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Genetic Effects of Sable (Martes Zibellina L.) Reintroduction in Western Siberia

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Genetic Effects of Sable (Martes Zibellina L.) Reintroduction in Western Siberia See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323725844 Genetic Effects of Sable (Martes zibellina L.) Reintroduction in Western Siberia Article in Russian Journal of Genetics · March 2018 DOI: 10.1134/S1022795418030079 CITATIONS READS 5 73 3 authors: Vladimir G. Monakhov Makar Modorov Russian Academy of Sciences Russian Academy of Sciences 178 PUBLICATIONS 435 CITATIONS 32 PUBLICATIONS 87 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Maryana Ranyuk Russian Academy of Sciences 30 PUBLICATIONS 70 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Genetic consequences of sable introductions on Western and Eastern Siberia View project Genrikh Monakhov Publications View project All content following this page was uploaded by Maryana Ranyuk on 13 March 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. ISSN 1022-7954, Russian Journal of Genetics, 2018, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 358–362. © Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2018. Original Russian Text © V.G. Monakhov, M.V. Modorov, M.N. Ranyuk, 2018, published in Genetika, 2018, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 361–365. SHORT COMMUNICATIONS Genetic Effects of Sable (Martes zibellina L.) Reintroduction in Western Siberia V. G. Monakhov, M. V. Modorov, and M. N. Ranyuk* Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, 620144 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] Received February 1, 2017; in final form, July 10, 2017 Abstract⎯In the middle of the 20th century, massive introductions of sables were performed to recover the area of this valuable fur species. In this work, genetic variation of a naturalized sable population from the Vakh River basin (Nizhnevartovskiy district, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug) was investigated. This popula- tion developed as a result of sable introduction from Cisbaikalia in 1952‒1957. The naturalized sable popu- lation of the Vakh basin occupies an intermediate position between two autochthonous sable populations from the Ob River area and Cisbaikalia, as assessed by variation of five microsatellite loci. Apparently, the genetic structure of the modern sable population from the Vakh basin was formed by mixing the gene pools of the original Cisbaikalian population and the neighboring autochthonous populations from the Ob River area which recovered their numbers in a natural way. Data on genetic variation in the naturalized sable pop- ulation agree with the results of previous morphological studies and can be employed for long-term monitor- ing of the outcome of sable introduction. Keywords: sable, introduction, population, genetic structure, microsatellite loci DOI: 10.1134/S1022795418030079 The sable (Martes zibellina) is a valuable fur spe- were selected to be released into novel habitats. It cies; the greater part of its natural area is located in should be mentioned that autochthonous sables of the Russia. By the beginning of the 20th century, the sable Ob basin represent the subspecies Martes zibellina had nearly completely disappeared in a large part of its zibellina, while the introduced animals originated area because of overhunting. A number of measures from the Lake Baikal area inhabited by another sub- were undertaken to restore the species abundance; in species, M. z. princeps [11]. Thus, the efforts to natu- particular, sables were reintroduced into territories ralize Cisbaikalian sables in Western Siberia repre- that they used to inhabit (mainly from Cisbaikalia). sented a sort of large-scale ecological experiment, According to [1], altogether 19187 sables were trans- where one sable subspecies was introduced into an ferred to new habitats in the period from 1901 to 1970. area inhabited by another subspecies with a signifi- In Western Siberia, the area of the sable was cantly different phenotype [1, 10, 12‒15]. reduced to isolated inaccessible locations in the areas Morphological studies of naturalized sable popula- between the river courses of the Ob and the Irtysh and tions showed that, in 40 years after introduction, these the Konda and the Sosva [2, 3]. On the right shore of animals developed specific morphological traits that the Ob River, hardly any sables could be found in mid- distinguished them both from Cisbaikalian sables and dle of the 20th century [4‒7], even though in the 17th from autochthonous sables of the Ob basin, making century it used to be a major “sable site” yielding up to the initial features of introduced sables more similar to 120 animals per hunter per season [8, 9]. the phenotype of autochthonous animals [10, 14‒16]. From 1940 to 1959, to restore the sable population Morphological traits of the naturalized population in the Ob basin, 42 transfers were undertaken to may have changed as a consequence of natural selec- release 3045 animals, mainly from Irkutsk oblast and tion. Apart from that, the fact that they have become Buryatia, in the basins of the Kazym, Agan, Vakh, more similar to the autochthonous phenotype may be Vasyugan, Parabel, Tym, and Ket rivers [1, 10]. In the due to crossbreeding between introduced sables and basin of the Vakh, three releases were performed in sables from neighboring autochthonous populations 1952‒1957, which involved 224 sables from Buryatia whose numbers have been restored in a natural way. and 107 sables from the Bodaibinskii district of Irkutsk oblast (lower stream of the Vitim River). It was usually The goal of the present study was to characterize animals with the darkest, most appreciated fur that the genetic structure of the naturalized sable popula- 358 GENETIC EFFECTS OF SABLE (Martes zibellina L.) REINTRODUCTION 359 Taz Vakh Ob Vakh Yenisei Irtysh Uvat Lena Vitim Lake Baikal Khamar-Daban Fig. 1. Scheme of geographic location of the studied samples of sable. tion on the basis of variation of microsatellite loci in was assessed using the χ2 test. Data were analyzed nuclear DNA. using the GenAlex 6.501 software program [21, 22]. The study was performed using data on 139 sables In all three populations, each of the five loci was from three population samples: Vakh (n = 59; col- represented by six to ten alleles (Table 1). In the natu- lected in 2011‒2014 in the basin of the River Vakh, ralized Vakh population, the effective number of Nizhnevartoskii district, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous alleles per locus was the highest (Ne = 4.8 ± 0.7); in the Okrug), Uvat (n = 39; Uvatskii district of Tyumen autochthonous populations of Uvat and Khamar- oblast, 2010‒2011), and Khamar-Daban (n = 41; Daban, this value was lower (Ne = 3.7‒3.8). The num- Khamar-Daban Mountain Range, Kabanskii district, ber of unique alleles (i.e., those not represented in the Buryatia, 2004‒2005) (Fig. 1). Specimens of muscle other populations) was the highest in the population of tissue were collected by licensed hunters in the corre- Vakh (eight alleles); in the Khamar-Daban popula- sponding regions. Each specimen was genotyped by tion, there was one unique allele, and no unique alleles five microsatellite loci: Ma2, Ma8, Ma15 [17], Mer41, were found in the Uvat population (Table 1). In 11 of and Mvis72 [18]. These loci were previously success- 15 cases, the observed genotype frequency distribu- fully applied in molecular genetic studies of the sable tions did not deviate from the Hardy‒Weinberg equi- librium; in the remaining cases, the observed devia- [19, 20]. PCR was performed as described in [20]. The tions were not systemic. length of the resulting fragments was determined using a Genetic Analyzer 3130 (Applied Biosystems, United Genetic differentiation among the three popula- States) in the presence of molecular weight marker S-450 tions was significant in all pairwise comparisons (P < (Syntol, Russia). Chromatograms were analyzed using 0.01). FST values were 0.041 between the populations GeneMapper v. 4.0 software. of Vakh and Khamar-Daban and 0.036 between the populations of Vakh and Uvat. The highst level of dif- Genetic differentiation (FST) was considered signif- ferentiation was observed between the autochthonous icant at p < 0.01. The agreement of the observed geno- populations of Cisbaikalia (Khamar-Daban) and the type distribution to the Hardy‒Weinberg equilibrium Ob basin (Uvat): FST = 0.067. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF GENETICS Vol. 54 No. 3 2018 360 MONAKHOV et al. Table 1. Genetic diversity of autochthonous and naturalized sable populations as assessed by microsatellite variation Locus Population Parameter Ma15 Ma2 Ma8 Mer41 Mvis72 all loci N 57 57 58 59 58 57‒59 Na 67107108.0 ± 0.84 Vakh Ne 2.8 4.4 6.5 4.5 6.1 4.8 ± 0.67 G 12113 8 N 39 39 39 39 38 38‒39 Na 668686.8 ± 0.49 Uvat Ne 2.41 5.1 3.8 3.0 4.9 3.8 ± 0.52 G 00000 0 N 41 41 41 40 41 40‒41 Na 66788 7 ± 0.45 Khamar-Daban Ne 2.8 3.8 4.5 4.5 3.0 3.7 ± 0.36 G 00010 1 N 137 137 138 138 137 45.8 Na 7 8 10 9 11 7.27 ± 0.36 All populations Ne 2.7 4.4 4.9 4.0 4.7 4.1 ± 0.31 G 12123 9 N, sample size; Na, average number of alleles per locus; Ne, effective number of alleles per locus; G, number of unique alleles in the sample. Genetic structure of a population is determined by 0.058) [20]. Thus, Cisbaikalian sables that were intro- a combined effect of mutations, migrations, genetic duced in the Vakh basin must have been genetically drift, and natural selection [23, 24]. Sable introduc- different from the autochthonous population of the tion in the Vakh basin took place about 60 years ago Ob basin. (which corresponds to 8‒30 generations of animals). The Vakh population of introduced sables occupies We believe that this period is too short for mutations to an intermediate position between the autochthonous have any significant effect on the genetic structure of populations of the Ob basin and Cisbaikalia, as sug- the naturalized population.
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