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Archivos/China Comercio Minorista Franquici As.Pdf Consultado El 20/02/2016 LA ECONOMÍA DE MERCADO Y LA TRANSFORMACIÓN DEL COMERCIO MINORISTA EN CHINA THE MARKET ECONOMY AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF RETAIL TRADE IN CHINA Carmen O. Bocanegra Gastelum 1 , Miguel A. Vazquez Ruiz2, Eduardo Salas Garcia3 Introducción Actualmente no se pone en duda el crecimiento que ha registrado la economía China en las tres últimas décadas, no solo como motor de crecimiento internamente sino también de la economía global. Esta dinámica se debe entre otros factores a las reformas económicas aplicadas desde la década de los años setenta en el pasado siglo XX, con las cuales abrió sus puertas a la economía de mercado. Un indicador por demás elocuente de la nueva economía china es el producto interno bruto, que de 1993 a 2013, creció a una tasa promedio anual de entre el 7 y el 14 por ciento. Muy superior a las economías del resto del mundo, incluso mayores a las del PIB mundial. Estas reformas han favorecido el surgimiento de un sector minorista con las características de las economías de libre mercado, alta inversión extranjera y oriunda, en formatos de supermercados, hipermercados y tiendas departamentales, ofreciendo una diversa gama de artículos, en tiendas abiertas las 24 horas del día y con la correspondiente publicidad referente a la calidad y precios bajos en las mercancías. Todo ello, para atraer la preferencia del consumidor final y los ingresos destinados a los bienes personales. Uno de los objetivos que se ha propuesto el gobierno chino, es elevar el consumo personal, tanto de las comunidades urbanas como rurales. Apoyadas en el crédito al consumo y en la comercialización por las cadenas minoristas foráneas y locales de bienes importados y elaborados en China. Todo ello, ha generado serias transformaciones en la venta de bienes personales al consumidor final. De ahí que el objetivo del presente artículo, es estudiar el comercio minorista de China, a la luz de la entrada en vigor del libre mercado, que introduce a este país asiático, en la dinámica de las economías capitalistas. Para lograr el objetivo el trabajo se divide en un primer apartado, el cual aborda las nuevas disposiciones económicas aplicadas por el gobierno en China. En el 1 Profesora – investigadora. Tiempo Completo .Universidad de Sonora. Email: [email protected] 2 Profesor – investigador de Tiempo Completo. Universidad de Sonora. Email: [email protected] 3 Licenciado en Finanzas. Email:[email protected] 1 segundo, se puntualizan los resultados de estas reformas en los principales indicadores macroeconómicos: PIB, exportaciones, importaciones, apertura comercial e inversión extranjera, por ser los más representativos del comercio internacional. En el tercero se analizan las transformaciones que ha registrado el comercio minorista a partir de la entrada al libre mercado, lo cual la caracteriza como una economía socialista de mercado. Se destaca la posición de las cadenas extranjeras y nativas que mayor percepción poseen del mercado interior chino por sus ingresos por ventas. Sin embargo, el crecimiento de multinacionales estadounidenses, francesas y alemanas, no ha mermado el dominio del mercado chino, cautivado por grandes minoristas locales. El control de éste por cadenas extranjeras es difícil de considerarse, por dos factores importantes: en China existe por un lado, una amplia diversidad de costumbres que obedecen a su propia geografía; y por otro lado, a la extensa población, -1 374, 620 000 habitantes- lo que genera una demanda de bienes muy diferenciada a lo largo y ancho del propio país. Finalmente, se presentan las conclusiones y las referencias que dan sustento teórico y práctico al trabajo. Reformas y libre mercado en china El crecimiento económico que ha generado la economía China, ha sido inducido en buena medida por disposiciones económicas del gobierno chino vinculadas al mercado capitalista, las cuales han intensificado el comercio exterior, la inversión extranjera, tanto al interior como al exterior de China, el consumo interno, la educación y el impulso a la investigación científica y tecnológica, entre otros rubros. Los resultados de la proyección a largo plazo de la economía china, se observan en la posición global frente al comercio internacional, la apertura comercial, el crecimiento industrial, en sus tasas de progresión sostenida del producto interno bruto y del ingreso per cápita, entre otros indicadores, en las tres últimas décadas. Al respecto Villezca argumenta, Durante el periodo de 1978-2006, China alcanzó un crecimiento anual promedio de 9.6% en su producto interno bruto (PIB) real. En los últimos treinta años el PIB real de China se multiplicó trece veces, su PIB real per cápita nueve veces y su consumo real per cápita más de seis veces (Villezca, 2008: 2). 2 El contexto económico y político de China que la ha llevado a ser considerada como una de las primeras economías del mundo, tanto como generadora de mercancías como consumidora de bienes y servicios, empezó a gestarse a finales de la década de los setenta en el pasado siglo XX. Esto fue al promover las reformas que priorizaron dos grandes rubros: 1) liberalización del sistema económico y 2) la apertura al exterior, para lograr entre ambas fuerzas la modernización y el desarrollo económico de China (Fanjul, 2008). Lo cual significa que la reforma en China se alineó hacia la liberalización del sistema económico que estaba despertando en prácticamente todo el mundo, tras el fracaso en el crecimiento económico de las políticas de crecimiento hacia adentro o de proteccionismo industrial. El crecimiento y el desarrollo económico se registraban en las economías de mercado más desarrolladas tecnológicamente y por supuesto enclavadas en el nuevo liberalismo. Las nuevas estrategias económicas aplicadas en China hacia la economía de mercado o también conocidas como reformas estructurales se integraron en cinco campos de acción: agricultura, empresas estatales, sistema de precios, sistema financiero y comercio internacional, según el orden de importancia en su aplicación. La siguiente década, desde sus inicios los años ochenta, marcaron la dinámica de liberalización de la economía China y la tendencia hacia el mercado (Villezca, 2008: 5). Una de las primeras disposiciones fue el impulso a la aceptación de inversión extranjera directa proveniente de las economías capitalistas en determinadas ciudades del este de China, con la finalidad de generar empleos y lograr la tan necesitada transferencia de tecnología. Un ejemplo del impulso a la inversión extranjera directa fue el paso de 916 millones de dólares invertidos en 1983 a los 770 mil millones de dólares, alcanzados en 2007(Fanjul, 2008:3). Un escenario significativo que emprendió en 1982 en pocas ciudades de la costa de China y que posteriormente se extendieron a prácticamente todo el país, fue la creación de las Zonas Económicas Especiales, las cuales han llegado a convertirse en importantes centros de producción industrial. Estas zonas se caracterizan por los apoyos fiscales y la construcción por el sector público de infraestructura adecuada a las actividades económicas en las que se especializan las zonas. Como es el caso de la industria textil y la de electrodomésticos, debido a la abundante mano de obra barata (Villezca, 2008). La secuela ha sido de tal magnitud que, de empezar con 5 Zonas Económicas Especiales, en 2004 cuentan actualmente con 164, las cuales son enfocadas a diversas áreas de desarrollo económico y tecnológico regional, de 3 desarrollo nacional industrial, de tecnología avanzada y zonas nacionales de libre comercio (Villezca, 2008). En 1984 el gobierno chino permitió la formación de pequeñas empresas que denominó Getihu, anteriormente a esta disposición, éstas eran ilegales, con la formalidad llegaron a constituir más de 26 millones de pequeñas empresas en los años noventa. En 1993, se decretó oficialmente el Sistema Económico Socialista de Mercado en China, el cual es considerado el primero en el mundo. Al año siguiente, se estableció la primera Ley para la Formación del Sistema de Empresa Moderno (Villezca, 2008). A finales de la misma década en 1999 el gobierno hizo pública la decisión constitucional de registrar la propiedad privada en China, factor imprescindible para penetrar de lleno a la economía de mercado. En 2001, China logró, finalmente su entrada a la Organización Mundial de Comercio (OMC), con la intención de obtener un trato igualitario en sus relaciones comerciales con terceros países. Sin embargo, ante esta nueva circunstancia China se vio comprometida a permitir para su comercialización, la entrada de productos elaborados en el exterior, así como los generados en su territorio por empresas extranjeras. Éstas últimas, después de la inserción a la OMC de China, han elevado sustancialmente los montos de inversión directa, permitiendo al mismo tiempo, que las compañías comerciales foráneas administraran sus establecimientos de manera personal, esto significa el mismo tratamiento a empresas extranjeras y nativas al interior de su mercado (Rodríguez, 2011). Las cadenas minoristas foráneas han crecido desde los años noventa, estimuladas en gran medida por el bajo costo que representa la fuerza de trabajo y los costos de producción en general, la poca o nula existencia sindical y los apoyos por parte del gobierno en cuestiones fiscales. Resultados de las reformas en China Ante la trayectoria de reformas y cambios estructurales en la dinámica económica y política de China, una de las principales variables donde se ven reflejados estos movimientos, que la conducen hacia una economía de mercado, es el producto interno bruto (PIB) (cuadro 1). En casi veinte años que transcurrieron de 1993 a 2013, la tasa de crecimiento del PIB en China fue de entre el 7 y 14 por ciento promedio anual, inclusive mayor a las tasas de crecimiento del PIB mundial. Como puede observarse en el cuadro 1, aun cuando la economía mundial registró un decremento en el PIB en el año 2009 de (-2.08) ocasionado 4 por la crisis financiera que impactó a prácticamente todas las economías del globo, China ostentó una alta tasa de crecimiento de 9.3 por ciento.
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