Container Networking Deep Dive
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Iocage Documentation Release 1.2
iocage Documentation Release 1.2 Brandon Schneider and Peter Toth Sep 26, 2019 Contents 1 Documentation: 3 1.1 Install iocage...............................................3 1.2 Basic Usage...............................................6 1.3 Plugins.................................................. 10 1.4 Networking................................................ 11 1.5 Jail Types................................................. 14 1.6 Best Practices............................................... 15 1.7 Advanced Usage............................................. 16 1.8 Using Templates............................................. 20 1.9 Create a Debian Squeeze Jail (GNU/kFreeBSD)............................ 21 1.10 Known Issues............................................... 22 1.11 FAQ.................................................... 23 1.12 Indices and tables............................................ 24 Index 25 i ii iocage Documentation, Release 1.2 iocage is a jail/container manager written in Python, combining some of the best features and technologies the FreeBSD operating system has to offer. It is geared for ease of use with a simplistic and easy to learn command syntax. FEATURES: • Templates, basejails, and normal jails • Easy to use • Rapid thin provisioning within seconds • Automatic package installation • Virtual networking stacks (vnet) • Shared IP based jails (non vnet) • Dedicated ZFS datasets inside jails • Transparent ZFS snapshot management • Binary updates • Export and import • And many more! Contents 1 iocage Documentation, -
A Secure Peer-To-Peer Web Framework
A Secure Peer-to-Peer Web Framework Joakim Koskela Andrei Gurtov Helsinki Institute for Information Technology Helsinki Institute for Information Technology PO Box 19800, 00076 Aalto PO Box 19800, 00076 Aalto Email: joakim.koskela@hiit.fi Email: andrei.gurtov@hiit.fi Abstract—We present the design and evaluation of a se- application, that can be deployed without investing in dedi- cure peer-to-peer HTTP middleware framework that enables cated infrastructure while addressing issues such as middlebox a multitude of web applications without relying on service traversal, mobility, security and identity management. providers. The framework is designed to be deployed in existing network environments, allowing ordinary users to create private II. PEER-TO-PEER HTTP services without investing in network infrastructure. Compared to previous work, scalability, NAT/firewall traversal and peer From its launch in the early 1990s, the HyperText Transfer mobility is achieved without the need for maintaining dedicated Protocol (HTTP) had grown to be one of the most popular servers by utilizing new network protocols and re-using existing protocols on the Internet today. It is used daily for everything network resources. from past-time activities, such as recreational browsing, gam- I. INTRODUCTION ing and media downloads, to business- and security-critical Peer-to-peer (P2P) systems have been popular within net- applications such as payment systems and on-line banking. work research during the past years as they have the potential The success of HTTP has clearly grown beyond its original to offer more reliable, fault-tolerant and cost-efficient network- design as a simple, easy to manage protocol for exchanging ing. -
I.L. 40-614A 1 1. INTRODUCTION the Basic Interface to Remote Terminal, Or BIRT, Is an INCOM Network Master. BIRT Gives Users An
I.L. 40-614A 1. INTRODUCTION 3. DESCRIPTION The Basic Interface to Remote Terminal, or BIRT, is 3.1. Power Requirements an INCOM Network Master. BIRT gives users an economical way of getting information from their Range: 48 Vdc to 250 Vdc and 120 Vac INCOM-compatible devices since it connects directly between a user’s external MODEM or personal com- Burden: 3.5 W @ 48 Vdc puter and the INCOM network. 9 W @ 250 Vdc 5 W @ 120 Vac BIRT can directly replace Westinghouse MINTs, talk- ing to all INCOM-based communication devices. 3.2. Temperature Range BIRTs also include a special high-speed mode for communicating with SADIs – allowing users to collect For Operation: 0˚ to +55˚ C data from other manufacturer’s relays more rapidly For Storage: -20˚ to +80˚ C than ever before. 3.3. Physical Dimensions BIRTs are built to handle the abuse of substation environment; their “hardened” RS-232 serial port can The BIRT enclosure dimensions are identical to the handle surges and sustained high voltages that ERNI and SADI, as shown in figure 1. would destroy ordinary serial ports, and BIRTs can run on a wide range of voltages, from 48 to 250 Vdc Dimensions and weight of chassis or even 120 Vac, with no jumpers or adjustments needed. Height: 5.26” (133.6) mm) Width: 3.32” (84.3) mm) Depth: 5.92” (150.4) mm) 2. FEATURES Weight: 2.0 lbs (0.9 kg) BIRT is designed to be very flexible in its RS-232 External Wiring: See figures 2 and 3. -
Kubernetes Security Guide Contents
Kubernetes Security Guide Contents Intro 4 CHAPTER 1 Securing your container images and CI/CD pipeline 6 Image scanning 6 What is image scanning 7 Docker image scanning open source tools 7 Open source Docker scanning tool: Anchore Engine 8 Securing your CI/CD pipeline 9 Image scanning in CI/CD 10 CHAPTER 2 Securing Kubernetes Control Plane 14 Kubelet security 14 Access to the kubelet API 15 Kubelet access to Kubernetes API 16 RBAC example, accessing the kubelet API with curl 16 Kubernetes API audit and security log 17 Audit log policies configuration 19 Extending the Kubernetes API using security admission controllers 20 Securing Kubernetes etcd 23 PKI-based authentication for etcd 23 etcd peer-to-peer TLS 23 Kubernetes API to etcd cluster TLS 24 Using a trusted Docker registry 24 Kubernetes trusted image collections: Banning non trusted registry 26 Kubernetes TLS certificates rotation and expiration 26 Kubernetes kubelet TLS certificate rotation 27 Kubernetes serviceAccount token rotation 28 Kubernetes user TLS certificate rotation 29 Securing Kubernetes hosts 29 Kubernetes 2 Security Guide Using a minimal host OS 30 Update system patches 30 Node recycling 30 Running CIS benchmark security tests 31 CHAPTER 3 Understanding Kubernetes RBAC 32 Kubernetes role-based access control (RBAC) 32 RBAC configuration: API server flags 34 How to create Kubernetes users and serviceAccounts 34 How to create a Kubernetes serviceAccount step by step 35 How to create a Kubernetes user step by step 37 Using an external user directory 40 CHAPTER 4 Security -
SNMP Trap - Firewall Rules
SNMP Trap - Firewall Rules Article Number: 87 | Rating: 1/5 from 1 votes | Last Updated: Wed, Jan 13, 2021 at 4:42 PM Fir e wall Rule s These steps explain how to check if the Operating System (OS) of the Nagios server has firewall rules enabled to allow inbound SNMP Trap UDP port 162 traffic. The different supported OS's have different firewall commands which are explained as follows. You will need to establish an SSH session to the Nagios server that is receiving SNMP Traps. RHEL 7/8 | C e nt O S 7/8 | O r ac le Linux 7/8 First check the status of the firewall: systemctl status firewalld.service IF the firewall is running , it should product output like: ● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: active (running) since Tue 2018-11-20 10:05:15 AEDT; 1 weeks 0 days ago Docs: man:firewalld(1) Main PID: 647 (firewalld) CGroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service └─647 /usr/bin/python -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid IF the firewall is NO T running, it will produce this output: ● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: inactive (dead) since Tue 2018-11-27 14:11:34 AEDT; 965ms ago Docs: man:firewalld(1) Main PID: 647 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) If the firewall is NOT running, this means that inbound traffic is allowed. To ENABLE the firewall on b o o t and to s ta rt it, execute the following commands: systemctl -
Freebsd's Jail(2) Facility
Lousy virtualization, Happy users: FreeBSD's jail(2) facility Poul-Henning Kamp [email protected] CHROOT(2) FreeBSD System Calls Manual CHROOT(2) NAME chroot -- change root directory LIBRARY Standard C Library (libc, -lc) SYNOPSIS #include <unistd.h> int chroot(const char *dirname); Calling chroot(2) in ftpd(1) implemented ”anonymous FTP” without the hazzle of file/pathname parsing and editing. ”anonymous FTP” became used as a tool to enhance network security. By inference, chroot(2) became seen as a security enhancing feature. ...The source were not strong in those. Exercise 1: List at least four ways to escape chroot(2). Then the Internet happened, ...and web-servers, ...and web-hosting Virtual hosts in Apache User get their own ”virtual apache” but do do not get your own machine. Also shared: Databases mailprograms PHP/Perl etc. Upgrading tools (PHP, mySQL etc) on virtual hosting machines is a nightmare. A really bad nightmare: Cust#1 needs mySQL version > N Cust#2 cannot use mySQL version <M (unless PHP version > K) Cust#3 does not answer telephone Cust#4 has new sysadmin Cust#5 is just about ready with new version Wanted: Lightweight virtualization Same kernel, but virtual filesystem and network address plus root limitations. Just like chroot(2) with IP numbers on top. Will pay cash. Close holes in chroot(2) Introduce ”jail” syscall + kernel struct Block jailed root in most suser(9) calls. Check ”if jail, same jail ?” in strategic places. Fiddle socket syscall arguments: INADDR_ANY -> jail.ip INADDR_LOOPBACK -> jail.ip Not part of jail(2): Resource restriction Hardware virtualization Covert channel prevention (the hard stuff) Total implementation: 350 changed source lines 400 new lines of code FreeBSD without jail usr Resources of various sorts / home var process process process process process process Kernel FreeBSD with jail usr Resources of various sorts / home var process process process process* process process Kernel error = priv_check_cred( cred, PRIV_VFS_LINK, SUSER_ALLOWJAIL); if (error) return (error); The unjailed part One jailed part of the system. -
Introduction to Peer-To-Peer Networks
Introduction to Peer-to-Peer Networks The Story of Peer-to-Peer The Nature of Peer-to-Peer: Generals & Paradigms Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Systems Sample Applications 1 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt http:/www.informatik.haw-hamburg.de/~schmidt A Peer-to-Peer system is a self-organizing system of equal, autonomous entities (peers) which aims for the shared usage of distributed resources in a networked environment avoiding central services. Andy Oram 2 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt http:/www.informatik.haw-hamburg.de/~schmidt The Old Days NetNews (nntp) Usenet since 1979, initially based on UUCP Exchange (replication) of news articles by subscription Group creation/deletion decentralised DNS Distributed delegation of name authorities: file sharing of host tables Name “Servers” act as peers Hierarchical information space permits exponential growth Systems are manually configured distributed peers 3 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt http:/www.informatik.haw-hamburg.de/~schmidt SETI@home: Distributed Computing Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) Analyse radio sig- nals from space Globally shared computing res. Idea 1995 First version 1998 2002 ≈ 4 Mio clnt E.g. Screensaver From Anderson et. al.: SETI@home, Comm. ACM, 45 (11), Nov. 2002 http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/ - ongoing 4 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt http:/www.informatik.haw-hamburg.de/~schmidt SETI@home (2) http-based client-server model No client-client communication Data chunks: load & return N-redundancy for fault detection Attacks: bogus code From Anderson -
Sandboxing 2 Change Root: Chroot()
Sandboxing 2 Change Root: chroot() Oldest Unix isolation mechanism Make a process believe that some subtree is the entire file system File outside of this subtree simply don’t exist Sounds good, but. Sandboxing 2 2 / 47 Chroot Sandboxing 2 3 / 47 Limitations of Chroot Only root can invoke it. (Why?) Setting up minimum necessary environment can be painful The program to execute generally needs to live within the subtree, where it’s exposed Still vulnerable to root compromise Doesn’t protect network identity Sandboxing 2 4 / 47 Root versus Chroot Suppose an ordinary user could use chroot() Create a link to the sudo command Create /etc and /etc/passwd with a known root password Create links to any files you want to read or write Besides, root can escape from chroot() Sandboxing 2 5 / 47 Escaping Chroot What is the current directory? If it’s not under the chroot() tree, try chdir("../../..") Better escape: create device files On Unix, all (non-network) devices have filenames Even physical memory has a filename Create a physical memory device, open it, and change the kernel data structures to remove the restriction Create a disk device, and mount a file system on it. Then chroot() to the real root (On Unix systems, disks other than the root file system are “mounted” as a subtree somewhere) Sandboxing 2 6 / 47 Trying Chroot # mkdir /usr/sandbox /usr/sandbox/bin # cp /bin/sh /usr/sandbox/bin/sh # chroot /usr/sandbox /bin/sh chroot: /bin/sh: Exec format error # mkdir /usr/sandbox/libexec # cp /libexec/ld.elf_so /usr/sandbox/libexec # chroot /usr/sandbox -
Peer-To-Peer Networks
Peer-to-Peer Networks 14-740: Fundamentals of Computer Networks Credit to Bill Nace, 14-740, Fall 2017 Material from Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach, 6th edition. J.F. Kurose and K.W. Ross traceroute • P2P Overview • Architecture components • Napster (Centralized) • Gnutella (Distributed) • Skype and KaZaA (Hybrid, Hierarchical) • KaZaA Reverse Engineering Study 14-740: Spring 2018 2 What is P2P? • Client / Server interaction • Client: any end-host • Server: specific end-host • P2P: Peer-to-peer • Any end-host • Aim to leverage resources available on “clients” (peers) • Hard drive space • Bandwidth (especially upload) • Computational power • Anonymity (i.e. Zombie botnets) • “Edge-ness” (i.e. being distributed at network edges) • Clients are particularly fickle • Users have not agreed to provide any particular level of service • Users are not altruistic -- algorithm must force participation without allowing cheating • Clients are not trusted • Client code may be modified • And yet, availability of resources must be assured P2P History • Proto-P2P systems exist • DNS, Netnews/Usenet • Xerox Grapevine (~1982): name, mail delivery service • Kicked into high gear in 1999 • Many users had “always-on” broadband net connections • 1st Generation: Napster (music exchange) • 2nd Generation: Freenet, Gnutella, Kazaa, BitTorrent • More scalable, designed for anonymity, fault-tolerant • 3rd Generation: Middleware -- Pastry, Chord • Provide for overlay routing to place/find resources 14-740: Spring 2018 6 P2P Architecture • Content Directory -
Secure Shell- Its Significance in Networking (Ssh)
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected] Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2015 ISSN 2319 - 4847 SECURE SHELL- ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN NETWORKING (SSH) ANOOSHA GARIMELLA , D.RAKESH KUMAR 1. B. TECH, COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Student, 3rd year-2nd Semester GITAM UNIVERSITY Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh India 2.Assistant Professor Computer Science and Engineering GITAM UNIVERSITY Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh India ABSTRACT This paper is focused on the evolution of SSH, the need for SSH, working of SSH, its major components and features of SSH. As the number of users over the Internet is increasing, there is a greater threat of your data being vulnerable. Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol provides a secure method for remote login and other secure network services over an insecure network. The SSH protocol has been designed to support many features along with proper security. This architecture with the help of its inbuilt layers which are independent of each other provides user authentication, integrity, and confidentiality, connection- oriented end to end delivery, multiplexes encrypted tunnel into several logical channels, provides datagram delivery across multiple networks and may optionally provide compression. Here, we have also described in detail what every layer of the architecture does along with the connection establishment. Some of the threats which Ssh can encounter, applications, advantages and disadvantages have also been mentioned in this document. Keywords: SSH, Cryptography, Port Forwarding, Secure SSH Tunnel, Key Exchange, IP spoofing, Connection- Hijacking. 1. INTRODUCTION SSH Secure Shell was first created in 1995 by Tatu Ylonen with the release of version 1.0 of SSH Secure Shell and the Internet Draft “The SSH Secure Shell Remote Login Protocol”. -
Running Legacy VM's Along with Containers in Kubernetes!
Running Legacy VM’s along with containers in Kubernetes Delusion or Reality? Kunal Kushwaha NTT Open Source Software Center Copyright©2019 NTT Corp. All Rights Reserved. About me • Work @ NTT Open Source Software Center • Collaborator (Core developer) for libpod (podman) • Contributor KubeVirt, buildkit and other related projects • Docker Community Leader @ Tokyo Chapter Copyright©2019 NTT Corp. All Rights Reserved. 2 Growth of Containers in Companies Adoption of containers in production has significantly increased Credits: CNCF website Copyright©2019 NTT Corp. All Rights Reserved. 3 Growth of Container Orchestration usage Adoption of container orchestrator like Kubernetes have also increased significantly on public as well private clouds. Credits: CNCF website Copyright©2019 NTT Corp. All Rights Reserved. 4 Infrastructure landscape app-2 app-2 app-M app-1 app-2 app-N app-1 app-1 app-N VM VM VM kernel VM Platform VM Platform Existing Products New Products • The application infrastructure is fragmented as most of old application still running on traditional infrastructure. • Fragmentation means more work & increase in cost Copyright©2019 NTT Corp. All Rights Reserved. 5 What keeps applications away from Containers • Lack of knowledge / Too complex to migrate in containers. • Dependency on custom kernel parameters. • Application designed for a custom kernel. • Application towards the end of life. Companies prefer to re-write application, rather than directly migrating them to containers. https://dzone.com/guides/containers-orchestration-and-beyond Copyright©2019 NTT Corp. All Rights Reserved. 6 Ideal World app-2 app-2 app-M app-1 app-2 app-N app-1 app-1 app-N VM VM VM kernel VM Platform • Applications in VM and containers can be managed with same control plane • Management/ Governance Policies like RBAC, Network etc. -
Netfilter's Connection Tracking System
FILTERING POLICIES BASED UNIQUELY on packet header information are obsolete. PABLO NEIRA AYUSO These days, stateful firewalls provide advanced mechanisms to let sysadmins Netfilter’s and security experts define more intelli- gent policies. This article describes the connection implementation details of the connection tracking system tracking system provided by the Netfilter project and also presents the required Pablo Neira Ayuso has an M.S. in computer science background to understand it, such as an and has worked for several companies in the IT secu- rity industry, with a focus on open source solutions. understanding of the Netfilter framework. Nowadays he is a full-time teacher and researcher at the University of Seville. This article will be the perfect complement to understanding the subsystem that [email protected] enables the stateful firewall available in any recent Linux kernel. The Netfilter Framework The Netfilter project was founded by Paul “Rusty” Russell during the 2.3.x development series. At that time the existing firewalling tool for Linux had serious drawbacks that required a full rewrite. Rusty decided to start from scratch and create the Netfilter framework, which comprises a set of hooks over the Linux network protocol stack. With the hooks, you can register kernel modules that do some kind of network packet handling at different stages. Iptables, the popular firewalling tool for Linux, is commonly confused with the Netfilter framework itself. This is because iptables chains and hooks have the same names. But iptables is just a brick on top of the Netfilter framework. Fortunately, Rusty spent considerable time writ- ing documentation [1] that comes in handy for anyone willing to understand the framework, al- though at some point you will surely feel the need to get your hands dirty and look at the code to go further.