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Possible Cytotoxic Activity Analysis of Diethyl Ether Extract of Vaccinium Varingiaefolium (Blume) Miq

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Possible Cytotoxic Activity Analysis of Diethyl Ether Extract of Vaccinium Varingiaefolium (Blume) Miq Kosasih Kosasih et al /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 12(6), 2020, 840-847 Possible Cytotoxic Activity Analysis of Diethyl Ether Extract of Vaccinium varingiaefolium (Blume) Miq. Leaves by GC-MS Method Kosasih Kosasih1*, Wahono Sumaryono1, Agus Supriyono2, Diky Mudhakir3 1Doctoral Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Pancasila, Jakarta 12640, Indonesia 2Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi, Puspiptek Serpong, Kota Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia 3School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40142, Indonesia *Email: [email protected] Abstract Background: Vaccinium varingiaefolium (Blume) Miq. of Ericaceae is an endemic plant that grows well near volcano craters spreading from east to west of Indonesia. Its young leaves have been used as food and traditional medicines, however there has been very little information on bioactive compounds. Objective: To identify bioactive compounds with cytotoxic activity of diethyl ether extract of Vaccinium varingiaefolium leaves by GC-MS method. Material and Methods: Fresh leaves were collected from Mount Tangkuban Parahu, North Bandung, Indonesia, identified, dried, powdered, then extracted with diethyl ether using Soxhlet apparatus. Extracts were dried and identified by GC-MS method. Results: The GC-MS analysis identified 23 compounds such as organosilicon, sesquiterpene alcohol, heterocyclic, fatty acid ester, fatty acid, ketone, lipid, plasticizer, alkane, triterpenoid, and pentacyclic triterpenoid based on the mass spectral library with various activities such as analgesic, antiallergic, antibacterial, anticancer, anticoronary, antidiabetic, antifungal, antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antipyretic, antispasmodic, and antiviral based on previous studies. Conclusion: Based on the results, Vaccinium varingiaefolium leaves contains bioactive compounds with possible cytotoxic activity. Key words: Bioactive compounds, Diethyl ether extract, GC-MS, Possible cytotoxic activity, Vaccinium varingiaefolium (Blume) Miq. Pictorial Abstract INTRODUCTION Traditionally, local people use V. varingiaefolium leaves Vaccinium is a genus of Ericaceae family having about and berry as food and herbal medicines. Report on 450 species worldwide. Its berries and leaves in certain phytochemical profile of V. varingiaefolium is still very places are being consumed as food and herbal medicines. little. One study by Forney et al. identified 34 floral V. mirtillus and V. macrocarpon from Europe and North volatile compounds using GC-MS method as pollinator America, respectively, for examples are used as functional attracting.[9] foods.[1] Another study by Kosasih et al. identified 15 volatile Indonesia has one species of Vaccinium genus, namely compounds in ethyl acetate extract of V. varingiaefolium Vaccinium varingiaefolium (Blume) Miq. or Cantigi as the leaves using GC-MS method. Moreover, the extract common local name. The plants grow well especially near showed strong cytotoxic activity on Leukemia 1210 the crater of volcanoes spreading from Sumatra, Java, cells.[10] Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara Timur, and to The purpose of this study was to identify bioactive Papua Island.[2-7] They are found abundantly in the area at compounds of diethyl ether extract of V. varingiaefolium high altitude about 1500-3300 m above sea level.[8] leaves whether contained probable cytotoxic activity by GC-MS method. 840 Kosasih Kosasih et al /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 12(6), 2020, 840-847 MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Plant collection, identification, and extraction Results of the GC-MS analysis of diethyl ether extract of V. varingiaefolium leaves were collected from Mount V. varingiaefolium leaves identified 23 bioactive Tangkuban Parahu, North Bandung, West Java province, compounds as seen on the chromatogram (Figure 1). Table Indonesia. Plants were botanically identified and 1 presented the bioactive compounds based on the mass authenticated at Pusat Penelitian Biologi, Lembaga Ilmu spectral library, their retention time (RT), concentration Pengetahuan Indonesia, Cibinong Science Center, (%), molecular formula, molecular weight, peak area (%), Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia. and compound nature. The predominant identified Two grams of young leaf samples (three replicates each) compounds were pentacyclic triterpenoid, fatty acid ester, were dried at 60 °C, powdered by grinding in a mortar, and alkanes. and extracted with 100 mL of diethyl ether for 8 hours in a Among the identified compounds, 18 compounds revealed Soxhlet apparatus. Extracts were evaporated at 40 °C 90-99% similarity indices with NIST08 Library, namely under reduced pressure.[11] cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl- (91%), alpha bisabolol GC-MS Analysis. (91%), hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (99%), The analysis by GC-MS was carried out at the Regional hexadecanoic acid (99%), 9-octadecenoic acid (Z), methyl Health Laboratory, Jakarta, Indonesia with slightly ester (99%), 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (99%), modification[12]. The diethyl ether extract of V. octadecanoic acid, methyl ester (99%), .beta.-monoolein varingiaefolium leaves was carried out using GC-MS (90%), 1,2-benzenedicar-boxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) system of 7890A/5975 with auto sampler and Mass ester (91%), eicosane (98%), nonacosane (97%), Selective Detector and Chemstation data system (Agilent heptacosanol (95%), hentriacontane (98%), .gamma.- Technologies, USA). Setting of the system was electron sitosterol (99%), beta-amyrin (94%), alpha-amyrin (97%), energy of 70 eV and ionization mode of electron impact friedelanol (91%), and friedelin (95%). These similarities with capillary column of HP Ultra 2 (length of 30 m, were high enough as an indicator of mass spectral internal diameter of 0.20 mm, and film thicknesses of 0.11 similarity measures. Figure 2 presented 2D chemical μm). Oven initial temperature was at 80 oC (no hold), structures of bioactive compounds obtained from the increased at 3 oC/min to 150 oC (1 min), and finally PubChem, an open chemistry database at the National increased at 20 oC/min to 280 oC. Injection port Institutes of Health (NIH), USA. temperature was 250 oC, ion source temperature of 230 oC, Other important results were shown in Table 2 presenting interface temperature of 280 oC and quadrupole identified compounds and their bioactivities of the diethyl temperature of 140 oC. Carrier gas used was helium with ether extract of V. varingiaefolium leaves. Based on column mode of constant flow, column flow of 1.2 previous studies, those bioactive compounds provided mL/min, injection volume of 5 µL, and split of 8:1. various bioactivities. Moreover, the predominant Identification of compounds. compounds with the percentage of > 5% showed cytotoxic Mass spectrum GC-MS was interpreted using the database activity, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. The results library of National Institute Standard and Techniques implied that the extract exhibit medicinal values, (NIST) of W8N08.L. especially as a candidate of anticancer. Figure 1: GC-MS chromatogram of diethyl ether extract of V. varingiaefolium leaves. 841 Kosasih Kosasih et al /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 12(6), 2020, 840-847 Table 1: Phytocompounds identified in the diethyl ether extract of V. varingiaefolium leaves by GC-MS method. Rt Molecular Molecular Peak area Compound No. Compound name (minute) formula weight (%) nature Cyclotrisiloxane, 1 4.287 C H O Si 222.46 0.49 Organosilicon hexamethyl- 6 18 3 3 Sesquiterpene 2 27.848 Alpha bisabolol C H O 222.37 0.19 15 26 alcohol 2H-tetrazole, 5-(thiopen-2- 3 28.069 C H ON S 166.21 5.18 Heterocyclic yl) methyl- 6 6 4 Hexadecanoic acid, methyl 4 30.179 C H O 270.45 7.11 Fatty acid ester ester 17 34 2 5 30.461 Hexadecanoic acid C16H32O2 256.42 1.70 Fatty acid 6 30.606 3-decen-5-one, 2-methyl- C11H20O 168.28 1.06 Ketone Sulfurous acid, 7 30.654 cyclohexylmethyl C24H48O3S 416.70 0.72 Ester heptadecyl ester 8 30.916 3-decen-5-one, 2-methyl- C11H20O 168.28 1.91 Ketone 9-octadecenoic acid (Z), 9 31.282 C H O 296.50 1.08 Fatty acid ester methyl ester 19 66 2 11-octadecenoic acid, 10 31.316 C H O 296.50 1.62 Fatty acid ester methyl ester 19 36 2 Octadecanoic acid, methyl 11 31.413 C H O 298.50 1.04 Fatty acid ester ester 19 38 2 12 32.440 7-octen-2-one C8H14O 126.20 0.47 Ketone 13 32.971 .Beta.-mono-olein C21H40O4 356.50 2.25 Lipid 1,2-benzenedicar-boxylic 14 34.026 acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) C16H22O4 278.34 1.59 Plasticizer ester 15 35.095 Eicosane C20H42 282.50 0.78 Alkane 16 37.267 Nonacosane C29H60 408.8 2.02 Alkane 17 37.322 Heptacosanol C27H56O 396.7 2.71 Alcohol 18 40.473 Hentriacontane C31H64 436.8 1.98 Alkane 19 46.741 .Gamma.-sitosterol C29H50O 414.7 13.95 Triterpenoid Pentacyclic 20 47.824 Beta-amyrin C H O 426.7 5.76 30 50 triterpenoid Pentacyclic 21 49.451 Alpha-amyrin C H O 426.7 19.69 30 50 triterpenoid Pentacyclic 22 53.609 Friedelanol C H O 428.7 18.34 30 52 triterpenoid Pentacyclic 23 54.602 Friedelin C H O 426.7 8.36 30 50 triterpenoid 842 Kosasih Kosasih et al /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 12(6), 2020, 840-847 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 Figure 2: Chemical structures of bioactive compounds of diethyl ether extract of V. varingiaefolium leaves. 843 Kosasih Kosasih et al /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 12(6), 2020, 840-847 #13 #14 #15 #16 #17 #18 #19 #20 #21 #22 #23 Figure 2 : Chemical structures of bioactive compounds of diethyl ether extract of V. varingiaefolium leaves. 844 Kosasih Kosasih et al /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 12(6), 2020, 840-847 Table 2:
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