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Democratic Status of the World's Federations Since

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Democratic Status of the World's Federations Since Appendix 1 DEMOCRATIC STATUS OF THE WORLD’S FEDERATIONS SINCE 1900 Democratic Nondemocratic Non-consolidated democracies Bosnia & Hercegovina, 1 Argentine Republic Cameroon 1961–1972 Republic of Central African Federation (South and Australia, Commonwealth Comoros, Federal Islamic 2 North Rhodesia with of Republic of Nyasaland), 1953–1963 3 Austria, Republic of Czechoslovakia < 1992 British West Indies 4 Belgium, Kingdom of Ethiopia 1952–1962 Congo 1960–1969 Brazil, Federative Republic Federation of Iraq and Ethiopia, Federal Democratic 5 of Jordan, 1958 Republic of Libya, Federal Yugoslavia, Federal Republic 6 Burma 1948–1962 Kingdom of of 1992–2003 1951–1963 7 Canada Malayan 1947–1963 Indonesia 1947–1950 Germany, Federal Republic Mali Federation (with 8 Iraq > 2005 of > 1990 Senegal) 1959–1960 Germany, Federal Republic 9 Uganda 1962–1967 Nigeria > 1999 of 1945–1990 (continued) 184 Appendix 1 Democratic Nondemocratic Non-consolidated democracies 10 India, Republic of United Arab Emirates Pakistan 1955–1971 United Arab Republic 11 Malaysia > 1965 1958–1961 (Egypt and Pakistan > 1971 Syria) 12 Malayan 1963–1965 USSR Russian Federation Mexico (United Mexican Serbia & Montenegro, Union 13 Yugoslavia 1945–1992 States) of 2003–2006 Micronesia, Federated 14 States of 15 Nigeria 1963–1966 16 Nigeria 1979–1983 Saint Kitts and Nevis, 17 Federation of Switzerland (Swiss 18 Confederation) 19 United States of America 20 Venezuela, Republic of 43.5% 28.25% 28.25% Source: Britannica Book of the Year (1958–1999) and U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (2006). Notes: Those federations in bold type are not in existence anymore or have been superseded. Spain and South Africa have been excluded. Both are federations in practice, but not constitutionally. The Democratic Republic of the Congo adopted a constitution in February 2006 that has federal features, but it is not for- mally a federation and is therefore not included. Appendix 2 THE DATES OF PRESIDENT’S RULE FOR THE STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES OF INDIA 1951–2005 Dates imposed Name of state Year imposed Days lasted between Punjab 1951 302 20.06.51–17.04.52 Pepsu (later merged 1953 369 04.03.53–07.03.54 into Punjab) Andhra Pradesh 1954 133 15.11.54–28.03.55 Travancore-Cochin (later merged into 1956 223 23.03.56–01.11.56 Kerala) Kerala 1956 156 01.11.56–05.04.57 Kerala 1959 209 31.07.59–22.02.60 Orissa 1961 118 25.02.61–23.06.61 Kerala 1964 145 10.09.64–24.03.65 Kerala 1965 712 24.03.65–06.03.67 (continued) 186 Appendix 2 Dates imposed Name of state Year imposed Days lasted between Punjab 1966 118 05.07.66–01.11.66 Goa, Daman and Diu 1966 123 03.12.66–05.04.67 Rajasthan 1967 44 13.03.67–26.04.67 Manipur 1967 118 25.10.67–19.02.68 Haryana 1967 181 21.11.67–21.05.68 West Bengal 1968 370 20.02.68–25.02.69 Uttar Pradesh 1968 368 25.02.68–26.02.69 Bihar 1968 248 29.06.68–26.02.69 Punjab 1968 178 23.08.68–17.02.69 Pondicherry 1968 181 18.09.68–17.03.69 Bihar 1969 227 04.07.69–16.02.70 Manipur 1969 452 16.10.69–21.01.72 West Bengal 1970 377 19.03.70–02.04.71 Kerala 1970 64 04.08.70–03.10.70 Uttar Pradesh 1970 18 01.10.70–18.10.70 Orissa 1971 71 11.01.71–22.03.71 Orissa 1971 11 23.03.71–03.04.71 Karnataka 1971 359 27.03.71–20.03.72 Gujarat 1971 313 13.05.71–17.03.72 Punjab 1971 280 15.06.71–17.03.72 West Bengal 1971 265 29.06.71–20.03.72 Bihar 1972 60 09.01.72–08.03.72 Manipur 1972 59 21.01.72–20.03.72 Tripura 1972 59 21.01.72–20.03.72 Bihar 1972 11 09.03.72–19.03.72 Andhra Pradesh 1973 326 18.01.73–10.12.73 Orissa 1973 368 03.03.73–06.03.74 Manipur 1973 341 28.03.73–04.03.74 Uttar Pradesh 1973 148 13.06.73–08.11.73 Pondicherry 1974 62 03.01.74–06.03.74 Gujarat 1974 494 09.02.74–18.06.75 (continued) Appendix 2 187 Dates imposed Name of state Year imposed Days lasted between Pondicherry 1974 1222 28.03.74–02.07.77 Nagaland 1975 978 22.03.75–25.11.77 Uttar Pradesh 1975 52 30.11.75–21.01.76 Tamil Nadu 1976 516 31.01.76–30.06.77 Gujarat 1976 287 12.03.76–24.12.76 Orissa 1976 14 16.12.76–29.12.76 Uttar Pradesh 1977 54 30.04.77–23.06.77 Bihar 1977 55 30.04.77–24.06.77 Rajasthan 1977 53 30.04.77–22.06.77 Madhya Pradesh 1977 54 30.04.77–23.06.77 Punjab 1977 51 30.04.77–20.06.77 Himachel Pradesh 1977 53 30.04.77–22.06.77 Haryana 1977 52 30.04.77–21.06.77 Orissa 1977 57 30.04.77–29.06.77 West Bengal 1977 52 30.04.77–21.06.77 Mizoram 1977 388 11.05.77–02.06.78 Manipur 1977 45 16.05.77–29.06.77 Tripura 1977 60 05.11.77–04.01.78 Karnataka 1977 59 31.12.77–27.02.78 Mizoram 1978 178 11.11.78–08.05.79 Pondicherry 1978 430 12.11.78–16.01.80 Goa, Daman and Diu 1979 263 27.04.79–16.01.80 Sikkim 1979 60 18.08.79–17.10.79 Arunachal Pradesh 1979 76 03.11.79–18.01.80 Manipur 1979 60 14.11.79–13.01.80 Kerala 1979 51 05.12.79–25.01.80 Assam 1979 340 12.12.79–06.12.80 Tamil Nadu 1980 113 17.02.80–09.06.80 Bihar 1980 112 17.02.80–08.06.80 Maharashtra 1980 113 17.02.80–09.06.80 Uttar Pradesh 1980 113 17.02.80–09.06.80 Orissa 1980 113 17.02.80–09.06.80 (continued) 188 Appendix 2 Dates imposed Name of state Year imposed Days lasted between Madhya Pradesh 1980 113 17.02.80–09.06.80 Rajasthan 1980 110 17.02.80–06.06.80 Punjab 1980 111 17.02.80–07.06.80 Gujarat 1980 111 17.02.80–07.06.80 Manipur 1981 110 28.02.81–19.06.81 Assam 1981 197 30.06.81–13.01.82 Kerala 1981 67 21.10.81–28.12.81 Kerala 1982 67 17.03.82–24.05.82 Assam 1982 345 19.03.82–27.02.83 Pondicherry 1983 631 24.06.83–16.03.85 Punjab 1983 723 06.10.83–29.09.85 Sikkim 1984 287 25.05.84–08.03.84 Jammu and Kashmir 1986 60 07.09.86–06.11.86 Punjab 1987 1386 11.05.87–25.02.92 Tamil Nadu 1988 363 30.01.88–27.01.89 Nagaland 1988 171 07.08.88–25.01.89 Mizoram 1988 137 07.09.88–24.01.89 Karnataka 1989 223 21.04.89–30.11.89 Jammu and Kashmir 1990 2274 18.07.90–9.10.96 Karnataka 1990 7 10.10.90–17.10.90 Assam 1990 215 27.11.90–30.06.91 Goa 1990 42 14.12.90–25.01.91 Pondicherry 1991 173 12.01.91–04.07.91 Tamil Nadu 1991 145 30.01.91–24.06.91 Haryana 1991 80 06.04.91–23.06.91 Meghalaya 1991 117 11.10.91–05.02.92 Manipur 1992 122 07.01.92–08.04.92 Nagaland 1992 326 02.04.92–22.02.93 (continued) Appendix 2 189 Dates imposed Name of state Year imposed Days lasted between Uttar Pradesh 1992 363 06.12.92–04.12.93 Madhya Pradesh 1992 357 15.12.92–07.12.93 Himachel Pradesh 1992 353 15.12.92–03.12.93 Rajasthan 1992 354 15.12.92–04.12.93 Tripura 1993 30 11.03.93–10.04.93 Manipur 1993 347 31.12.93–13.12.94 Bihar 1995 7 28.03.95–04.04.95 Uttar Pradesh 1995 366 18.10.95–17.10.96 Gujarat 1996 34 19.09.96–23.10.96 Uttar Pradesh 1996 155 17.10.96–21.3.97 Goa 1999 17 10.02.99–27.10.99 Bihar 1999 26 12.02.99–10.3.99 Manipur 2001 276 2.6.01–5.3.02 Uttar Pradesh 2002 68 8.3.02–15.5.02 Jammu and Kashmir 2002 17 17.10.02–02.11.02 Bihar 2005 263 7.3.05–24.11.05 Source: Data adapted from Lok Sabha Secretariat (1996), H. M. Rajashekara (1987, 638–40), Rajya Sabha (1996; 1997; 1999a; 1999b; 2002), Dawn (2002), V. Venkatesan (2005), and Onkar Singh (2005). Appendix 3 THE NUMBER OF UNITS IN THE WORLD’S FEDERATIONS AND THEIR SUCCESS RATE Name of State Number of units Failure 1 Republic of Bosnia-Hercegovina 2 No 2 Cameroon 1961–1972 2 Yes 3 Central African Federation 1956–1963 2 Yes 4 Czechoslovakia 1992 2 Yes 5 Ethiopia 1952–1962 2 Yes 6 Federation of Iraq and Jordan 1958 2 Yes 7 Mali 1959–1960 2 Yes 8 Pakistan 1955–1971 2 Yes 9 Serbia and Montenegro (FRY) 1992–2003 2 No 10 St Kitts and Nevis 2 No 11 Union of Serbia and Montenegro 2003–2006 2 Yes 12 United Arab Republic 1958–1961 (Egypt and Syria) 2 Yes 13 Comoros 3 No 14 Libya (Federal Kingdom of) 1951–1963 3 Yes 15 Malayan Federation 1963–1965 3 Yes 16 Nigeria 1963–1966 3 Yes (continued) 192 Appendix 3 Name of State Number of units Failure 17 Micronesia 4 No 18 Pakistan > 1971 4 No 19 Uganda 1962–1967 4 Yes 20 Belgium 5 No 21 Australia 6 No 22 Burma 1948–1962 6 Yes 23 Congo 1960–1969 6 Yes 24 Yugoslavia 6 Yes 25 Indonesia 1947–1950 7 Yes 26 U.A.E 7 No 27 Austria 9 No 28 Canada 10 No 29 Germany 1945–1990 11 No 30 Malaya 1947–1963 11 No 31 British West Indies 1958–1962 12 Yes 32 Malaysia 15 No 33 USSR 15 Yes 34 Germany > 1990 16 No 35 Iraq > 2005 18 No 36 Nigeria 1979–1983 19 Yes 37 Russia 19 No 38 Venezuela 22 No 39 Argentina 23 No 40 Ethiopia > 1991 25 No 41 Brazil 26 No 42 Switzerland 26 No 43 India 28 No 44 Mexico 31 No 45 Nigeria > 1999 36 No 46 United States of America 50 No Source: As Table 8.1 Notes: Only the first level of decentralization is included.
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