Universidade De São Paulo Faculdade De Filosofia, Letras E Ciências Humanas Departamento De História Programa De Pós–Graduação Em História Social

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Universidade De São Paulo Faculdade De Filosofia, Letras E Ciências Humanas Departamento De História Programa De Pós–Graduação Em História Social UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS–GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL AZUCENA CITLALLI JASO GALVÁN Terrorismo de Estado e guerra suja: Discursos e práticas da Doutrina de Segurança Nacional e da Contrainsurgência no México (1964-1982) Versão Corrigida São Paulo 2016 AZUCENA CITLALLI JASO GALVÁN Terrorismo de Estado e guerra sucia: Discursos e práticas da Doutrina de Segurança Nacional e da Contrainsurgência no México (1964-1982) Versão Corrigida Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós– Graduação em História Social do Departamento de História da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para obtenção do título de Mestre em História. Orientadora: Prof. Dra. Maria Aparecida de Aquino De acordo: ___/___/___. Asinatura da orientadora: _______________. São Paulo 2016 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo ou pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. JASO GALVÁN, Azucena Citlalli. Terrorismo de Estado e guerra suja: Discursos e práticas da Doutrina de Segurança Nacional e da Contrainsurgência no México (1964-1982). Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós–Graduação em História Social do Departamento de História da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para obtenção do título de Mestre em História. Aprovado em: 30 de agosto de 2016. Banca examinadora: Profa. Dra. Maria Aparecida de Aquino Instituição: Universidade de São Paulo (Orientadora) (USP) Julgamento: Aprovado Assinatura: _________________________ Prof. Dr. Fabio Luis Barbosa dos Santos Instituição: Universidade Federal do Estado de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Julgamento: Aprovado Assinatura: _________________________ Prof. Dr. Robert Sean Purdy Instituição: Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Julgamento: Aprovado Assinatura: _________________________ Para Felipe y Magdalena, con amor. Para Alexandre. AGRADECIMENTOS O presente trabalho foi realizado entre os anos de 2013 e 2016. Ao longo desses anos, foram muitas as pessoas que contribuíram para que tanto a pesquisa, como minha estância no país, fosse possível. Em primeiro lugar, agradeço a minha orientadora Maria Aparecida de Aquino, pela aposta neste projeto, pela disposição, pela paciência e a leitura atenta e sempre crítica. Aos professores Fábio Luis Barbosa e Sean Purdy, pela grande contribuição na banca de qualificação. Da mesma forma, agradeço a bolsa concedida pela CAPES, fundamental para a conclussão deste trabalho. Ao doutor Aurélio de los Reyes, pelos ensinamentos para o desenvolvimento do trabalh de arquivo. Ao senhor Joel, arquivista no AGN porque, definitivamente sem sua inestimável colaboração, esta pesquisa não teria sido possível. Aos companheiros da UNAM, por me ensinar que a construção do conhecimento é um exercício necessariamente coletivo. Especialmente a Rubén Ortíz por compartilhar inquietudes, material, conhecimento e experiências. Não posso deixar de agradecer aos velhos amigos de lá e aos novos de aqui, por ajudar a resistir no grande desafio que representou a distância. Aos colegas do mestrado, os queridos Emilio Colmán, Mariana Silveira, Aura Hurtado e Dimas Nuvolari, pelas conversas, pelos desabafos e angústias compartilhadas. Aos meninos da casa, Rafael Aragi, Pedro Serrer, Andreas Guimarães, Diógenes Miranda, Victor Mendes e Rafael Gorenstein, pois foram fundamentais para encarar o sufoco de uma cidade monstruosa como São Paulo. Obrigada pelas conversas, pelas jantas maravilhosas, pelo carinho. Obrigada. Agradeço aos meus pais pelo apoio apesar da distância e da dor de não estar juntos nos momentos das perdas. Por ter me educado sempre na liberdade, por confiar em mim, por respeitar minhas decisões, e por sentir-se orgulhosos. Tudo o que faço é pensando em vocês. A minha irmã Anaid Segura pelas visitas, pelos anos de companheirismo, pois, sem dúvida, sem sua força, não teria as condições para enfrentar este desafio. Agradeço especialmente a Alexandre Varella pelo amor, pela parceria e pelos aprendizados. Por ter bancado, em todos os sentidos possíveis, esta pesquisa. Além do valiosíssimo e generoso apoio na tradução e correção de estilo da dissertação. Persigue quien arriba es. Encarcela. Secuestra. Desaparece. Asesina. No sólo acaba con cuerpos, con vidas. También destruye historias. Sobre la desmemoria construye el de arriba su impunidad. El olvido es el juez que no sólo lo absuelve, también lo premia. Por eso, y más, nuestros dolores y rabias buscan la verdad y la justicia. Tarde o temprano aprendemos que no se encuentran en ningún lado, que no hay libro, ni discurso, ni sistema jurídico, ni institución, ni promesa, ni tiempo, ni lugar para ellas. […] Porque llegará el tiempo en que paguen quienes nos deben todo. Pagará quien persiguió, pagará quien encarceló, pagará quien golpeó y torturó. Pagará quien impuso la desesperación de la desaparición forzada. Pagará quien asesinó. Porque el sistema que creó, alimentó, cobijó y protegió el crimen que se viste de mal gobierno, será destruido. No maquillado, no reformado, no modernizado. Demolido, destruido, acabado, sepultado será. Por eso en este tiempo nuestro mensaje no es de consuelo ni de resignación para quienes se duelen por una o muchas ausencias. De rabia es nuestro mensaje, de coraje. Porque conocemos ese mismo dolor. Porque tenemos en las entrañas la misma rabia. Porque, siendo diferentes, así nos parecemos. Por eso nuestra resistencia, por eso nuestra rebeldía. Por el dolor y la rabia. Por la verdad y la justicia. Por eso: No claudicar. No venderse. No rendirse. Subcomandante Insurgente Moisés – Subcomandante Insurgente Galeano / septiembre de 2015. Abel García Hernández Abelardo Vázquez Peniten Adán Abrajan de la Cruz Alexander Mora Venancio Antonio Santana Maestro Benjamín Ascencio Bautista Bernardo Flores Alcaraz Carlos Iván Ramírez Villarreal Carlos Lorenzo Hernández Muñoz César Manuel González Hernández Christian Alfonso Rodríguez Telumbre Christian Tomas Colon Garnica Cutberto Ortiz Ramos Dorian González Parral Emiliano Alen Gaspar de la Cruz. Everardo Rodríguez Bello Felipe Arnulfo Rosas Giovanni Galindes Guerrero Israel Caballero Sánchez Israel Jacinto Lugardo Jesús Jovany Rodríguez Tlatempa Jonas Trujillo González Jorge Álvarez Nava Jorge Aníbal Cruz Mendoza Jorge Antonio Tizapa Legideño Jorge Luis González Parral José Ángel Campos Cantor José Ángel Navarrete González José Eduardo Bartolo Tlatempa José Luis Luna Torres Jhosivani Guerrero de la Cruz Julio César López Patolzin Leonel Castro Abarca Luis Ángel Abarca Carrillo Luis Ángel Francisco Arzola Magdaleno Rubén Lauro Villegas Marcial Pablo Baranda Marco Antonio Gómez Molina Martín Getsemany Sánchez García Mauricio Ortega Valerio Miguel Ángel Hernández Martínez Miguel Ángel Mendoza Zacarías Saúl Bruno García ¡VIVOS SE LOS LLEVARON, VIVOS LOS QUEREMOS! RESUMO JASO GALVÁN, Azucena Citlalli. Terrorismo de Estado e guerra suja: Discursos e práticas da Doutrina de Segurança Nacional e da Contrainsurgência no México (1964-1982). 2016. 281 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo, 2016. O presente trabalho visa abordar as características do sistema político mexicano que permitiram o passo silencioso de um Estado com traços autoritários para um contrainsurgente. O sistema político mexicano, derivado da Revolução popular iniciada em 1910 e da criação do Partido Revolucionario Institucional(PRI), propiciou uma cultura política que fortaleceu a figura presidencial. Esta extrapolava as atribuições constitucionais e se legitimava tanto na política interna como na externa através do "nacionalismo revolucionário". Os governos de Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Luis Echeverría e José López Portillo (1964-1982) estão marcados pela crise hegemônica evidenciada na radicalização das organizações de esquerda. Entre outros motivos, pelo esgotamento do modelo econômico desenvolvimentista, pela crise de representatividade do partido e falta de espaços para a participação política, pela corrupção das instituições e a escalada de violência do Estado contra a oposição. Nesses dezoito anos localizamos uma transformação nas formas de violência institucional pela assimilação da Doutrina de Segurança Nacional e a Doutrina Contrainsurgente dos Estados Unidos da América, por exemplo, na consolidação de grupos paramilitares pagos pelo Estado e treinados em norte-américa. O nacionalismo revolucionário possibilitou então que a submissão à ideologia estadunidense não fosse explícita, gerando dinâmicas repressivas (qualitativamente) similares às vivenciadas nas ditaduras latino-americanas. Ainda que o México tenha sido considerado uma democracia exemplar alheia às guerras sujas e aos golpes de Estado que comoveram o continente na segunda metade do século XX. O objetivo deste trabalho é salientar os elementos contraditórios existentes entre o discurso público, analisado a partir dos informes presidenciais, e o discurso elaborado desde os órgãos de segurança, isto é, os relatórios da Dirección Federal de Seguridad. Nessas contradições podemos ir avaliando as formas de alinhamento às doutrinas de segurança estrangeiras. Palavras-chave: Doutrina de Segurança Nacional; contrainsurgência; guerra suja no México. ABSTRACT JASO GALVÁN, Azucena Citlalli. State terrorism and dirty war : Discourses and practices of the National Security Doctrine and Counterinsurgency in Mexico (1964-1982).2016. 281 f. Dissertation (Master‟s
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