Ipsilateral Hemiparesis and Its History for Neurosurgery: Same Side, Wrong Side
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NEUROSURGICAL FOCUS Neurosurg Focus 47 (3):E8, 2019 EDITORIAL Ipsilateral hemiparesis and its history for neurosurgery: same side, wrong side Mark C. Preul, MD The Loyal and Edith Davis Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona EGINNING in the 19th century, ideas regarding spe- logical condition. The authors interestingly study publica- cifically localizing brain functions began to form tions or descriptions of ipsilateral hemiparesis from before and evolve. Within a century, intrepid approaches the use of magnetic resonance imaging, so it is possible Band investigations by such figures as John Hughlings Jack- to review the assessment of and conclusions regarding son, Pierre-Paul Broca, David Ferrier, Vladimir Betz, Kor- ipsilateral hemiparesis from the origins of the concept binian Brodmann, Victor Horsley, Fedor Krause, Walter through to the modern era. Carrasco-Moro et al.3 trace Dandy, and Wilder Penfield, among others, began to not the conceptual evolution of ipsilateral hemiparesis associ- only solidify descriptions of the localization of cerebral ated with a brain lesion up to the 1970s. Such scrutiny of function but also demonstrate them on the open brain and the original or primary sources is the key to the discovery correlate them with clinical and histological evidence.12,14 of new information or revision of incomplete or incorrect It was an era of the first craniocerebral topographic sys- conceptions regarding the mysteries of medical history, tems, developed to guide anatomical dissections of the and it is just plain enjoyable, and often humbling, to read brain and also to begin more precise brain surgery.15 With- the original texts. out brain imaging technology, of course, the location of a Carrasco-Moro et al.3 analyze the papers and philo- lesion still had to be determined on the basis of clinical ex- sophical approaches of the key individuals to describe amination findings, and on many occasions the presumed an increasingly complex, but accurate, physiological and locus of the lesion indicated by the neurological signs did anatomical description of ipsilateral hemiparesis that in- not match up with the true location that was eventually volved the misconception that the condition is extremely found. Krause would be the first neurosurgeon to signifi- rare. The authors educate the neurosurgery audience that cantly improve on this situation, with the first systematic the neurosurgical heritage of cerebral localization is not use of radiographs in his patients, and Dandy would fol- found only in Horsley, Cushing, Dandy, and Penfield; our low with ventriculography.5,7 expertise as surgical neurologists or neurological surgeons Carrasco-Moro et al.3 provide a valuable and enter- also harkens to Albert Pitres, Jean-Martin Charcot, Paul taining read about the historical problems of intracranial Flechsig, Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard, Constan- masses that caused focal neurological signs unrelated to tin von Monakow, Adolf Meyer, Albert Knapp, Arnold the location of the lesion or mass, so-called “false local- Groeneveld, and Georges Schaltenbrand. The individual izing signs.” The phenomenon of ipsilateral hemiparesis who is perhaps of most interest to me, because of the insti- is one of the most well-known of such neurological situa- tutional connection and his ingenuity, is James Kernohan, tions, and even today ipsilateral hemiparesis is the subject whose career was spent at the Mayo Clinic (1922–1961) of investigations of unusual clinical status correlated with and at Barrow Neurological Institute (1962–1964), and for modern brain-imaging techniques. The authors describe whom the neurosurgical connection is made with ipsilat- not only the main persons involved in the explanation of eral hemiparesis.16 what became known as the “Kernohan-Woltman phenom- Kernohan made numerous contributions to general enon,” “Kernohan’s notch phenomenon,” or just “Kerno- pathology, neuropathology, neurology, and neurosurgery. han’s notch,” but also the pathophysiological hypotheses At the Mayo Clinic, he also worked closely with the re- formulated before and during the naming of this neuro- nowned neurologist and neuropathologist Henry Wolt- ACCOMPANYING ARTICLE DOI: 10.3171/2019.6.FOCUS19337. ©AANS 2019, except where prohibited by US copyright law Neurosurg Focus Volume 47 • September 2019 1 Editorial man. They would publish a paper on the notching of the even been used to explain putative general neurological crus cerebri by the free tentorium, a phenomenon that later or cognitive changes associated with ancient civilizations became widely known as Kernohan’s notch.10,11 Kernohan that performed intentional cranial deformation.13 and Woltman became intensely interested in James Col- The authors present an erudite and enjoyable descrip- lier (1870–1935) (although they did not cite his work), an tion of a fascinating part of the history of cerebral func- assistant physician at the St. George’s Hospital and the tional localization that has been especially enduring and National Hospital for Nervous Disease, who reported significant to the legacy of modern neurosurgery and the his observations of patients with brain lesions who pre- neurosurgical history of craniotomy. sented with “false localizing signs” during the years 1894 https://thejns.org/doi/abs/10.3171/2019.6.FOCUS19501 to 1904, while he was working with the renowned neu- rologists Hughlings Jackson and Gordon Holmes.4 Collier wrote that “in many cases of supratentorial tumours the Acknowledgments tentorium is pressed downwards. The medulla and pos- The author is grateful for financial support from the terior part of the cerebellum come to lie partly within the Newsome Barrow-UK Chair in Neurosurgery Research and the foramen magnum so that these structures together form Barrow Neurological Foundation. The author thanks the staff of a conical plug which fills up the foramen magnum. This Neuroscience Publications at Barrow Neurological Institute for alteration in the position of the brain may be also dem- expert assistance with manuscript preparation. onstrated post mortem by deep indentation of the crura References cerebri by the free edge of the tentorium.”4 In 1928, a year after a case publication by Groeneveld 1. Adler DE, Milhorat TH: The tentorial notch: anatomical 8 variation, morphometric analysis, and classification in 100 and Schaltenbrand, Kernohan and Woltman published human autopsy cases. J Neurosurg 96:1103–1112, 2002 their first case report on the “Incisura of the crus due to 2. Binder DK, Lyon R, Manley GT: Transcranial motor evoked contralateral brain tumor,”10 and subsequently, in 1929, potential recording in a case of Kernohan’s notch syndrome: they published a more detailed account of cases at the case report. Neurosurgery 54:999–1003, 2004 Mayo Clinic.11 They describe “notching” in 42 patients, 3. Carrasco-Moro R, Castro-Dufourny I, Martínez-San Millán with 7 showing marked clinical ipsilateral pyramidal JS, Cabañes-Martínez L, Pascual JM: Ipsilateral hemiparesis: signs, 17 with mild ipsilateral/false localizing signs (2 the forgotten history of this paradoxical neurological sign. Neurosurg Focus 47(3):E7, 2019 without notching), and 18 without clinical signs but who 4. Collier J: The false localising signs of intracranial tumour. had notching. And yet, in what may be regarded as a Brain 27:490–508, 1904 3 closed case today, as Carrasco-Moro et al. ably describe, 5. Dandy WE. Ventriculography following the injection of air Kernohan and Woltman11 could not explain or corroborate into the cerebral ventricles. Ann Surg 68:5–11, 1918 the findings in some of their patients, but explained: 6. Derakhshan I: The Kernohan-Woltman phenomenon and lat- erality of motor control: fresh analysis of data in the article In eighteen cases, more or less, notching was not found; in “Incisura of the crus due to contralateral brain tumor.” J these a survey of the corresponding histories did not disclose Neurol Sci 287:296, 2009 (Letter) the presence of homolateral signs of the pyramidal tract on 7. Elhadi AM, Kalb S, Martirosyan NL, Agrawal A, Preul MC: which we based our selection. In five of these cases, however, Fedor Krause: the first systematic use of x-rays in neurosur- tendon reflexes were active on the same side as the lesion. gery. Neurosurg Focus 33(2):E4, 2012 For the remaining discrepancies, we do not have an adequate 11 8. Groeneveld A, Schaltenbrand G. Ein fall von dura endotheli- explanation. om über der grobhirnhemisphäre mit einer bemerkenswerten Kernohan and Woltman suggested that vascular injury komplikation: läison des gekreuzten pes pedunculi durch might be responsible, as opposed to a mechanical ana- druck auf den rand des tentoriums. Dtsch Z Nervenheilkd 97:32–50, 1927 tomical reason. However, they wrote, “It was necessary 9. Hussain SI, Cordero-Tumangday C, Goldenberg FD, Woll- to remove the posterior cerebral and other subarachnoid man R, Frank JI, Rosengart AJ: Brainstem ischemia in acute arteries in this region (in autopsy) to see the notch…the herniation syndrome. J Neurol Sci 268:190–192, 2008 grooves did not seem to be the result of arterial compres- 10. Kernohan JW, Woltman HW: Incisura of the crus due to sion and none of the vessels was thrombosed.”6,9,11 contralateral brain tumor. Proc Staff Meetings Mayo Clinic Regardless of the etiology, ipsilateral/false localiz- 3:69–70, 1928 ing symptoms caused by compression of the contralat- 11. Kernohan JW, Woltman HW: Incisura of the crus due to con- eral cerebral peduncle by the tentorial edge have become tralateral brain tumor. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 21:274 –287, 1929 eponymously identified with Kernohan. This phenomenon 12. Kushchayev SV, Moskalenko VF, Wiener PC, Tsymbaliuk continues to lead to clinical confusion and misdiagnosis, VI, Cherkasov VG, Dzyavulska IV, et al: The discovery with occasional reports of craniotomies performed on the of the pyramidal neurons: Vladimir Betz and a new era of incorrect side despite the use of modern imaging.18 As neuroscience. Brain 135:285–300, 2012 Carrasco-Moro et al.3 related, imaging and electrophysi- 13.