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L'expérience Du Temps Woolfien Dans Le Film the Hours: Le Moment Cohésif Et Sa Transmission À Travers Mrs Dalloway

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L'expérience Du Temps Woolfien Dans Le Film the Hours: Le Moment Cohésif Et Sa Transmission À Travers Mrs Dalloway UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL L'EXPÉRIENCE DU TEMPS WOOLFIEN DANS LE FILM THE HOURS: LE MOMENT COHÉSIF ET SA TRANSMISSION À TRAVERS MRS DALLOWAY MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN ÉTUDES LITTÉRAIRES PAR BÉATRI CE RICHET JUILLET 2016 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522- Rév.10-2015). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.,, REMERCIEMENTS Merci à Geneviève La et Alexandre Bousquet pour la vie de famille qu'ils m'ont offerte et leur immense générosité grâce à laquelle j'ai pu finaliser ce mémoire; Merci à Johanne Villeneuve pour l'enthousiasme et la confiance, et pour m'avoir insufflé cet incroyable tête-à-tête avec Virginia Woolf; Merci à André Obadia pour nos« moments d'être» depuis 25 ans; Et, anonymement, merci pour ce choc de septembre, son chaos, sa beauté, et depuis, le retour vers une vie à moi. À mon père, Alain Richet. TABLE DES MA TI ÈRES RÉSUMÉ ............................................................................................................................ v INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 CHAPITRE 1 ..................................................................................................................... 7 LE« MOMENT D'ÊTRE» DE VIRGINIA WOOLF ...................................................... 7 1.1 L'épreuve de l'impossible .................................................................................... 8 1.2 Entre être et non-être .......................................................................................... 11 1.3 De l'éclat aux éclats ........................................................................................... 14 1.4 Entre passé et présent ......................................................................................... 17 1.5 Le« moment d'être» dans le texte .................................................................... 21 1.5.1 Le choc comme source littéraire ................................................................ 21 1.5.2 Le temps « cassé » ..................................................................................... 23 1.5.3 Le désordre de la conscience ..................................................................... 24 1.5.4 Les grottes, à la surface du présent ............................................................ 25 1.6 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 26 CHAPITRE 2 ................................................................................................................... 28 UNE FABLE SUR LE TEMPS ....................................................................................... 28 2.1 Paul Ricœur: L'expérience fictive du temps ..................................................... 29 2.1.1 Mrs Dalloway ou le temps revisité ............................................................ 31 2.1.2 Le legs de la résonance .............................................................................. 36 2.2 Walter Benjamin: l'Inoubliable oublié ............................................................. .38 2.2.1 Le temps, ce ricochet ................................................................................. 39 2.2.2 Le temps, ce chaos ..................................................................................... 41 2.2.3 Le temps, cet incomplet.. .......................................................................... .44 iv 2.2.4 La perte de l'héritage ................................................................................ .45 2.3 Dominique Rabaté: du sens d'une vie au sens de la vie .................................. .48 2.3.1 Le roman de l'Erlebnis ............................................................................. .48 2.3.2 Une vie à soi .............................................................................................. 50 2.3.3 Du singulier au généra1 .............................................................................. 51 2.3.4 Le retour du souvenir ................................................................................. 54 2.4 La mort, garante de la sagesse ............................................................................ 57 CHAPITRE 3 ................................................................................................................... 60 THE HOURS OU L'INSTANT COHÉSIF ...................................................................... 60 3.1. Présentation du film et plan d'analyse ............................................................... 60 3.2. Le schisme du temps .......................................................................................... 62 3.2.1. L'eau, le temps qui coule ........................................................................... 63 3.2.2. Le conflit des heures .................................................................................. 67 3.2.3. Quand le temps paraît long ....................................................................... 70 3.3. Le retour du possible .......................................................................................... 84 3.3.1. Le baiser ou le moment cohésif................................................................. 85 3.3.2. Une vie à soi: retour de l'Inoubliable ....................................................... 91 3.4. Le sens de la vie dans The Hours ....................................................................... 98 3.4.1. De L'Erlebnis à l'Erfahrung ..................................................................... 98 3.4.2. De la mort à l'intemporel ........................................................................ 100 3.4.3. De Daldry au choix du spectateur ........................................................... 103 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 105 ANNEXE ........................................................................................................................ 109 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ......................................................................................................... 122 RÉSUMÉ Dans ce mémoire, nous choisissons d'aborder l'œuvre cinématographique The Hours du réalisateur anglais Stephen Daldry, comme une œuvre en soi. Nous voulons démontrer comment le film articule à l'écran l'une des caractéristiques littéraires majeures de l'œuvre de Virginia Woolf, soit le «moment d'être». Cette adaptation du roman éponyme de Michael Cunningham, lui-même inspiré du roman Mrs Dalloway, reste fidèle à 1'unité temporelle diurne de l'auteure anglaise. À l'instar du roman, le film raconte« a woman's whole life in a single day », à travers trois époques, trois lieux et trois femmes, dont le personnage de l'écrivaine en train d'écrire Mrs Dalloway, fil d'Ariane qui relie les héroïnes. Nous préciserons d'abord la valeur temporelle du «moment d'être », tant dans la vie que dans l'œuvre de Virginia Woolf, en nous appuyant sur son autobiographie Moments ofBeing, et en explicitant sa mise en abyme littéraire dans Mrs Dalloway. Puis, nous élargirons notre champ d'analyse sur cette conception empirique de la réalité en convoquant les analyses sur l'expérience du temps qu'ont exposées Paul Ricœur, Walter Benjamin et Dominique Rabaté. Nous pourrons alors revoir le film à la lumière de cette « conversation » théorique- à savoir l'expérience temporelle fictive, la recherche d'une vie à soi et l'expérience d'une sagesse collective relevant du concept de I'Erfahrung que décrit Benjamin. Nous explorerons comment l'apport du dispositif cinématographique permet à Daldry de matérialiser à l'écran l'épreuve et la transmission de l'expérience temporelle woolfienne, soit la fracture de la réalité par l'émergence d'une vérité au cœur de l'instant. Nous proposerons à cet effet la notion de moment cohésif et conclurons notre analyse en élucidant le rôle du personnage de Virginia Woolf dans le film; en effet, par le biais de sa mort revue à l'écran, le réalisateur fait basculer le destin de ce personnage phare dans l'espace de I'Erfahrung. MOTS-CLÉS: Virginia Woolf, Stephen Daldry, Paul Ricœur, Walter Benjamin, Dominique Rabaté, Mrs Dalloway, The Hours, moment d'être, instant de vie, une vie à soi, moments ofbeing, Erlebnis, Erfahrung, INTRODUCTION Mais, de temps en temps, je suis hantée par la vie profonde et à moitié
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