A Business Case for Archived SAR Data

Marco van der Kooij, MDA, Canada Guy Seguin, InSARSAT, Canada

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• Large area land surveillance: High resolution AND wide swath • RADARSAT-2 XF • Archives of 5 m resolution R2 • Approach and examples of applications – Forest alert program: Tropical forest. – European border monitoring (alerts for troop build-up, refugee crisis) – Disaster damage assessment (e.g. Nepal) – InSAR • Future use of Satellite SAR data for land applications – High resolution, wide swath – Satellites operated in same orbits for coordinated use of archive – More efficient, reliable, consistent and automatic contribution to earth observation – “Where to look”, combined use with high resolution optical imagery

RADARSAT-2 image modes Current Radarsat-2 modes 1. High resolution 0.25 land 2 2. Large area land 1 SL 1 Wider swath + 3. Maritime

UFW high resolution 3 UF MF (SLC) MFW (SLC) XF

MF MFW FW 10 3

Resolution (m) Resolution 20 S W

SCN SCW 100

Swath width (km)

20 Use, duplication50 or disclosure of this document100 or any of the information150 or images contained 300 500 herein is subject to the restrictions on the title page of this document. COPYRIGHT ©2013 MDA Broad Area Land Surveillance Analogy between surveillance cameras and high resolution SAR imagery

• Repeated identical geometry • Identical illumination conditions • 100% reliability in obtaining the imagery • Automatic, efficient detection for large volumes of data

Use, duplication or disclosure of this document or any of the information or images contained herein is subject to the 4 restrictions on the title page of this document. COPYRIGHT ©2016 MDA Canopy Change Detection Steps

Use, duplication or disclosure of this document or any of the information or images contained herein is subject to the 5 restrictions on the title page of this document. COPYRIGHT ©2016 MDA Example of challenges of change interpretation of optical imagery Hainan Island, China

December 27, 2009 November 18, 2010 DigitalGlobe, Worldview Geoeye

New cuts in plantation

Selective logging, difficult or impossible to detect

Change Image Processed Change Vectors (Groups and Individual Trees)

New cuts in plantation

Selective logging outside plantation

RADARSAT-2 Data and Products ©MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates Ltd 2012 – All RADARSAT-2 Data and Products ©MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates Ltd 2012 – All Rights Reserved. RADARSAT is an official mark of the Canadian Space Agency Rights Reserved. RADARSAT is an official mark of the Canadian Space Agency

Use, duplication or disclosure of this document or any of the information or images contained herein is subject to the restrictions on the title page of this document. COPYRIGHT ©2016 MDA Detection capability: Infrastructure and Target Change Detection • Detecting new reflections in context of existing reflections or existing activity from exact repeat SAR archive • Applications e.g. construction, vehicle presence, trains • Focus on automatic detection (alerts) not identification of targets

Archive New

Archive New Change

Use, duplication or disclosure of this document or any of the information or images contained herein is subject to the RADARSAT-2 Data and Products ©MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates Ltd 2012 – All restrictions on the title page of this document. COPYRIGHT ©2016 MDA Rights Reserved. RADARSAT is an official mark of the Canadian Space Agency Alerts for newly detected “targets”

• Detecting new reflections in context of existing reflections or existing activity from exact repeat SAR archive • Applications e.g. construction, vehicle presence, trains • Focus on automatic detection (alerts) not identification of targets

Archive New

Archive New Change

• Exactly repeated observation geometry • Identical well-known SAR illumination source • Independent of weather and darkness • Precise, reliable and efficient change detection • Speckle noise of individual acquisitions can be filtered

-ΔdB

SAR SAR amplitude

Time Time RADARSAT-2 Data and Products ©MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates Ltd 2012 – All Rights Reserved. RADARSAT is an official mark of the Canadian Space Agency Use, duplication or disclosure of this document or any of the information or images contained herein is subject to the restrictions on the title page of this document. COPYRIGHT ©2016 MDA RADARSAT-2 XF (Extra Fine) Large images (125 x 135 km), High resolution (5 m) Very dense information! RADARSAT-2 XF March 5, 2015

1.45 Billion pixels!

XF-3, 20130613 Sample spacing: 2.66 m (sl.range) x 2.50 m (azimuth) 26784 samples x 54145 lines = 1.45 Billion pixels

Inc. angle near Inc. Angle far Ground Resolution Azimuth resolution Swath (km) NESZ (dB) edge edge far edge (m) (m) XF0W1 21 32.4 5.8 4.5 169 -21 XF0W2 31.3 38.9 4.9 4.5 130 -21 XF0W3 38.1 44.2 4.4 4.5 120 -21 XF0S7 44 48.8 4.1 4.5 108 -21

Use, duplication or disclosure of this document or any of the information or images contained herein is subject to the 11 restrictions on the title page of this document. COPYRIGHT ©2016 MDA Temporal density of exactly repeated RADARSAT-2 5 m resolution archives (since 2010)

Use, duplication or disclosure of this document or any of the information or images contained herein is subject to the 12 restrictions on the title page of this document. COPYRIGHT ©2016 MDA Example of coverage in SE Asia

Use, duplication or disclosure of this document or any of the information or images contained herein is subject to the 13 restrictions on the title page of this document. COPYRIGHT ©2016 MDA The benefit of exact repeat archive imagery Detection of recent illegal logging roads in Para State, Brazil photos from nearby illegal logging roads

6x10 km, change detection MFW 20120207 - 20130625 Single spotlight image acquired after the activity: SLA5 20130929

Correlation of road network from R2 and IRS-P6 ?

RADARSAT-2 Data and Products ©MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates Ltd 2012 – All Use, duplication or disclosure of this document or any of the information or images contained herein is subject to the Rights Reserved. RADARSAT is an official mark of the Canadian Space Agency restrictions on the title page of this document. COPYRIGHT ©2016 MDA Forest Logging Alerts… “where to look?” Cachoeira Seca (Para, Brazil)

Alerts Dec 2013 – April 2014 Alerts March 2012 – December 2013

Use, duplication or disclosure of this document or any of the information or images contained herein is subject to the 15 restrictions on the title page of this document. COPYRIGHT ©2016 MDA Validation Flights

Photos taken June 26, 2014

Alerts December 2013 – April 2014

Alerts March 2012 – December 2013

Flightlines, photos © ISA, 2014

Use, duplication or disclosure of this document or any of the information or images contained herein is subject to the 16 restrictions on the title page of this document. COPYRIGHT ©2016 MDA “Logs on the ground”

Flightlines, photos © ISA, 2014

Use, duplication or disclosure of this document or any of the information or images contained herein is subject to the 17 restrictions on the title page of this document. COPYRIGHT ©2016 MDA Example of RADARSAT-2 Forest Monitoring Capability High Resolution fire scar progression in Berbak National Park 2015

Aug 3, 2015 – Sep 20, 2015 Sep 20, 2015 – Oct 14, 2015

Oct 14, 2015 – Nov 7, 2015

Water

Wetlands

Forest

Flat/smooth land

Buildings

Use, duplication or disclosure of this document or any of the information or images contained herein is subject to the 18 restrictions on the title page of this document. COPYRIGHT ©2016 MDA RADARSAT-2 vs. Landsat in Berbak NP Frequency + reliability + detail = useful forensic insights Fire scar as of 05/09/2015

Fire scar as of 08/11/2015

Use, duplication or disclosure of this document or any of the information or images contained herein is subject to the 19 restrictions on the title page of this document. COPYRIGHT ©2016 MDA Middle East recent (since 2014) XF Archive coverage (24 day repeat)

Humanitarian crisis in Kobane, Syria Map based on Satellite imagery of November 7+9+13, 2014

RADARSAT-2 XF coverage October 11 and November 4, 2014

Use, duplication or disclosure of this document or any of the information or images contained herein is subject to the restrictions on the title page of this document. COPYRIGHT ©2013 MDA Kobani Refugee Overview UNCLASSIFIED 20151124001 – 1/2 Kobani, Syria DOI: Unknown SEN: GOOGLE EARTH GEO: 365329N/0382117E DOP: 24 Nov 15

http://yalibnan.com/2014/11/18/kurds-seize-islamic-state-arms-and-ammunition-near-kobani/ Turkey

Turkey Syria

Syria

In October 2014 Islamic State (ISIS) militants advanced to within a few miles of the Syrian-Kurdish City of Kobani, triggering a renewed stream of refugees seeking to cross the border into Turkey. The standoff for Kobani intensified every day with the influx of refugees arriving to the Turkish towns on the border – the majority of them being women, children, the elderly and disabled.

Use, duplication or disclosure of this document or any of the information or images contained herein is subject to the restrictions on the title page of this document. COPYRIGHT ©2013 MDA UNCLASSIFIED Kobani Refugee Overview UNCLASSIFIED 20151124001 – 2/2 Kobani, Syria DOI: Unknown SEN: GOOGLE EARTH GEO: 365329N/0382117E DOP: 24 Nov 15

24 Oct 2014 2404 Oct Nov 2014 2014 31 Oct 2014

GOOGLE EARTH GOOGLE EARTH GOOGLE EARTH

Turkey

Syria Kobani Turkey

Syria

Use, duplication or disclosure of this document or any of the information or images contained herein is subject to the restrictions on the title page of this document. COPYRIGHT ©2013 MDA UNCLASSIFIED © MDA Geospatial Services Inc. (2015) All Rights Reserved. Kobani Refugee Overview UNCLASSIFIED 20151124001 – 2/2 Kobani, Syria DOI: Unknown SEN: GOOGLE EARTH GEO: 365329N/0382117E DOP: 24 Nov 15

04 Nov 2014 04 Nov 2014 Legend 04 Nov 2014 Reference Point Growing, Sig Change (Red) Stable, Min Change (Yellow)

Reducing, Min Change (Green)

Growing, Sig Change (Red)

Stable, Min Change (Yellow)

RADARSAT-2 Alert Polygon

Syria Kobani Turkey

RADARSAT-2 Alert PolygonSyria

Syria

Use, duplication or disclosure of this document or any of the information or images contained herein is subject to the restrictions on the title page of this document. COPYRIGHT ©2013 MDA UNCLASSIFIED © MDA Geospatial Services Inc. (2015) All Rights Reserved. Radarsat-2 imaging of the Nepal Earthquake of April 25, 2015

Image mode: XF-2 (excellent resolution for damage assessment) Size of image: 125 x 135 km, 26783 x 53929 pixels Pixel size: 2.66 x 2.49 m, Nominal gr. resolution: 4.5 m Heading: descending Incidence angle: 31.6-38.7 degrees Acquisition date and time: April 29, 2015 00:19:49 UT. Archive imagery in exactly repeated geometry: April 5 2015, March 12, 2015, November 12 2014, October 19, 2014 Perpendicular baseline for the April 5 – April 29 2015 pair : 64.8m

Use, duplication or disclosure of this document or any of the information or images contained herein is subject to the restrictions on the title page of this document. COPYRIGHT ©2013 MDA Radarsat-2 imaging of the Nepal Earthquake of April 25, 2015 Measurement of both Line of sight (middle) and horizontal motion (right) Horizontal motion can be measured because of high resolution of source data

Use, duplication or disclosure of this document or any of the information or images contained herein is subject to the restrictions on the title page of this document. COPYRIGHT ©2013 MDA Radarsat-2 Land slide detection and building damage Assessment NW of Kathmandu (April 29, 2015) Indication of damage to buildings, inspection using high res EO imagery (GE)

Land slide detections

High Building damage

Medium Building damage

• Significant technical opportunities for improved use of earth observation: high resolution SAR surveillance – Collection of large archives – Combined automatic use of archive and new imagery – Archive data mining • Efficiency, consistency of change detection • Satellites in same orbit imaging geometry. Coordinated use of archive. • “Where to look”, combined use with high resolution optical imagery