5/18/2016 Monitoring Training How I got interested in monitoring… Principles of Monitoring Link Between Planning and Preparedness William A Sands, PhD, FACSM, CSCS, EMT Why Monitor Training? Connecting the Dots Why do coaches and athletes Ya’ gotta have dots to connect them resist connecting the dots? Monitoring 1 5/18/2016 Training is Complicated Count the Number of Fs • Evidence Based Coaching – Requires ongoing assessment – Why would anyone choose ignorance over knowledge? – Coaches are in the best position to know. • But, information is often hidden, subtle, and fragile. How many did you count? Count the Number of Fs • Show of hands… – 3 ` – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 Answer: 6 Count the Passes Why Monitor? of Players Wearing White • Training is a process – to characterize the process. If you’ve already seen this please stay quiet. • Long-term development • Training is not entirely predictable. – Mistakes are expensive • Avoid overtraining • Avoid injury 2 5/18/2016 Why Monitor? General volumes of annual preparation Gymnastics-R Running-MD - Fencing - Wrestling Volleyball Synchro.Swimming Rowing Kayaking Swimming Hours V. Issurin, 2007 Total number of competition days per year Classic version of annual periodization Cycling-Road (adapted from Portman, 1986) Running-MD Fencing - - Wrestling Judo Sailing Rowing Kayaking Swimming Number of days V. Issurin, 2007 3 5/18/2016 Transferability – Men’s Triple Jump How should we cope with these demands? • It’s not a problem (the consensus-trance)… – Anticipate that athletes will only last one or a few Olympiads and plan for it. – JIT approach – heavy emphasis on TID(youngsters) and natural attrition – Emphasize optimizing the final year of the quad • Try to extend the career of veteran athletes (paradigm shift) – Keep athletes going at a world level longer. – Prepare athletes more patiently and develop better training methods (and understanding) for mature athletes. – Emphasize long-term development with junior and “near” world level athletes. • Develop better understanding and training for young athletes to keep them developing on a longer and higher preparation arc. – Develop multiple teams for those with deep talent – Plan competitions more carefully – Recycle Athletes and Talent-ID in College for late maturing sports Bondarchuk, 2007 Monitoring Training What is worth monitoring? • What is worth monitoring? • “Although researchers have suggested an – Dose – Response impressive array of sophisticated tests to detect relationship overtraining, the best measures continue to be • What are skiing “doses?” the simplest changes in performance and self- – Training diaries rated perception of fatigue and well-being. – Regular tests • …A training diary which records and assesses – Individuals vs Groups/Teams all of these elements in a systematic fashion – Others would seem essential.” (Schiffer, J. Overtraining, New Studies in Athletics, 16(4), p 81). What is worth monitoring? Response to Stress – Characteristic but Idiosyncratic • The search for markers… – Lactate, heart rate variability, ammonia, glutamine, morning heart rate, immune system, POMs, etc. • Why univariate approaches haven’t worked. – Anomaly detection – The data are actually in the noise… • What are we really trying to find out? – Departures from stability • Ideographic vs nomothetic approaches – Group vs Single-Subject Designs • Are you willing to devote the time and energy? Lacey,JI; Bateman,DE; VanLehn,R (1953): Autonomic response specificity: An experimental study. Psychosomatic Med. 15(1), 8-21. 4 5/18/2016 What is training Training Models supposed to look Lots of ideas… like? • Sleamaker • Verhoshansky • Matveyev • Zatsiorsky • Nadori • Bompa • Bondarchuk • Counsilman • If you’re doing the right things, how would you know? Big Picture Reinforcing Adaptation Training Theory - Models Hypertrophy Enabling • At least a dozen training models + Reinforcement RA – A “big picture” approach to training management – Control of volume (how much) and intensity (how hard). And lots of other stuff. Adaptation – Here are two: Short-Term ≈Reinforcement Fatigue Recovery Readiness I Responses Maintenance V Vigilance V Training -Reinforcement Challenge Feedforward RA I Prediction Time Time Maladaptation Matveyev (1977) Zatsiorsky (1995) Overtraining General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Training Adaptation Syndrome (TAS) What are the typical Allostasis “Athletic Preparedness” patterns of adaptation “Stability through change” to training? Overtraining Fatigue Recover Alarm Resistance Exhaustion Overreaching Supercompensation Overtraining Acquisition Verkhoshansky,YV (1985): Programming Stabilization of Temporary Loss and organization of training. (Translated of Athletic Athletic Form of Athletic Form by A. Charniga, Published by Sportivny Form Press, Livonia, MI, 1988.) Fizkultura i Spovt, Moscow, U.S.S.R. 5 5/18/2016 Optimization of the Training Load How do you translate from GAS/TAS to Training? Homeodynamic/ Athletic Shape Allostatic State Period of Challenge Optimal Concentrated Supercompensation Loading Period of Concentrated Mesocycle Loading Fatigue Challenge Too Little Training Load Baseline Concentrated Training Rest Load Concentrated Loading Challenge Concentrated Rest Rest Loading Too Great Loading 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Training Training Training Microcycles Challenge Challenge Challenge Fitness and Fatigue Training Load Fitness Block An interplay of fitness and fatigue to achieve peak performance… Periodization Peak Proposed Method to Cope with These New Demands Fatigue Training Load Managing Training Load Long-Term for Optimal Performance Paradigm Shift Conditioning Vault Bars Fitness? Beam •Do not train concurrently; Floor Ex Dance train in sequence Generalized Approach to Preparation – Work on Everything all the Time Fitness Skill Gen Max Focus Combin Routine • Follow the sequence : Develop. Condit Strength To Gym Develop Develop Competition basic abilities more specific Conjugate Sequence System (Modified) – Use periods of training to maximize underlying physiological functions. Sequence them so that each builds on the other. (Verkhoshansky) Accumulation Block Periodization abilities tapering Competition Transmutation Fitness Realization/Competition An attempt to cope R with modern training T R A T and competition demands. A T R A Transition Transition Transition Elite athletes only Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Time 6 5/18/2016 Superposition of Residual Annual Preparation Chart Training Effects – Timing – Block Approach Target- International competition Spring Cup Blocks- Competition competition mesocycles Winter Cup Realization Accumulation Transmutation Realization R R R T Transmutation T T 8-14 days Residuals A 12-25 days A Accumulation A 12-30 days 1st stage 2nd stage 3rd stage 4th stage Preparation period Competition period V. Issurin, 2007 V. Issurin, 2007 Coaches: Svetlana Blekher and Annual Training Plan 2004-2005 Version from 21.10.2004 Tatiana Tsim Synchronized Swimming Know the athlete Adviser: Prof.V.Issurin World Ch-p European Cup Canada Main Ch-p France Moscow Int.Comp-n 17-22.7 Competitions See their future… 5-9.05 Jerusalem 17-20.3 Italy International Cup Ch-p 6-9.06.05 Israel Competitions 25-26.12 • What is the athlete going 25-26.02 National to face in the next quad, Competitions or the quad after that? Tests & Small Competitions • What drives the athlete’s Months 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 development? • Where are the Weeks 13 10 17 244 315 67 147 21 28 105 1112 1219 1326 2 159 16 1723 1830 196 2013 2120 27 236 2413 2520 2627 273 2810 2917 3024 311 328 3315 22 29 365 3712 3819 3926 403 4110 4217 4324 4431 457 14 4721 4828 494 5011 5118 5225 components of Competition performance headed? Taper Transmutation – Physical Mesocycle Accumulation – Technical Mesocycle Active Rest – Tactical Stages – Psychological 25-29.04וינגייט 12-15.12 Canada וינגייט ירושלים Training 16-18.12 וינגייט17-22.4 Theoretical/Logistical – 7-16.7 15-22.5 20-24.2 אילת וינגייט Camps Medical Check-Ups General Current exam Current exam examination Know the athlete Know your training… • What is the athlete going to face in • Training Design the next quad, or the quad after • Monitoring that? • Transferability of Training Tasks to Performance • What drives the athlete’s development? • The Garden of Performance • Where are the components of – Career Advancement and Development Plans performance headed? – Quad Plans – Physical – Annual Plans – Technical – Mesocycle (monthly) plans – Tactical – Microcycle (weekly) plans – Psychological – Training lesson plans – Theoretical/Logistical – The roles of volume, intensity, density, frequency, recovery/adaptation – Educational Stone, M.H., Stone, M.E., Sands, W.A., (2007). Principles and practice of resistance training. Champaign, IL., Human Kinetics. 376 pages. 7 5/18/2016 What about process? Boundary of Adaptability • Homeostasis – Set point regulation – Narrow range of change Danger Zone when stress exceeds capacities – Survival importance – Reactive • Allostasis – Internal viability through bodily Allostatic Load change – Feedforward Glucocorticoids Allostasis – Predictive “Normal” • Allostatic State Catecholamines Currents and – Chronic over-activation, beyond Variation of set points Applied Stress Other Responses Stress Response physiological Capacities and States and Capacities physiological • Allostatic Overload - – Pathological overstimulation Homeostasis O2 tension, BP, pH, Temperature Psycho Time Boundary of Adaptability You need to monitor…Everything Glucocorticoids Allostatic Overload