country metrics what nl actors do profile government policies trends & limitations interventions & plans main result areas Senegal

This country profile, commissioned by The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Department of Inclusive Green Growth), gives a snapshot of what is happening in in the closely related themes Food & Nutrition Security, Water and Climate and Renewable Energy in Senegal. It provides basic statistics on Senegal’s performance on key indicators and indexes, but also analyses relevant national policies, current donor interventions, and the main trends on the abovementioned themes. Combined with an overview of Dutch support to Senegal, this profile ends by suggesting possible priority result areas for The Netherlands.

In total, 12 countries profiles have been made, plus one regional profile for the Sahel.

burkina faso chad egypt

iraq jordan

niger nigeria somalia

sudan tunesia sahel region

1 country metrics what nl actors do profile government policies trends & limitations senegal interventions & plans main result areas Metrics

general indicators climate/renewable energy indexes

UN Human Development Index Anti-corruption and Accountability World Bank ESMAP Electrification Index 188 countries: 1st = best opportunities for development 100 = strongest policies and practices population with access to

– 1 – 100

% #47 – 61

#162 – – 188 – 0

Word Bank Doing Business Index Gender Inequality Index ND GAIN Index 100 = most conducive environment for business 188 countries: 1st = smallest gender divide 181 countries: 1st = least climate change vulnerable, senegal and best ready to improve resilience – 100 – 1 – 1 Dakar 60.8 – gambia #120 – #130 – – 0 – 188 – 181 burkina faso guinea-bissau food nutrition security indexes guinea Global Hunger Index (IFPRI) Global Food Security Index (Economist) Land Management Index (UNCCD) Range 0 – 100: 0 = no hunger 113 countries: 1st = best food security 180 countries: 1st = most sustainable land governance

– 0 – 1 – 1 sierra ivory ghana leone coast 18.4 – #82 – #134 – liberia – 100 – 113 – 181 senegal, facts water indexes

Government Population FAO AquaStat World Bank Drinking Water Index JMP Sanitation Index Variation per capita internal renewable water resources population using at least basic drinking water services population with access to improved sanitation facilities Unitary semi-presidential republic • 2018 estimate: 16,294,270 President: Macky Sall • Prospect 2050: 34,031,000 Languages: Balanta-Ganja, Hassaniya, • Density 68,7/km2 (134th) 4% % 1% Arabic, Jola-Fonyi, Mandinka, Mandjak, GDP (PPP) 2017 estimate 21. 75 24. Mankanya, Noon, Pulaar, Serer, Soninke • Total $ 43.347 billion Religion: slam, Christianity, traditional GDP (nominal) 2017 estimate African religion • Total $ 16.172 billion Area: Total 196,712 km2 (86th) • Per capita $ 1,090

2 country metrics what nl actors do profile government policies trends & limitations senegal interventions & plans main result areas Government policies

Food security Water Climate/renewable energy

For several years, Senegal has Senegal’s Millennial Program for Water Senegal has not yet submitted a NDC invested in a countrywide nutrition- and Sanitation (PEPAM, renewed in to the UNCCC, instead it has prepared specific programme that has helped 2016) is based on the thought that only and Intended Nationally Determined to significantly reduce the national joint efforts of the state, civil society, Contribution (INDC) for the Paris 2015 stunting prevalence. In 2015, the local authorities, NGOs, private sector conference. Significant benefits are prevalence of stunting was 17.1%, and development partners will enable expected from the adaptation options which is far better than many Sahelian to achieve goals. According to data from to be implemented by Senegal by 2035. countries. With the adoption of a new PEPAM, Senegal is on track to meet the For soils and agriculture: Reducing the National Policy for the Development national targets for drinking water. incidence of poverty; Contribution to of Nutrition (2015-2025), Senegal’s improved food and nutrition security; government has renewed its The 2012 floods in Dakar were of Building resilience; Job creation; commitment to tackle undernutrition significant importance in catalyzing Increased average agricultural yields to and has adopted a more multi-sectoral a turning point in Senegal’s flood 3.2 tons in 2035. For fisheries: Creation approach. Each nutrition-sensitive risk management, as the government of an added value of 9,200 million US sector should, more efficiently, adopted the Decennial Flood dollars in the sector by 2035; Better contribute to the human and economic Management Program. The Storm Water economic and social contribution development of the country1. Management and Climate Change of the sector through sustainable Adaptation Project (PROGEP) started in management of fisheries (control of The Emerging Senegal Plan (PSE, 2016) December 2013, is investing in necessary crises and climate). For water resources sets food security as one of its top infrastructure and also working on Limitation of rural exodus and its priorities. Its national efforts are further institutional capacities, urban planning, harmful effects; Obtaining a “productive delineated in the National Strategy for wetland management, community water” sector that generates added Food Security and Resilience (SNSAR, engagement in flood risk reduction, value in agricultural regions Recharging 2015-2035). Recently established waste management and climate change of groundwater; Contribution to the initiatives, including interventions adaptation. fight against salinization problems; related to rice self-sufficiency, child Participation in the fight against floods; malnutrition (Nutrition Enhancement Marine submersion risk adaptation Program) show promise in addressing benefits in St. Louis; Reduced Coastal the country’s priority FNS needs. Erosion.

1] European Commission, 2017. Country Profile on Nutrition - Senegal 2] http://www4.unfccc.int/Submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Senegal/1/CPDN%20-%20Sénégal.pdf 3 country metrics what nl actors do profile government policies trends & limitations senegal interventions & plans main result areas Donor interventions and plans

Top 3 donors (based on 2017 IATI data3) Food security Water donor amount (in $) AFD supports job-creation via two ENABEL is realising hydro-agricultural a regional cooperative management areas: Strengthening vocational infrastructure such as embankments, body. The OMVS has implemented the World Bank Group 186,436,000 training to ensure it matches market anti-salt dams and boreholes to meet principle of equitable sharing among needs, financing vocational training the growing need for water of the member states when it comes to EU Institutions 99,546,700 centres’ and the construction of agricultural sector. The population of ownership of infrastructure constructed 2 higher vocational education five regions of the Groundnut basin in the river basin or water resource African Development Bank 79,042,300 institutions for agricultural activities; (Diourbel, Fatick, Kaffrine, Kaolack benefits. and Supporting SMEs, now extended to and Thiès) was invited to identify their three regions: the Senegal River Valley, needs in this respect and to submit Climate/renewable energy the South-East and Casamance4. a project application, communities started a consultation and decision- The Energy Development Senegal TOTAL The Global Agriculture and Food making process involving farmers, project (GiZ) comprises two major AMOUNTS Security Program (GAFSP) is village heads, women and youths. components: improved cook stoves and 712,279,619 implementing a Food Security Support Overall, some 200 rural communities rural electrification. Project in Louga, Matam and Kaffrine submitted a project application5. Regions (PASA/Lou-Ma-Kaf) to For 2018 the Green Climate Fund promote livestock and crop production The development objective of the approved USD 9.98 million for building Top 3 Sectors attracting development funding in vulnerable zones, including Urban Water and Sanitation Project the climate resilience of food insecure investments focused on provision of for Senegal (World bank) is to improve smallholder farmers through integrated sector amount (in $) water management systems, rural access to water and sanitation services management of climate risk project in roads, and animal vaccination centres. in selected urban areas in a financially Senegal with the United Nations World Transport and storage 105,668,000 sustainable manner6. Food Program (WFP). and the Senegal Through Feed the Future, USAID works Integrated Urban Flood Management Agriculture 100,059,000 with the Government of Senegal to Stretching for more than 1,800 Project. reduce poverty and undernutrition kilometres across Guinea, Mali, Senegal Other social infrastructure and services 99,735,700 by promoting agriculture as a driver and Mauritania, the Senegal River is the for economic growth. Focus is on third longest river in Africa. In a region improving the value chains for four plagued by drought, poverty, and key agricultural products: rice, maize, underdevelopment, access to a water millet, and fish. The program aims resource such as the Senegal River is to improve productivity, harvest and critical to local populations who rely on collection, processing and the delivery it for energy production, land irrigation, of the right product quality and and potable water. The Netherlands quantity according to the needs of the support the Senegal River Basin market. Development Organization (OMVS),

3] This data originates from self-reported data in IATI by major donors. It should be noted that not all aid flows and financial sources are captured. 4] https://www.afd.fr/en/page-region-pays/senegal 5] https://www.enabel.be/story/water-agriculture 6] http://projects.worldbank.org/P150351?lang=en 4 country metrics what nl actors do profile government policies trends & limitations senegal interventions & plans main result areas What NL actors already do

Major commitments from the Netherlands (based on IATI) in 2017 The Netherlands have been giving Water Climate/renewable energy years of extensive support to Senegal budget spent by nl ministry of foreign affairs amount (in $) (until 2015), with a peak of more than To date the Netherlands support the FMO is funding EDS EXIMAG S.A Senegal 20 million per year by 2010. Themes Senegal River Basin Commission to develop, construct and maintain a Government and civil society, general 448,530 included land and water management, (OMVS), a regional cooperative solar power plant in the Louga region

forestry, and the environmental management body of the Senegal in the North11. Reconstruction relief and rehabilitation 136,947 sector both through support to the River which currently includes Guinea, government and through civil society. Mali, Mauritania, and Senegal. Through Energizing Development (EnDev) is an budget spent by netherlands enterprise agency amount (in $) programs such as the Senegal River energy access partnership currently Transport and storage 176,285 Food security Basin Multi-Purpose Water Resources financed by six donor countries, Development Project (PGIRE), the World among which the Netherlands. EnDev Industry 83,540 PSI support for high quality sesame Bank has helped the OMVS enhance the promotes sustainable access to modern seeds production from 2014-2018. development of transboundary waters, energy services that meet the needs Energy generation and supply 83,111 The world market for sesame cross-border malaria prevention, and of the poor - long lasting, affordable, products is steadily growing. Senegal the development of hydroelectric and appreciated by users. The EnDev only exports small quantities of generation9. Senegal project comprises two major Top largest programmes supported by the Netherlands (active as of 2017) untreated and unsorted sesame, due components: improved cook stoves (ICS) to a lack of mechanized production. The ORIO Fight against weed pests and rural electrification12. Partners Sumeco SA and Compagnie in the Senegal River Delta project theme organisation title committed (in $) Développement Agricole have invested (Royal Haskoning/DHV, OMVS). Weed Solar FMO EDS 15,140,000 in a cleaning and sorting factory for infestation along the Senegal River is a energy EXIMAG S.A. locally produced raw sesame seeds direct environmental consequence of in the Ziguinchor region in Senegal. the earlier construction of two dams in Water Netherlands Development 7,693,860 The raw sesame will be supplied by a the Senegal river and has profoundly transport Enterprise of Port of cooperation of female outgrowers7. impacted the livelihood of the people Agency / Royal Ziguinchor using the river for their activities. The Haskoning RVO’s Orange Corners is currently also project constructs 8 polders along the rolled out in Senegal. It is a platform Senegal River where the Typha weed Women Stichting Program 4,570,820 for (young) entrepreneurs to learn, cannot grow. The polders will create equality Kinderpostzegels Her Choice stimulate their creativity, grow their new agricultural ground in which rice Nederland Management business and expand their professional and other agricultural products such as network. The aim is to contribute vegetables can be grown10. to economic growth by creating an environment for local entrepreneurship to thrive8.

7] https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/rvo_website_content/opendata/iati/IATI-psi.xml 8] https://www.orangecorners.com/ 9] http://www.internationalwatersgovernance.com/senegal-river-basin.html 10] https://aiddata.rvo.nl/projects/NL-KVK-27378529-ORIO10SN02/?tab=summary 5 11] https://www.fmo.nl/project-detail/51732 12] https://endev.info/content/Senegal country metrics what nl actors do profile government policies trends & limitations senegal interventions & plans main result areas Trends and limitations

Senegal is a politically stable country and till now not Senegal also falls far below the sub- reserves sufficient for different uses The increase in temperatures will targeted by terrorist attacks. Temporary eruption of Saharan African average for both cereal and for the supply of drinking water. increase crop water requirements and yields and agricultural value added per However, the geographical distribution may lead to decreased yields. violent actions by independent activists in the worker. remains a problem, especially in central region. Challenges which still prevail are unemployment, and northern regions of the country Senegal’s energy consumption is Extensive measures are currently being particularly in the sylvo-pastoral zone. predominantly sourced from biomass infrastructure and food security. The country can rely developed to revive food production. Access to safe water has improved and petroleum products, the rest from on a number of advantages: its democratic tradition, Despite satisfactory macro-economic considerably but sanitation remains and renewable energy (hydro, its geographical position, a young population, a vast performance, poverty still affects more problematic. solar). Biomass is predominantly used than half of the population and has for cooking, mostly in rural areas. agricultural and mining potential and the dynamism of its not declined much in rural areas. The Climate/renewable energy Households are responsible for 54% diaspora. nutrition situation across the country of the total energy consumption, is uneven. In 8 out of 14 regions, the Senegal remains vulnerable to which again is predominantly used nutrition situation is precarious if not environmental shocks including for cooking, for which firewood and Senegal is a transit country for the Food security critical. A succession of climate and recurring natural disasters (particularly charcoal are the most important illegal migration to Europe. Destination economic shocks has plunged northern floods and droughts) that will increase sources of energy, while, different from country for migrants from Guinea and The relies heavily and eastern parts of the country in in magnitude and extent due to other Sahel countries, in urban areas Mali (active in trade; part of informal on cash crops and fishing, both of which a food and nutrition crisis, and the increased climate variability. Roughly 67 also use of LPG is widespread. For regional traders’ networks), and Benin, are vulnerable to climate change. south eastern part of the country faces percent of Senegal’s population resides example, 90% of households in Dakar Togo and Ivory Coast (high-skilled, Harvest deficits in 2014 and 2015, protracted difficulties. Further efforts in the urban coastal zone, also the normally cook on LPG, though supply is service sector) Regional migration to triggered by recurring droughts and are necessary to tackle the nutrition location of 90 percent of Senegalese not always reliable in which case they Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Mauritania, Ivory floods, resulted in the early onset of challenge. Difficulties in the agricultural industrial production. This coastal fall back on charcoal. The electrification Coast and Gabon (low skilled labor, the lean season (when food is scarcer), sector combined with poverty are area is characterized by low-lying, rate of the country is relatively high petty traders, taxi drivers). Migration to severely weakening food security in the main causes of household food rapidly expanding, high population compared to surrounding countries. EU countries: France, Spain and Italy. northern and central Senegal. Rice insecurity. suburbs, high water tables and poorly The potential for renewable electricity production, processing and marketing planned drainage systems. In addition generation is large: solar, wind and is an important agribusiness sector Water to extreme events, rising sea levels hydro each offer good possibilities. due to enabling national policies (in place much of the coastal population, the Casamance area and the Senegal Water has become a national concern infrastructure and ecosystems at risk valley). for Senegal given the range of issues from flooding and erosion. Climate facing the sector: scarcity, random change will also impact climate Production and food supply are erratic nature of rainfall, vulnerability of water sensitive sectors such as agriculture, in Senegal due to dependency on rain- resources, disparity in their spatial livestock and fisheries. Agriculture in fed agriculture, unfavourable climatic distribution, lack of equity in access Senegal is highly dependent on rainfall conditions, and low water availability. to water resources between areas. and favourable climatic conditions, and Senegal has the highest volatility of When comparing Senegal to other this makes it vulnerable to both current food production in sub-Saharan Africa. Sahel countries it has enough water climatic variability and climate change.

6 country metrics what nl actors do profile government policies trends & limitations senegal interventions & plans main result areas Main result areas

Based on the above metrics and trends, the following Food security Water “directions” can be considered to be most promising • Climate resilient Integrated •  Improving access to quality seed • Work on the nexus between water for intervention. These are based on the country needs, territorial based programs. in Senegal: Create a dynamic seed access and availability, agriculture complementarity to interventions by other donors, and match Integrated, territorial based sector consisting of small and and climate resilience (small scale (landscape, catchment areas) medium sized enterprises and irrigation). with The Netherlands’ development policy, knowledge and interventions combining integrated multinationals, underpinned by • Continue support to the Senegal experience. soil and water management, climate strong private and public support. River Basin Authority smart agriculture (erosion control, Integrated seed sector development soil fertility technologies, drought is an approach to enhance Climate/renewable energy More details on directions (also on regional approaches) can resistant crops), small scale irrigation, reliable access of male and female be found in the Sahel regional profile. agro-forestry, gardening, warehouse smallholder farmers to sufficient •  Support access to renewable energy receipt systems etc. with improved quantities of quality seed of superior for electricity provision of the urban marketing, access to credit facilities varieties at the right time and at an and rural poor and for agricultural and organisation building, affordable price; and to increase male value chains •  Encouraging Public Private and female farmers’ choice in terms - Promoting energy security with Partnerships for value chain of crop varieties, and seed quality, solar energy. Promote integrated use development and entrepreneurship: price and availability. Integrated seed of solar energy for electricity and for Extend the number of countries for sector development is only one of agricultural purposes (processing, programs like the 2Scale program the building blocks of a sustainable water pumps for irrigation, grinding to Senegal (or elaborate a like-wise integrated agricultural development mills etc.). program) to stimulate inclusive approach, in addition one should - Install small and medium sized agribusiness and public private address input availability (organic renewable power plants. partnerships and inorganic fertilizer), disease and •  Enhancing youth employment, pest management and value chain economic opportunities and capacity development. development. Integrate youth employment in all the result areas food and enhance economic opportunities of youth in local economic development and through skills development (e.g. agriculture skills, pastoral skills). Generally youth are more interested in high value crops, processing, book keeping, agriculture info-systems, ICT, and transport.

7 country metrics what nl actors do profile government policies trends & limitations senegal interventions & plans main result areas Linking to IGG result areas

The suggested directions are placed against the results areas food and nutrition security suggested direction in IGG. These directions are not in order of priority – as many Promote agricultural growth Climate resilient Integrated territorial based programs are interrelated. This is in line with the integrated approach Improving access to quality seed to intervening in food, water, and climate in urban areas in the Sahel, as suggested in the new policy of the Ministry of Create ecologically sustainable Encouraging Public Private Partnerships for value chain food systems development and entrepreneurship Foreign Affairs12. Better governance for food and Enhancing youth employment, economic opportunities nutrition security and capacity development

water suggested direction

Water resources management Small scale irrigation

Transboundary river basins Continue support to the Senegal River Basin Authority management

climate* / renewable energy suggested direction

Access to renewable energy Promoting energy security with solar energy

Sustainable forestry management Install small and medium sized renewable power plants and related practices Climate resilient Integrated territorial based programs

12] Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2018) Investeren met perspectief: Goed voor de wereld, goed voor Nederland. [New policy Foreign Affairs/Foreign Trade]. The referred Sahel example is on page 39. www.rijksoverheid.nl/regering/ * The result areas under climate are partly integrated in the resilience components under the Water and Food and Nutrition Security results areas. 8 bewindspersonen/sigrid-kaag/documenten/beleidsnota-s/2018/05/18/pdf-beleidsnota-investeren-in-perspectie country metrics what nl actors do profile government policies trends & limitations senegal interventions & plans main result areas Colofon

Country profile: This country profile is part of a series Authors country, (2) are complementary to what Population 2050 projection UNDESA 2017 of 12 countries in the Sahel, Horn of Africa, and MENA Gerard Baltissen (KIT); Herman Brouwer, Bram others are doing already, and (3) present an https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/ Peters and Lavinia Plataroti (all WCDI). opportunity to cooperate on areas of Dutch Files/WPP2017_KeyFindings.pdf regions, covering per country the themes of Food & May 2018. © 2018 Wageningen Centre for expertise and interest. These possible result Hunger: Global Hunger Index (IFPRI) https:// Nutrition Security, Water, Climate and Renewable Energy. Development Innovation areas are not recommendations for specific www.ifpri.org/publication/2017-global- [email protected] | www.wur.eu/cdi programmes to be developed. hunger-index-data Commissioned by the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Food security: Global Food Security Index Affairs (Department of Inclusive Green Growth, IGG), and Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ Thank you to (Economist) http://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com implemented by Wageningen Centre for Development jbdodane/8676089455/ Hanneke van Hoof (RVO), Jan Hijkoop, Land management: Land Management Index Design: http://rco.design Monique Calon, Irene Knoben and Frits van (UNCCD) Innovation (WCDI), as part of the Support Facility of Food & der Wal for suggestions and comments. https://global-land-outlook.squarespace. Nutrition Security. Methodology com/s/Preliminary-draft-scoping-paper-fro- These country profiles are considered a first Documents consulted LMI_May-2017.pdf reconnaissance for IGG in countries that Besides internal Ministry of Foreign Affairs Renewable water resources: FAO AquaStat currently do not have bilateral programmes documentation and public documents http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/ on food, water, climate or energy. As a from other agencies (such as WBG, EC, FAO, index.stm. We calculated the Variation in per consequence, the design of these profiles is WFP, USAID, DFID), specific references are capita internal renewable water resources, by light and pragmatic. The consultants based footnoted in the text. comparing the total internal renewable water these country profiles primarily on focus resources per capita in 2014 (m3/inhabitant/ group discussions and interviews with staff Sources for metrics year) with same values in 2007. of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of General country statistics: sourced from CIA Drinking water: World Bank Drinking Water Agriculture, and RVO. World Factbook, UNFPA, UNDESA, IMF, and Index https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ Wikipedia. SH.H2O.SMDW.ZS This data was augmented by interviews with Human Development: UN Human Electrification: World Bank ESMAP country experts, databases from UN and Development Index (2016) www.hdr.undp.org/ Electrification Index http://rise.esmap.org/ World Bank Group, and IATI (a voluntary, en/countries Climate change vulnerability and readiness: multi-stakeholder initiative aiming to improve Anti-corruption and Accountability: Africa ND GAIN Index https://gain.nd.edu/our-work/ the transparency of aid and development Integrity Indicators http://aii.globalintegrity. country-index/ resources. The Netherlands is committed to org/scores-map? stringId=access_ IATI: http://d-portal.org/ and https://www. sharing data on its programmes and target information_openness&year=2017 iatiregistry.org/ areas in IATI). Doing Business: WBG Doing Business Index http://www.doingbusiness.org/ Based on this data, the consultants offer Gender Inequality: Gender Inequality Index for each country several result areas for http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/gender- consideration. These should be seen as inequality-index-gii general directions towards possible actions Population 2018 estimate http:// which (1) are needed and requested by the worldpopulationreview.com/countries/

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