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6): Scrambling (Conditional Access System Technologies and Services on Digital Broadcasting (6) Scrambling (Conditional Access System) "Technologies and Services of Digital Broadcasting" (in Japanese, ISBN4-339-01162-2) is published by CORONA publishing co., Ltd. Copying, reprinting, translation, or retransmission of this document is prohibited without the permission of the authors and the publishers, CORONA publishing co., Ltd. and NHK. 1. Digital broadcasting and conditional Satellite broadcasting, in particular, features a very access systems broad broadcast target, for which unauthorized reception can have far reaching effects. It is for this reason that The essential role of broadcasting is to convey highly secure systems are employed for both the information on a broad scale; therefore, "scrambling", scrambling subsystem and access control subsystem. which has the aim of restricting reception, is at odds with The general requirements that scrambling systems must this role. In recent years, however, the implementation of satisfy are as follows: fee-based broadcasting has made it necessary to prevent (1) it must be difficult for a third party to perform non-subscribers from receiving broadcasts, so scrambling unauthorized reception (security); of broadcast signals has nonetheless become widespread. (2) scrambled signal content must not be understandable This has been achieved through the "conditional access (concealment); system", which is now a normal prescription for any new (3) quality must not deteriorate (perceptibly) on restoring broadcast system. Although scrambling began with cable the signal (quality restoration); and television (CATV) and limited-range terrestrial broadcasts, (4) receiver and operating costs must be low. the advent of worldwide satellite-based broadcasts has In digital broadcasting, moreover, fueled the development and implementation of large-scale (5) efficient scrambling of all kinds of signals (as in conditional access systems. multimedia broadcasts) must be possible, and A conditional access system generally consists of two (6) various business formats such as multi-channel main subsystems: services and billing schemes must be supported. A scrambling subsystem that a) scrambles the signal to prevent non-subscribers from receiving it and b) descrambles the signal at the subscribers' receivers. 2. Configuration of a conditional access An access control subsystem that processes access system control messages to determine whether descrambling is to be performed. Although a conditional access system can be achieved in Scrambled broadcast signal Video/audio/data Scrambler Descrambler Video/audio/data Scrambling subsystem Ks Entitlement control Access control subsystem messages (ECM) Scrambling key (Ks) Decrypter Program attribute Encrypter Entitlement information management Kw messages Viewing (EMM) enable/disable Work key (Kw) Decrypter Subscription Encrypter information Master key (Km) Master key (Km) Security module Figure 1: Configuration of a conditional access system 10 Broadcast Technology no.12, Autumn 2002 C NHK STRL Lecture various ways depending on targeted services, required "effect control" system to reduce the degree of concealment functions, and security, the basic configuration shown in and allow a slight amount of content to be recognized to Fig. 1 has been recommended by ITU-R 1). promote subscriptions. In this case, control techniques Firstly, the system should perform scrambling according based on detailed properties of the signal will be required to the properties of the signals in question. Secondly, it in addition to encryption technology for digital signals. should change the key regularly to maintain the security of Technology for encrypting digital signals can be broadly the scrambling system, and transmit this key information classified as stream ciphers and block ciphers. Table 1 to the receiver in a secure manner using a hierarchical summarizes the features of these two types of ciphers. encryption system. Thirdly, for the purpose of operating In digital broadcasting, signals like video, audio, and fee-based broadcasting, reception should be controlled various kinds of data having greatly different properties according to the details of each user's subscription. can be unified in the form of a digital signal and The following sections describe the conditional access multiplexed on one stream for transmission. The most functions implemented in digital broadcasting. common system for performing this multiplexing is the one standardized by MPEG. This system features two signal scrambling methods: the first method scrambles transport 3. Signal scrambling system stream (TS) packets, and the second method scrambles packetized elementary streams (PES) 2). The signal scrambling system is selected in accordance In either case, a detailed scrambling method is not with the properties of the target signals. In this regard, specified and is instead prescribed on the application conditional access systems for television broadcasting have system side. For example, the Digital Video Broadcasting once targeted analog broadcasting, and degradation in the (DVB) system in Europe has standardized a signal restored signal due to transmission-path characteristics scrambling system that combines block and stream could occur if advanced signal scrambling were performed. ciphers3). A description of this scrambling system has not Under these circumstances, many systems have been been officially released, though, and the system itself developed and deployed according to the level of security, cannot be used outside Europe. As a result, different restoration quality, etc., required by the target system. scrambling systems must be used when operating DVB- On the other hand, scrambling of digital broadcast based systems outside of Europe. signals causes no degradation of the restored signal Such a situation has occurred in Japan where some provided that the transmitted signal is correctly received. companies have implemented digital television This makes it possible to use advanced scrambling broadcasting via Communication Satellite (CS) in which techniques. the signaling system conforms to DVB, but the scrambling Various kinds of encryption technologies targeting digital system has been independently developed. As shown in data can be applied to the scrambling of a digital signal. Fig. 2, this scrambling system combines a block cipher and Broadcast scrambling, however, may also employ an a stream cipher (which is applied to those sections of data Table 1: Scrambling schemes for digital signals System Principle Features Application Examples Stream cipher Input Encrypted Processing speed: - Satellite television, data data High-speed processing easily Hi-Vision audio (MUSE achieved. Hi-Vision broadcasts only) PN sequence Security: - Digital television generator A difference in 1 bit (or byte) in the input stream generates Key (Ks) a difference of 1 bit (or byte) in encrypted output. A PN sequence bit (or byte) is added (EX-OR) to each bit (or byte) of the input stream. Block cipher Processing speed: - Data encryption in Input Block Encrypted High-speed processing difficult communications data encryption data for a highly secure system. - Digital television Security: Key (Ks) A difference in 1 bit in the input stream usually generates a change in many bits. The input stream is divided into blocks (e.g. 64 bits) and encrypted accordingly. Broadcast Technology no.12, Autumn 2002 C NHK STRL 11 64-bit key (1) For entitlement control messages (ECM) CBC mode Header part (MPEG section format) Block MULTI2 length = 8 cipher ECM CRC TS data reg before Encrypted 64bit8 N [bit] 32bit encryption TS data (2) For entitlement management messages (EMM) Header part MULTI2 reg cipher (MPEG section format) Block EMM CRC length = 8 OFB mode 64bit8 N [bit] 32bit Figure 2: Example of a scrambling system for digital broadcasts Figure 3: Example of signal configurations for sending ECM and EMM targeted for scrambling that exceed an integer multiple of shown in Fig. 3. (Note: Packet identifier (PID) values of the the block length in the block cipher). The system has also packets used to send these ECM and EMM sections are been introduced in Japanese digital broadcasting via included in the Program Map Table (PMT) and Broadcasting Satellite (BS) and terrestrial waves. Conditional Access Table (CAT), respectively.) Here, specific ECM and EMM contents can be specified according to business format, billing system, etc., enabling a variety of 4. Key configuration and transmission of conditional access systems to be implemented. key information The Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) has standardized the Japanese system for transmitting In signal scrambling, a scrambling key (Ks) determines ECMs and EMMs and the information needed to receive the scrambling pattern, and it is common to change this and process these messages. These standards allow key at fixed intervals of time such as every second to operators to decide on contents, encryption systems, etc. The maintain a secure system. This Ks information must conditional access system, moreover, includes a function for therefore be continuously transmitted to the subscriber's sending individual information to each receiver within a receiver, and this is done by encrypting and transmitting it broadcast system that targets an unspecified number of the within related information called entitlement control general public. This function can therefore be used to send messages (ECM) together with the scrambled
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