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Esbozando La Historia Antártica Latinoamericana

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Esbozando La Historia Antártica Latinoamericana ENCUENTROS DE HISTORIADORES ANTÁRTICOS LATINOAMERICANOS • 1999-2011 1 ESBOZANDO LA HISTORIA ANTÁRTICA LATINOAMERICANA 2 Esbozando la Historia Antártica Latinoamericana ENCUENTROS DE HISTORIADORES ANTÁRTICOS LATINOAMERICANOS 1999-2011 CONSUELO LEÓN WÖPPKE MAURICIO JARA FERNÁNDEZ Editores ESBOZANDO LA HISTORIA ANTÁRTICA LATINOAMERICANA © Consuelo León Wöppke y Mauricio Jara Fernández, editores, 2013 Registro de Propiedad Intelectual No 234.574 ISBN: 978-956-8892-01-2 Derechos Reservados LW EDITORIAL www.hemisfericosypolares.cl La imagen de portada es obra de la artista magallánica Andrea Araneda Miranda Impresión: www.impresion.cl HECHO EN CHILE 4 ENCUENTROS DE HISTORIADORES ANTÁRTICOS LATINOAMERICANOS • 1999-2011 ÍNDICE PRESENTACIÓN . Pág. 9 PRESENTATION . 13 Miriam Alegría Oblitas PEDRO SARMIENTO DE GAMBOA, CRONISTA E INCANSABLE NAVEGANTE IMPULSOR DE LAS EXPLORACIONES HACIA LOS MARES AUSTRALES. 17 Mariano Sánchez LA FRAGATA COLOMBIA Y SU NAVEGACIÓN POR EL PASAJE DRAKE EN 1829. 31 Eugenio A. Genest EL INSTITUTO GEOGRÁFICO ARGENTINO COMO PIONERO DE LA ACTIVIDAD CIENTÍFICA ARGENTINA EN LA ANTÁRTIDA. 37 Ricardo Capdevila APUNTES SOBRE LA HISTORIA DE LA CIENCIA ARGENTINA EN LA ANTÁRTIDA . .47 Ricardo Capdevila – Víctor Melemenis – José María Ageitos UNA BARCA EN LA COSTA DE LA ISLA CERRO NEVADO. 57 5 ESBOZANDO LA HISTORIA ANTÁRTICA LATINOAMERICANA Pablo Pereyra TRABAJO MUSEOLÓGICO EN LA ISLA LAURIE ARCHIPIÉLAGO DE LAS ORCADAS DEL SUR . 71 Lydia E. Gómez LA VISIÓN DE LA ANTÁRTIDA EN LOS MANUALES ESCOLARES ARGENTINOS, 1882-1902. 79 Ricardo Capdevila AUGUSTO TAPIA: PRIMER GLACIÓLOGO ANTÁRTICO ARGENTINO . .93 Hamish Stewart Stokes LAS EXPEDICIONES DE WILKINS: PRIMEROS USOS DEL AVIÓN EN LA ANTÁRTICA. 103 Cristina Montalbán UNA FUENTE URUGUAYA INÉDITA DE LA PRIMERA EXPEDICIÓN AÉREA ANTÁRTICA. 109 Ricardo Capdevila – Cristina Montalbán LOS PUERTOS DEL PLATA EN LA RUTA ANTÁRTICA DURANTE LA “ETAPA HEROICA” . 129 Consuelo León Wöppke EL CONOCIMIENTO ANTÁRTICO ESTADOUNIDENSE A MEDIADOS DE LA DÉCADA DE LOS 30’s: EL APORTE DE LA AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY . 151 Mauricio Jara Fernández EL TERRITORIO ANTÁRTICO CHILENO: DE LA RECLAMACIÓN A LA INCORPORACIÓN ADMINISTRATIVA-POLÍTICA DEL SECTOR POLAR, 1906-1956. 165 Benicio O. Ahumada TRANSPORTE A.R.A. PRIMERO DE MAYO. SU HISTORIA Y APORTE A LA SOBERANÍA ANTÁRTICA ARGENTINA. 179 6 ENCUENTROS DE HISTORIADORES ANTÁRTICOS LATINOAMERICANOS • 1999-2011 Pablo Mancilla González LA COMUNIDAD CIENTÍFICA INTERNACIONAL Y EL CONOCIMIENTO DEL CONTINENTE ANTÁRTICA: LOS APORTES DE ESTADOS UNIDOS Y CHILE, 1920-1940. 195 Consuelo León Woppke EL BLOC CHILENO-ARGENTINO Y LA CUESTIÓN ANTÁRTICA EN 1947: PERCEPCIONES ESTADOUNIDENSES Y CHILENAS. 225 Mauricio Jara Fernández LA ANTÁRTICA Y LA “UNIÓN CONTINENTAL IBEROAMERICANA” (UCI) EN 1948. 245 Adolfo Quevedo Paiva EL MAR DE WEDDELL Y SU PENETRACIÓN. 253 Consuelo León Wöppke MANUEL BIANCHI GUNDIÁN: DEFENDIENDO LA POLÍTICA ANTÁRTICA} CHILENA DE LAS PRETENSIONES ANGLO-AMERICANAS . 273 Mauricio Jara Fernández EL INSTITUTO ANTÁRTICO CHILENO, 1960-1961: UN DESAFÍO CONSENSUAL, ORGANIZACIONAL E INVESTIGATIVO . 283 Juan Carlos Luján TESTIMONIO SOBRE LA FUNDACIÓN DE LA BASE AÉREA VICECOMODORO MARAMBIO . 289 Waldemar Fontes EL PROFESOR JULIO CÉSAR MUSSO, FUNDADOR DEL INSTITUTO ANTÁRTICO URUGUAYO . 313 Miguel Figueroa Ibarra OPERACIÓN “ESTRELLA POLAR: RECORDANDO LA PRIMERA EXPEDICIÓN AÉREA AL POLO SUR, FUERZA AÉREA DE CHILE . 350 7 ESBOZANDO LA HISTORIA ANTÁRTICA LATINOAMERICANA Marcelino Alegría Amar PRESENCIA HISTÓRICA DEL PERÚ EN LA ANTÁRTIDA, SU NUEVA POLÍTICA NACIONAL Y VISIÓN FUTURA DE LA UNIÓN IBEROAMERICANA. 359 Cristina Montalbán URUGUAY PRESENTE EN LA ANTÁRTIDA. LAS ACCIONES DESCONOCIDAS DE UN DOCTRINARIO: EL C/N CARLOS TRAVIESO FERNÁNDEZ. 367 Juan Daniel Agüero RECUERDOS DE CRISTAL: VIVENCIAS EN IMÁGENES DE DISTINTOS PASOS POR LA ANTÁRTICA . 381 8 ENCUENTROS DE HISTORIADORES ANTÁRTICOS LATINOAMERICANOS • 1999-2011 PRESENTACIÓN ompilar artículos históricos escritos a través de los años es más que un pasatiem- Cpo académico. Aunque pareciera que es un quehacer algo elitista, unos escritos realizados por un selecto grupo de especialistas y destinado a una audiencia no tanto más extensa; esa compilación –una vez realizada– adquiere normalmente un significa- do mucho más amplio y permanente. Tal ha sucedido al iniciar la recopilación y edición de este libro. Nació su idea en Montevideo en el año 2011 y tomó forma, en breve tiempo y con muchísimo esfuerzo. Inicialmente parecía una mera colección de retazos históricos o coloridos mosaicos sin más hilvanación que el permanente interés de los autores por la Antártica. De a poco, al irlos agrupando y ordenando surgió un relato colorido, intenso e incompleto de la preocupación de algunos países latinoamericanos por la Antártica. Posiblemente, algunos eruditos extranjeros podrán sostener que es una obra poco seria, en que más que las fuentes documentales se privilegia el relato vivencial, la ex- presión artística y la fuente secundaria. Es posible que ello sea cierto y de ahí, a nuestro juicio, su extraordinario valor. Este libro representa el pensamiento de algunas naciones latinoamericanas sobre la Antártica, no el ponderado estudio de sus diplomáticos ni la fría mirada de nuestros especialistas en ciencias duras. Más bien, el representa nuestro tímido pero perma- nente interés hacia ese continente, su historia y lo que nuestras naciones han realizado en él. 9 ESBOZANDO LA HISTORIA ANTÁRTICA LATINOAMERICANA Como es ya conocido, hace dos décadas por iniciativa de dos personas que amaban la realidad antártica, el embajador chileno Óscar Pinochet de la Barra y el especialista argentino, Ricardo Capdevilla, estimaron conveniente crearle un espacio a la historia dentro de ese frío mundo logístico y científico en que se estaba convirtiendo la An- tártica. Pensaban que era necesario crear un espacio de reflexión e interacción entre personas que tuviesen intereses antárticos donde su pudiera aprehender lo que ha sido el quehacer latinoamericano en la Antártica. Su iniciativa prendió y los historiadores antárticos se empezaron a reunir periódica- mente y surgió así una hermosa tradición de estudios, amistad, y colaboración. Lo que creemos interesante destacar, es que a nuestro propio paso y estilo, se fue creando algo, sin siquiera darnos cuenta, un esbozo de pensamiento latinoamericano sobre el quehacer antártico, caracterizado por el interés de algunos en remarcar el aporte hispa- no o el impacto de la presencia europea o estadounidense en el área; la preocupación de sus propios países hacia la zona reflejada en su educación, diplomacia y su propio quehacer antártico. Independiente del cambio de nombre de nuestra institución, al reemplazar la palabra “ibero” que inicialmente portaba y denominarnos hoy “Historiadores Antárticos Lati- noamericanos”, la esencia de nuestro quehacer no ha cambiado. Seguimos siendo un grupo de especialistas de algunos países latinoamericanos que tratamos de conocer más sobre nuestro pasado antártico y colaborar en que éste no se olvide, sino que se trasmita y perdure. Fuera de ello, nuestro quehacer ha asumido –también sin darnos cuenta- un papel más importante: el poder mostrar ante nuestros pares que viven más distantes de nuestras costas, que la Antártica nos importa y la estamos estudiando y preservan- do. Decirles que, frente a la instrumentalización de la ciencia y la enormidad de sus medios, nosotros estamos forjando un sólido conocimiento de nuestras debilidades y oportunidades, y que esperamos forjar– en el largo plazo- una posición común de los países latinoamericanos con intereses antárticos, que denominamos “la conciencia antártica latinoamericana” capaz de defender con acierto los derechos antárticos de nuestras naciones. Deseamos hacer presentes nuestros agradecimientos a Cristina Montalbán quien ela- 10 ENCUENTROS DE HISTORIADORES ANTÁRTICOS LATINOAMERICANOS • 1999-2011 borara y cuidara con esmero las Actas de nuestros encuentros y quien motivara la reanudación de nuestras actividades en el año 2011; a Pablo Mancilla y Alexis Acevedo quienes con enorme esfuerzo y desinterés transcribieron gran parte de los trabajos; a Guido Olivares quien aportara el artístico diseño de la portada y del libro en general y, a Fundación Valle Hermoso que comprendiendo la importancia de la tarea que teníamos entre manos, no dudó en aportar los medios que eran necesarios para su realización. EDITORES Viña del Mar, octubre 2013 11 ESBOZANDO LA HISTORIA ANTÁRTICA LATINOAMERICANA 12 ENCUENTROS DE HISTORIADORES ANTÁRTICOS LATINOAMERICANOS • 1999-2011 AN OUTLINE OF LATIN AMERICAN ANTARCTIC HISTORY: MEETINGS OF LATIN AMERICAN ANTARCTIC HISTORIANS, 1999-2011 PRESENTATION o compile historical articles written over a period of years is more than an aca- Tdemic pastime. Although this would appear to be a rather elitist activity, writing produced by a select group of specialists and destined for a group not much larger, this type of compilation – once carried out – acquires normally a much wider and more permanent significance. T his has occurred with the start of the collection and edition of this book. The idea was born in Montevideo in the year 2011 and it took form in a short period of time and with great effort. Initially it appeared that it would be a mere collection of historical snippets or coloured mosaics without any other linkage than the permanent interest of the authors in the Antarctic. Eventually, as the articles were grouped and placed in order there emerged a colourful, intense and incomplete picture
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