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Adapting Resilience to a New Hazard: Oil and Oysters in Coastal Louisiana Audrey Maass Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College

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Adapting Resilience to a New Hazard: Oil and Oysters in Coastal Louisiana Audrey Maass Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2014 Adapting resilience to a new hazard: oil and oysters in coastal Louisiana Audrey Maass Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Maass, Audrey, "Adapting resilience to a new hazard: oil and oysters in coastal Louisiana" (2014). LSU Master's Theses. 2387. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/2387 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ADAPTING RESILIENCE TO A NEW HAZARD: OIL AND OYSTERS IN COASTAL LOUISIANA A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Geography in The Department of Geography and Anthropology by Audrey Maass B.A. Hood College, 2007 May 2014 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr. Craig Colten for providing guidance and support, as well as committee members Dr. Rachel Dowty-Beech and Dr. Kent Mathewson for their time and positive input. The project was supported by Award Number U19ES020676 from the National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the view of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences or the National Institutes of Health. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... ii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. iv List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. v Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... vi Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction to Louisiana’s Coastal Landscape .......................................................................... 4 Chapter 1 – Literature Review ........................................................................................................ 7 Hazards, Resilience, and Adaptation........................................................................................... 7 Louisiana Natural Resources and Society ................................................................................. 14 Public Policy and Litigation-based Research ............................................................................ 20 Chapter 2 – Arriving at the Genesis of Inherent Resilience ......................................................... 27 Chapter 3 – The Oyster Industry ................................................................................................... 33 The Beginning of Industrial Oyster Production ........................................................................ 33 Legislation, Conservation, and Cultivation ............................................................................... 36 Evolution in the Twentieth Century .......................................................................................... 41 Chapter 4 – The Oil Industry Arrives in Oyster Country ............................................................. 43 The Meeting of Oystermen and the Oil Industry ...................................................................... 46 Chapter 5 – Pollution Regulation in Louisiana ............................................................................. 49 Chapter 6 - The Doucet Case ........................................................................................................ 51 Responses and Resilient Practices Employed ........................................................................... 54 The Relation of the 1930s Resilient Practices to the 1970s ...................................................... 56 The Response Elements ......................................................................................................... 56 The Recovery Elements ......................................................................................................... 58 Responses to the Lawsuits......................................................................................................... 60 Chapter 7 - Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 63 References ..................................................................................................................................... 66 Vita ................................................................................................................................................ 78 iii List of Tables Table 1 Key Words Searched for in Lexis-Nexis ......................................................................... 29 Table 2 Framework Example ........................................................................................................ 30 Table 3 Doucet v. Texas Co. et al. Plaintiffs ................................................................................ 47 Table 4 1930s – Oil Spill Resilience............................................................................................. 55 Table 5 Pre-1972 Oil Spill Resilience .......................................................................................... 57 Table 6 Post-1972 Oil Spill Resilience ......................................................................................... 59 Table 7 Total Lawsuits Inventoried .............................................................................................. 61 iv List of Figures Figure 1 Oyster Leases and Canals ................................................................................................. 5 Figure 2 Oyster Camp ................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 3 Oyster Lugger Tonging Oysters ..................................................................................... 39 Figure 4 Planting Oyster Shells .................................................................................................... 40 Figure 5 Lake Barre Oil Field ....................................................................................................... 44 Figure 6 Terrebonne Estuary ........................................................................................................ 47 Figure 7 Oyster Harvesters ........................................................................................................... 51 v Abstract Inherently resilient practices are one mechanism that communities engage in to cope with disruptive events. A community retains and passes down the practices associated with inherent resilience in their collective memory. The inherent resilience of a community is developed over time, yet the explanation provided by Colten et al. lacks a genesis of how this process developed particularly in relation to the oil industry’s entry into Louisiana. The foundations of these practices will be explored through historic court documents to find encounters between oystermen and oil spills. In addition to legal resources, I also investigate newspaper articles and other historic sources to trace legal responses and public perceptions. Through these documents, I link the responses to oil spills that occurred in the 1970s studied by Colten and others with the events that occurred in the 1930s with new economic force of the oil industry. By identifying the emergence of the inherent resilience practices, this work will reveal how social groups cope with new hazards. The initial response will help researchers further understand how cultures have adapted overtime to hazards. The processes employed at the local level in response to a hazard event are critical in understanding and developing policy to mitigate future hazards. vi Introduction Louisiana’s coastal residents have endured disruptive events since the settlement of the region. Through the nineteenth century, hurricanes and river floods were the dominant hazards and local society adopted a host of practices to minimize the impact of these powerful events. During the twentieth century, the economy shifted from renewable natural resources such as timber, fish, and fur-bearing animals to the nonrenewable resource of oil. The transition to a nonrenewable resource-based economy began in the early 1900s and created a delicate balance between those workers who harvested from the surface water and those that harvested from below ground. The economic re-orientation forced residents to adopt new livelihoods, and to adapt to a new hazard – oil spills. These adaptations are part of the larger system of socio-ecological resilience, which provide examples of inherent resilience or the practices used to cope with a storm or oil spill that are passed down from generation to
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