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Implementation of Cash Transaction Fiscalization Procedure in Businesses: Case of Croatia

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Implementation of Cash Transaction Fiscalization Procedure in Businesses: Case of Croatia Central____________________________________________________________________________________________________ European Conference on Information and Intelligent Systems Page 48 of 344 Implementation of Cash Transaction Fiscalization Procedure in Businesses: Case of Croatia Alenka Tot, Kristina Detelj Faculty of Organization and Informatics University of Zagreb Pavlinska 2, 42000 Varaţdin, Croatia {altot, kristina.detelj}@foi.hr Abstract. The paper deals with fiscalization, which 1 Reasons for fiscalization last year caught the attention of the entire Croatian economy. Fiscalization implies stricter oversight of Each country needs money for performing its taxpayers' income with the intention of collecting activities and duties and country's budget is a tool higher tax revenues. Part of that money would not which enables collection and distribution of collected come to government without fiscalization. money to different states' expenditures. Last financial The authors studied whether the implementation of and economic crisis brought diverse pressures to fiscalization influenced Croatian businesses and in many countries' governments. On the one hand there what ways they were affected based on the qualitative came the decline in states' revenues and on the other answers of participating businesses. They briefly hand social benefits for unemployed, earlier retiring analyze advantages and disadvantages of fiscalization and similar trends raised their expenditures. The result process and the overall attitude towards fiscalization was lowering of surpluses, or what is more common based on the stage of entering fiscalization, on for most nowadays countries, deepening of their average age or the average gender of employees. budget deficits. Combined with financial and economic crisis budgets face even more challenges to Keywords. fiscalization, budget, cash transactions, remain stable. For instance, based on his long-time small businesses, Croatia experience Steger [1] stresses the importance of timely action to establish a robust development budget. Emphasis has to be put on financial discipline 1 Introduction in good times and support of programs that are sustainable even in bad times, with open and honest Last year's implementation of cash transactions relationship towards the citizens, because the "figs in fiscalization in Croatia raised much attention. This is your pocket" are likely to arouse opposition to fiscal why the authors explored a bit further how Croatian discipline and consolidation [1, p. 63]. businesses accepted it. Besides these trends many countries have been Main goal was to recognize the most important having some additional problems such as the advantages and disadvantages of the process as seen existence of grey or shadow economy. To avoid some by participants and to check whether their more of the tax burden grey economy includes non- positive or more negative attitude depended on the registered employees, unofficial renting of premises, stage of entering fiscalization, on average age of illegal activities, agricultural and construction employees or on the average gender of employees. production for own consumption or reporting of lower Advantages and disadvantages were explained revenues especially in industries with retail-sale descriptively and dependence of the impressions on (selling with no bills) and large proportion of cash stage, age or gender formed three hypotheses that we transactions, such as craftsman trade, personal checked by chi-square tests. services or hospitality services. Previous research has The article starts with explaining the reasons for shown that at the end of 20th century about 8-9 % of fiscalization. After that we explain how the process Croatian GDP was created in this formally non- was implemented in Croatia. The following chapter registered sector [2]. Some other researches of brings the course of the research and research results. shadow economy in transition and OECD countries In the end we discuss the conclusions drawn from the [3], [4] report even much higher participation of this research. kind of economic activity in GDP (up to 30 % of official GDP figure). Money supply in Croatia shows more or less stable participation of cash, i. e. monetary reserve (M0) in broadest money aggregate ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Varaždin, Croatia Faculty of Organization and Informatics September 17-19, 2014 Central____________________________________________________________________________________________________ European Conference on Information and Intelligent Systems Page 49 of 344 (M4) amounting to 22-24 % [5], which is businesses that collect their revenue in cash and have considerably more compared to the situation in the not been previously included in the fiscalization [11]. USA, where Money base (M0) amounts to 15 % of Certain groups of businesses are excluded from total money supply (M4), and in the time before crisis the list of obligors due to the nature of their business it totaled only 5 % of M4 [6]. So, there is a lot of or due to the business based on information space for Croatian businesses to hide certain amount technology (IT) where there is not probable that of transactions. The described situation motivated transactions would be performed outside of the Croatian government to introduce The cash official system. These are selling of passengers' transaction fiscalization act [7], to lighten the part of travelling tickets, toll collection, businesses that do the shadow economy. not have to issue an invoice (retail sale of newspapers, Although the similar procedures were recently lottery tickets, tobacco, ATM sale), financial introduced in other neighboring countries (Bosnia and intermediaries, or citizens who earn by renting their Herzegovina, Serbia and Albania), the first country personal real estate on a small scale. There is also an that introduced fiscalization was Italy in 1980s, and exception considering market sellers for those who obligation of fiscalization exists in some other have registered family farm and sell only their own transition or developed countries, such as Poland, products, even though it is not easy to immediately Czech, Slovakia or Sweden [8]. But the transition determine whether someone has really produced what countries evidently have more trouble in tax they sell or they just resell others' products [13]. collection. For instance, yearly tax statements of Before and during the implementation there was Croatian businesses such as small retail stores, plenty of rebellion, attempted frauds, closing the bars restaurants and bars, hairdressers, mechanics, or as a sign of protest, but there have also been some carpenters show that turnovers of these entities were positive reactions. Some entrepreneurs we very low compared to observed business activities and interviewed said that the fiscal process should have asset of their owners. Another part of this story are started long before, because it allows better control in also lawyers, who report revenues considerably lower the system and makes it more difficult to cheat in when compared to their possessions [9]. That is why reporting. Croatian government needed stricter control over All the obligors had to issue an internal act to collecting cash revenues to be more effective in describe the invoice numbering and a list business collecting taxes and curbing shadow economy[10]. premises with their descriptions before starting with the process. All the issued invoices must contain all 2 The process of fiscalization the required elements. The third set of obligations prescribes that all the obligors must display a notice on the obligations of a seller to issue and the buyer to The law has prescribed the process of fiscalization as take the issued invoice. a set of measures that monitor issuing of cash Implementation of the procedure involved transaction invoices [11]. The main aim of the process installation of fiscalization software, and not forcing is suppression of tax evasion and thereby achieving of people to buy expensive hardware as in some other a better balance in the financing of public neighboring countries [14]. Usually it was enough to expenditures. Tax administration monitors issuing of upgrade the existing software, or maybe get a tablet each cash invoice through the Internet. In order to computer with software and an internet connection at achieve this, each obligor is required to obtain fiscal an affordable price. cash register with the appropriate software and a Entrepreneur (Invoice issuer) charges the certificate for digital signature. Customers are also customer for goods or services through the cash part of the monitoring process, because they have the register with a permanent Internet connection, and possibility to check the integrity of the invoice with each new invoice sends new data to the Tax through an online application on Tax administration's Authority (hereinafter TA). At first the application webpage [12]. generates issuer’s security code (ISC), which is Fiscalization was implemented through three different each time and forms an XML request stages in which different subjects had to start issuing containing this code which is then sent to the TA. TA invoices under the fiscalization process [11]. The first st registers the transaction and generates a unique phase began on January 1 2013 for all the medium- invoice identifier (UII). The XML response with UII sized and large businesses, and for
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