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BLACK BEAR BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN No.15 State of Nevada Kenny C

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BLACK BEAR BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN No.15 State of Nevada Kenny C NNeevvaaddaa’’ss BBLLAACCKK BBEEAARR EEccoollooggyy && CCoonnsseerrvvaattiioonn Of a Charismatic Omnivore Nevada’s BBLLAACCKK BBEEAARR Ecology & Conservation Of a Charismatic Omnivore By Carl Lackey NDOW Wildlife Biologist This document is the result of studies undertaken with Federal Aid in Fish and Wildlife Restoration funds under Pittman-Robertson Projects. December 2004 NEVADA’S BLACK BEAR BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN No.15 State of Nevada Kenny C. Guinn, Governor Department of Wildlife Terry R. Crawforth, Director Game Bureau Chief of Game Board of Wildlife Commissioners Tommy Ford, Chairman / Las Vegas Chris MacKenzie, Vice Chairman / Carson City Clint Bentley / Las Vegas Bill Bradley / Reno James Jeffress / Lovelock Ron Lurie / Las Vegas David McNinch / Reno Eric J. Olsen / Fallon Mike Riordan / Jiggs Cover Photo: American Black Bear - Philip DeManczuk, Photography – Reno, NV The Nevada Department of Wildlife receives funds from Federal Aid in Fish and Wildlife Restoration Acts. Federal and State law state that there shall be no difference in the treatment of individuals because of race, color, creed, religion, national origin, sex or disability. Anyone receiving alleged discriminatory treatment in any Department program, activity or facility should report it to either: Director U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Nevada Department of Wildlife Department of the Interior 1100 ValleyRoad 18th & C Streets Reno, Nevada 89512 Washington D.C. 20240 NEVADA’S BLACK BEAR BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN No.15 TTABLE OF CCONTENTS A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S . 1 I N T R O D U C T I O N . 2 M A N A G E M E N T H I S T O R Y . 5 NATURAL HISTORY ................................................... 7 T A X O N O M Y . 7 D I S T R I B U T I O N & S T A T U S . 7 M O R P H O L O G Y & C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S . 8 D I S E A S E & P A R A S I T E S . 1 0 F O O D & H A B I T A T P R E F E R E N C E S . 1 0 R E P R O D U C T I V E B I O L O G Y . 1 1 D E N N I N G . 1 1 H O M E R A N G E . 1 3 B E H A V I O R . 1 3 NEVADA’S BEARS . 1 5 THREATS, OPPORTUNITIES & MANAGEMENT ISSUES . 2 0 H A B I T A T L O S S . 2 0 T H E B L A C K B E A R I N I L L E G A L T R A D E . 2 1 B L A C K B E A R A T T A C K S . 2 2 C O M P L A I N T S . 2 2 A V E R S I V E C O N D I T I O N I N G . 2 3 L A W S & R E G U L A T I O N S . 2 6 C O N C L U S I O N S . 2 8 B I B L I O G R A P H Y & L I T E R A T U R E C I T E D . 3 2 APPENDICES A P P E N D I X 1 – B l a c k B e a r M o r t a l i t i e s 1 9 9 7 - 2 0 0 4 . A 1 A P P E N D I X 2 – B l a c k B e a r C o m p l a i n t s 1 9 9 7 - 2 0 0 4 . A 2 A P P E N D I X 3 – 9 5 % H o m e R a n g e s . A 3 A P P E N D I X 4 – E x a m p l e s o f B e a r D a m a g e ( p h o t o s ) . A 4 A P P E N D I X 5 - W i l d l i f e C a p t u r e D a t a F o r m . A 5 i NEVADA’S BLACK BEAR BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN No.15 LLIIST OF FIIGURES F i g u r e 1 . H i s t o r i c R a n g e o f B l a c k B e a r s i n N e v a d a . 3 F i g u r e 2 . H i s t o r i c r e f e r e n c e s . 4 F i g u r e 3 . F r e e - R a n g e c a p t u r e o f a b l a c k b e a r . 6 F i g u r e 4 . H i s t o r i c & C u r r e n t R a n g e o f B l a c k B e a r s i n N o r t h A m e r i c a . 7 F i g u r e 5 . H i n d f o o t a n d f r o n t f o o t o f a b l a c k b e a r . 9 F i g u r e 6 . T w o w e e k o l d b e a r c u b . 1 1 F i g u r e 7 . B i o l o g i s t s e n t e r a b e a r d e n . 1 2 F i g u r e 8 . B i o l o g i s t w i t h t w o 6 - w e e k o l d c u b s . 1 6 F i g u r e 9 . P R O W L V o l u n t e e r w i t h 5 6 0 l b B e a r . 1 8 F i g u r e 1 0 . C u r r e n t R a n g e o f B l a c k B e a r s i n N e v a d a . 1 9 F i g u r e 1 1 . R o a d m o r t a l i t y . 2 0 F i g u r e 1 2 . B l a c k B e a r G a l l B l a d d e r . 2 1 F i g u r e 1 3 . C h a r g i n g f e m a l e b l a c k b e a r . 2 2 F i g u r e 1 4 . T h e K a r e l i a n B e a r D o g - K B D . 2 4 F i g u r e 1 5 . O n - S i t e R e l e a s e . 2 5 F i g u r e 1 6 . L a r g e M a l e E x i t i n g T r a p . 2 9 ii NEVADA’S BLACK BEAR BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN No.15 AACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this bulletin would not have been possible without the assistance of many people, and I owe my gratitude to all of them. First and foremost to my friend Dr. Jon Beckmann of the Wildlife Conservation Society, for without his dedication and hard work, and his appearance in Nevada at just the right time, we would not have anywhere near the base of knowledge on Nevada’s bears that we have now. Conducting four years of research with Jon was truly a rewarding experience. Director Terry Crawforth and Deputy Director Gene Weller not only initiated the bear program in Nevada, but gave their encouragement and support throughout so that the cooperative relationship with UNR could work out. I thank my supervisor at the time, Craig Mortimore, for his confidence in my work, and allowing me the freedom to develop the bear program. Thanks to Chris Healy, for his backing of the program, and immense contributions in getting the message out. My good friend, Dr. Jim Nelson, DVM for his hundreds of hours of assistance, and giving me professional advice on “how and how not” to tranquilize bears, including the proper clinical uses of toothpaste. Thanks to Animal Ark for caring for all our orphaned cubs. Several biologists gave freely of their professional expertise and advice throughout the study, including Jim Jeffress, Mike Dobel, Russell Woolstenhulme and Mike Cox. Thanks to all the volunteers and co-workers, especially the Western Region game wardens, who have assisted me in the field the last few years, often times very late at night. Tanya Wells and Carolyn Montgomery helped format and correct the bulletin. Photo credits go to several people, and Tim Herrick produced the maps.
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