab Skink NE -

38 Eutropis carinata Keeled Indian Mabuya LC -

39 Eutropis macularia Bronze Grass Skink LC -

40 Ophiomorus raithmai Three-fingered Sandfish LC -

41 Varanus bengalensis Bengal Monitor LC I

42 Varanus griseus Desert Monitor NE -

43 Geochelone elegans Indian Star Tortoise VU IV

44 Lissemys punctata Indian Flapshell Turtle LC I

*Status assigned by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, where – DD – Data Deficient; LC – Least Concern; NE – Not Evaluated and VU - Vulnerable.

**Schedules I to VI: Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

Sources: Patel, H., Vyas, R. (2019) Reptiles of Gujarat, India: Updated Checklist, Distribution, and Conservation Status. Herpetology Notes, Vol. 12 pp. 765-777.; The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-3.; Schedules I to VI: Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

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Appendix F Amphibians of the Study Area

SN Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Status* WPA Schedule**

1 Duttaphrynus melanostictus Asian Common Toad LC IV

2 Duttaphrynus stomaticus Indian Marbled Toad LC IV

3 Bufotes viridis European Green Toad LC IV

4 Microhyla ornata Ant Frog LC IV

5 Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis Skittering Frog LC IV

6 Euphlyctis hexadactylus Indian Green Frog LC IV

7 Hoplobatrachus tigerinus Indian Bullfrog LC IV

8 Fejevarya limnocheris Asian Grass Frog LC IV

9 Sphaerotheca breviceps Indian Burrowing Frog LC IV

*Status assigned by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, where –CR – Critically Endangered and EN - Endangered.

**Schedules I to VI: Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

Sources: Vyas, R. (2008) Review of the current diversity and richness of amphibians of Gujarat, India. Indian Forester Vol 134 (10) pp 1381-1392.; The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-3.; Schedules I to VI: Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

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Appendix G Fishes of the Study Area

S. No. Scientific Name Common Name IUCN WPA Status* Schedule** 1 Pethia ticto Ticto Barb LC -

2 Labeo boggut Boggut Labeo LC -

3 Labeo calbasu Orange-fin Labeo LC -

4 Systomus sarana Olive Barb LC -

5 Osteobrama cotio - DD -

6 Notopterus notopterus Bronze Featherback LC -

7 Chanda nama Elongate Glass Perchlet LC -

8 Mystus gulio Long Whiskers Catfish LC - Sources: Harinder Singh Banyal, Sanjeev Kumar and R. H. Raina, (2019). Rec. zool. Surv. India: Vol. 119(3)/ 282-288; IUCN (2019). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-2; Schedules I to VI: Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

References Barron-Gafford, G. A. et al. “The Photovoltaic Heat Island Effect: Larger solar power plants increase local temperatures.” Sci. Rep. 6, 35070; doi: 10.1038/srep35070 (2016) BirdLife International (2020) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Rann of Kutch Wildlife Sanctuary. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 21/01/2020. URL: http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/rann-of-kutch-wildlife- sanctuary-iba-pakistan BirdLife International (2020) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Wild Ass Wildlife Sanctuary. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 21/01/2020. URL: http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/18144 Birdlife International (2020). Birdlife Data Zone: Central Asia/South Asia. Downloaded from http://datazone.birdlife.org/ on 21/01/2020 BirdLife International 2019. Vanellus gregarius (amended version of 2018 assessment)

CABI Invasive Species Compendium. URL: https://www.cabi.org/ISC

Champion, H. G., Seth, S. K. (1968) Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India. Manager of Publications, Government of India, Delhi. Gábor Horváth, György Kriska, Péter Malik and Bruce Robertson (2009). Polarized light pollution: a new kind of ecological photo-pollution. Front Ecol Environ 2009; 7(6): 317–325 Global Invasive Species Database. URL: http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/ Harinder Singh Banyal, Sanjeev Kumar and R. H. Raina, (2019). Rec. zool. Surv. India: Vol. 119(3)/ 282-288

Invasive Alien Species of India, National Biodiversity Authority, Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Government of India. Downloaded from http://nbaindia.org/

Invasive Species Specialist Group, IUCN. URL: http://www.issg.org/

Kaczensky, P., Lkhagvasuren, B., Pereladova, O., Hemami, M. & Bouskila, A. 2016. Equus hemionus ssp. khur. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T7963A3144616.Downloaded on 21 January 2020. URL: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7963/3144616#population Nicolas Barth, Benjamin W. Figgis, Ahmed Ennaoui, Said Ahzi, "Field-scale Computational Fluid Dynamics applied to wind velocity profiles of photovoltaic plant: Case of the QEERI solar test facility Doha Qatar", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC) 2016 International, pp. 613-618, 2016; Patel, H., Vyas, R. (2019) Reptiles of Gujarat, India: Updated Checklist, Distribution, and Conservation Status. Herpetology Notes, Vol. 12 pp. 765-777 R. (2008) Review of the current diversity and richness of amphibians of Gujarat, India. Indian Forester Vol 134 (10) pp 1381-1392 R. Grimmett, C. Inskipp & T. Inskipp (2011). Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. Oxford University Press, pp 1-528

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Ramsar Sites Information Service (2002). Runn of Kutch. Downloaded from https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/ on 21/01/2020. URL: https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1285 Schedules I to VI: Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Taylor, R., Conway, J., Gabb, O. and Gillespie, J. (2019). Potential ecological impacts of ground-mounted photovoltaic solar panels: An introduction and literature review. Report for BSG Ecology. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T22694053A155545788. Downloaded on 21 January 2020. URL: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22694053/155545788 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-2. URL: https://www.iucnredlist.org/ Vivek Menon (2014), Indian Mammals: A Field Guide. Hachette Book Publishing India Pvt. Ltd., Gurgaon, India, pp 1-522

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