Marketing Fragment 6 X 10.5.T65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-58436-4 - The Franco-Prussian War: The German Conquest of France in 1870-1871 Geoffrey Wawro Index More information

Index

Albert, Crown Prince of Saxony, 193, Austria-Hungary, 36, 66, 67, 73, 85, 138, 201–2, 206, 209 187–8, 239, 305, 306 Albrecht, Field Marshal Archduke, 67 Austro-Prussian War (1866), 14–15, Alexander II, Tsar of Russia, 11, 238–9, 16–17, 21, 50–1, 53–4, 55, 57–8, 60, 311 93–4, 111, 119–20, 122–3, 136, 150, Alsace-Lorraine, annexation of, 227, 158, 223, 299–300, 301, 307, 308 230, 235, 239, 244, 246, 253, 303–4, 311, 313–14 Baraguay d’Hilliers, Marshal Achille, 68, Alvensleben, General Konstantin von, 148 114–16, 118, 152, 154, 155, 157, 168, Bavarian army in 1870, 83–4, 102, 105–6, 272 127–8, 130–1, 135–6, 217, 218–19, 253, Andlau, Colonel Joseph, 69, 91, 144, 254, 266–7, 286 159, 165, 180, 198, 243 Bazaine, Marshal Achille, 23, 50, 69–70, Arago, Emmanuel, 39, 140 80, 90, 95, 107–8, 120, 228; command Ardant du Picq, Colonel Charles, 154, at Mars-la-Tour, 151, 152, 155, 156, 174, 175, 307–8 157, 159, 160–1, 308; defeatism in armistice negotiations, 233–4, 234–6, Metz, 186, 188, 194–5, 196, 198, 244–7, 253–5, 278–80, 283, 284, 285, 199–200, 201, 242–5, 249–52, 260; 288, 290–2, 293, 294, 296, 298, generalissimo in 1870, 141, 142, 143–4, 299–306 145–6, 147, 148–9, 150; Gravelotte, artillery: changes after 1866, 57–60, 307; 164–6, 170, 173, 175–6, 178–83, 185; in ﬁghting of 1870, 100–1, 105, 112, political intrigues after Sedan, 239–40, 116, 129–30, 136, 154, 155–6, 158–9, 242–6, 249, 310; resentment of 161–2, 172, 173–5, 184, 216–17, 220, Napoleon III, 68–72, 91–2, 118, 222–3, 224, 226–7, 262, 267–8, 275 141–2, 145–6, 148–9, 165; role at Auftragstaktik, 54, 59, 62, 152 Spicheren, 110, 111, 115, 117–19 Aurelle de Paladines, General Louis, Beaugency, battle of, 284–5, 287 265, 266, 269–71, 274–5, 284 Beaumont, battle of, 206–10, 212, 216 Austerlitz, battle of, 7, 10, 11 Beaumont, Captain Louis de, 178–9

321

322 Index

Beaune-la-Rolande, battle of, 271–4 and Metz, 165, 169, 178–80, 197, 199, Benedek, General Ludwig von, 14, 15, 200, 245, 249, 252, 253; Loire and 59, 119, 142, 145, 160, 166, 193, 196, Eastern campaigns, 284, 287, 288, 212, 223 293–5, 296, 297–8 Benedetti, Vincent, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 Boyer, General Napoleon,´ 245–6 Berlin, 1 Bredow, General Friedrich Wilhelm von, Biarritz, meeting of (1865), 13–14 156, 162, 168 Bismarck, Count Otto von: armistice Bugeaud, Marshal Thomas, 44, 234 negotiations, 227–8, 234–6, 239–40, Burnside, General Ambrose, 246 244, 246–7, 253–6, 283, 290–2, 296, 299–306; attitude toward German Canrobert, Marshal François, 67, 68, 73, unification, 12–14, 21, 24, 30–1, 226, 75, 76, 94, 103, 148, 151, 154–6;at 301–3, 312; diplomacy, 138, 187–8, Gravelotte, 166, 169, 173–4, 175–6, 238–9, 305–6; dispute with Moltke, 178, 179, 180; in Metz, 196, 197, 198, 278–80, 290–2, 304–5; early dealings 200 with Napoleon III, 12–14, 21; “iron casualties, 90, 119, 136, 146, 160, 174–5, and blood” speech, 14; manipulation 184, 224, 251–2, 262, 274–5, 278, 283, of Bazaine and the Bonapartes after 292, 298, 307 Sedan, 239–40, 244–6, 283, 304; Cavaignac, General Louis, 7, 233 postwar career, 312–13; proclamation cavalry, changes in tactics, 60–4, 94, 110, of German Empire, 282–3, 302–3; 111, 121, 132–3, 145, 156, 210, 221 rivalry with Napoleon III, 20, 22–3, Cavour, Count Camillo, 11, 12, 13 32; role in 1870 operations, 131, 168, Champigny, battle of, 276–8 186, 203–4, 211, 226, 227, 228, 279, Chanzy, General Antoine, 266, 274, 314; siege of Paris, 238, 255–6; war of 284–5, 287–8, 292–3, 295, 296 1866, 14, 16, 21–2, 111; Spanish throne Chassepot rifle, 52–4, 56–7, 90, 93, 98–9, crisis, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37; wrangles with 102, 105, 115, 119, 122, 124, 129, 148, South Germany, 30–2 158, 174–5, 176–7, 184, 242, 272, 307 Blanc, Louis, 7 Chateaudun,ˆ battle of, 264–5 Blanqui, Auguste, 234, 252 Commune, 234, 247–8, 252, 253, 295–6, Blumenthal, General Albrecht von, 95, 301, 310 101, 102, 121–2, 123, 127, 131, 132, Confederation of the Rhine (1806), 21 136, 145, 213, 214, 226, 280, 301 Congress of Vienna (1815), 10 Bonaparte, Jerome-Napoleon,ˆ 12, 68, Conseil-Dumesnil, General Gustave, 167, 187, 189, 190, 233 132, 135, 221 Bonaparte, Louis, see Prince Imperial Coulmiers, battle of, 266–8, 286 Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon, see Cousin de Montauban, General Charles, Napoleon III see Palikao Bonaparte, Napoleon, see Napoleon I Crimean War, 10–11, 20, 192, 239, 290, Borny, battle of, 146–7, 150, 165 299–300 Bose, General Julius von, 131, 134, 137 Bothmer, General Friedrich von, 97, 101, Danish War (1864), 13, 14 123, 126 Daru, Napoleon,´ 33 Bouet-Willaumez,¨ Admiral Louis, 191, Decaen, General Claude, 146, 147 192, 206 Denmark, 36, 73, 85, 138, 190 Bourbaki, General Charles, 95, 108, 142, diplomacy, 32, 34–5, 36, 66, 67, 73, 85, 151, 155, 157, 159, 160; at Gravelotte 138, 151, 163, 187–8, 190, 203, 238–9,

Index 323

246, 290, 299–300, 304, 305–6, 311, Fourichon, Admiral Martin, 189, 190, 312 191–2, 233 disease, 253, 269, 286, 287 Franco-Austrian War (1859), 11–12, 20, Douay, General Abel, 96–8, 101, 103, 51, 55, 57, 60, 92 104, 121 francs-tireurs, 237–8, 257, 264–5, 268–9, Douay, General Felix,´ 95, 96, 208, 218, 279, 288–90, 309–10 220, 221, 224, 228 Fransecky, General Eduard von, 183, 184 Dreyse riﬂe, see “needle riﬂe” Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria, 11, Ducrot, General Auguste, 73, 123, 130, 16, 51, 67 134, 135, 212–13, 215, 216, 217, 218, Freycinet, Charles, 265–6, 270–1, 274, 220, 222, 224, 227, 228; command of 275, 284, 287, 288, 293, 297, 301 Paris, 231, 252, 253–4, 276–8, 280–1, Friedrich Karl, Prince, 61, 80, 92, 93;at 283, 284, 293 Gravelotte, 164, 168, 169–70;at Mars-la-Tour, 152, 159, 161;at economic factors, 189, 256, 310 Spicheren, 107–8, 110, 114, 119, 145, Ems telegram, 37, 301, 311 150; Loire campaign, 271, 274, 275, Eugenie,´ Empress of the French, 7, 19, 284, 287, 288, 292; siege of Metz, 194, 26, 28, 35; downfall, 229, 233, 245, 200, 242–3, 250–1 299; regent, 68, 72–3, 107, 139, 140, Friedrich Wilhelm, Crown Prince, 81, 141, 145, 147–8, 165, 167–8, 191, 84, 93, 95, 97, 101, 107–8;at 192–3, 201, 228 Froeschwiller, 121–2, 123, 127, 128, 131, 132, 135, 136–7, 145; Sedan Failly, General Pierre de, 26, 92, 96, 107, campaign, 187, 193–4, 201–3, 206, 210, 137, 185, 188, 206–7, 216 222, 226; siege of Paris, 290 Favre, Jules, 39, 140, 187; foreign Froeschwiller, battle of, 85, 92, 93–4, 95, minister, 232, 235, 236, 239–40, 246–7, 103, 106, 121–37, 138, 141, 142, 253, 254, 263, 296, 298, 300–1 308 Fay, Colonel Charles, 69, 165, 181, Frossard, General Charles, 23, 67, 73, 77, 196 95, 139, 142; at Gravelotte, 169, 172, Flourens, Gustave, 234, 296 173, 181, 183; at Mars-la-Tour, 151, Foch, General Ferdinand, 307–8 154–5; at Saarbrucken,¨ 86, 90–2, 107; Fontane, Theodor, 1 at Spicheren, 106, 110–11, 114, Forbach, battle of, see Spicheren 116–19, 135; in Metz, 194–5, 196–7 Forey, Marshal Frederic,´ 70 Forton, General Henri de, 151, 156, Gambetta, Leon,´ 29, 38–9, 46, 140, 232, 162 234, 236, 240, 243, 245, 247; peace France, 3; army reforms, 41–6, 48–57, 60, negotiations, 300, 303, 305, 310; war 63–4, 111; military morale problems, leader, 251–2, 262, 265, 266, 269, 42–7, 75–6, 116, 119, 133–4, 136, 144, 270–1, 276, 278, 281, 284, 285, 287, 158, 166, 177, 184, 194–5, 197, 200, 288, 289, 293–4, 297 220, 221–2, 231, 242, 249–51, 252–3, Garde Mobile, 46–7, 75–6, 139, 148, 265, 270, 273–4, 275–6, 287, 288, 236–7, 238, 248, 257, 260, 262, 264, 292–3, 294, 295, 297; recovery from 265, 267–9, 271, 277, 285, 295 defeat, 310–11, 312; war will, 101–2, Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 6, 11, 12, 111, 103, 138–9, 194, 231–2, 234, 237, 247, 262–3, 289, 297 251, 257–8, 263–4, 269, 283, 286–7, general staffs, growing importance of, 294, 303 49–50

324 Index

German Confederation, 16–17, 19, 21, 22 157–8, 169, 173–4, 177, 178, German Empire, 282–3, 302–3, 312 197, 200 German nationalism, 24, 80, 105, 226, La Motterouge, General Joseph, 257, 230, 304, 312 260–1, 262, 265, 270 Goeben, General August von, 114, 118, Lartigue, General Marie-Hippolyte, 123, 172, 182, 183 132, 134 Government Delegation, see Tours Laveaucoupet, General Sylvain de, government 111–12, 114, 116 Government of National Defense, 167, Leboeuf, Marshal Edmond, 41, 46, 49, 231–4, 243, 246, 247–8, 252, 253 50, 67, 76, 80; corps commandant, 151, Gramont, Duc Antoine de, 33, 35, 36, 155, 156, 169, 181, 183, 197, 200, 244; 37, 38, 76, 85, 103, 140, 162, 190 major general´ , 68, 69, 70, 72–3, 86, Gravelotte, battle of, 144, 166, 169–85, 90–1, 92, 94–5, 96, 107, 120, 140–1, 147 186, 187, 193, 224, 274, 307, 308 Lebrun, General Barthelemy,´ 50, 67, 68, Great Britain, 187–8, 190, 290, 305, 312, 70, 72, 141, 206, 213, 224, 228, 313 313 Leﬂo,ˆ General Adolphe, 233, 248, 257 guerre a` outrance, see total war Le Mans, battle of, 288, 292–3, 295 Liberal Empire, 27–9 Haussmann, Baron Georges, 28 Loigny, battle of, 274–5 Hericourt,´ battle of, 295 Loire campaign and armies, 251–2, 256, Hindenburg, Lt. Paul von, 58, 176, 177 260–1, 263, 265, 266, 268–71, 274, Hohenzollern Candidature, see Spanish 275–6, 279–80, 283–4, 287–8, 290, throne crisis 293 Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Prince Luxembourg crisis (1867), 18, 21, 22–3, Leopold von, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 68 32, 66, 191, 299–300 Hugo, Victor, 6, 239, 257, 311 MacMahon, Marshal Patrice, 25, 59, 68, Italy, 4, 32, 73, 85, 138, 187–8, 239 139, 143, 150, 165, 167, 297; command of I Corps, 67, 72–3, 86, 92, 93–4; Jarras, General Louis, 22, 49–50, 68, 72, direction of Froeschwiller, 107, 120, 92, 141, 142, 164 121–3, 126, 131–2, 134, 135, 137; role Jena, battle of, 10, 74 in Wissembourg battle, 95–6, 97, 103; Juarez, Benito, 70 Sedan campaign, 167–8, 185, 187, 188, “June Days” of 1848, 6 192–3, 194, 195, 196, 198, 201, 203, 206, 209–10, 211–12, 215 Kameke, General Georg von, 110–11, Magenta, battle of, 11, 36, 57 112, 114, 115, 119, 183 Manstein, General Albrecht von, 170, Kirchbach, General Hugo von, 123, 131, 172 136, 137 Margueritte, General Jean, 220–1 Koniggr¨ atz,¨ battle of, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, Mars-la-Tour, battle of, 151–63, 165, 21, 22, 51, 52, 57–8, 59, 60–1, 81, 82, 175, 308 100, 108, 111, 112, 119–20, 145, 150, Marx, Karl, 1, 4, 302 157, 159, 177, 193, 196, 212, 313 Maximilian, Archduke of Austria, 70 Krupp artillery, see artillery Mazzini, Giuseppe, 6, 68, 111 Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Grand Duke Ladmirault, General Louis, 87, 95, Friedrich, 269, 270, 275, 284, 285–6, 107–8, 143, 144, 147, 151, 155, 156, 287, 288

Index 325

Metternich, Prince Richard, 29, 73, 168, 224–6, 228; Spanish throne crisis, 35, 187, 229 36–7, 38 Metz, siege of, 85–6, 186–7, 193, 195, navies, role in 1870, 74, 75, 188–92, 197–8, 240–7, 249–53, 256 206 Mexican adventure, 39, 70, 243 “needle riﬂe,” 51, 52–3, 57, 90, 102, 242, mitrailleuse, 53, 54, 91, 99–100, 124, 129, 272, 307 183 Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia, 10 mobilizations of 1870, 65–6, 74–84, Niel, Marshal Adolphe, 31, 46, 48, 49, 85–6, 190 50, 52, 54, 63, 66, 73, 75, 76, 96 Moltke, General Helmuth von, 24, 312, Noisseville, battle of, 198–201 313, 314; army reforms, 45, 47–8;at North German Confederation Koniggr¨ atz,¨ 16; dispute with (1866–70), 16, 20, 21, 22, 30, 32, 312 Bismarck, 278–80, 290–2, 304–5; Gravelotte, 164, 168–9, 170, 172–3, Ollivier, Emile, 28, 29, 30, 33, 35, 38–40, 176, 183; Loire campaign, 256, 257, 65, 76, 139–41 263, 265, 269, 278–80, 284, 287, 292; operational art, 50–60, 116–17, 119, 122, peace negotiations, 304–5; Sedan 157, 168, 212, 226–7, 237, 253, 270–1, campaign, 187, 193, 202–4, 211–12, 306–9 226, 227, 228; siege of Paris, 235–6, Orleans,´ battles of, 257, 260–2, 263, 237, 247, 249, 278–80, 281–2; Spanish 265–6, 268, 269–71, 274–6, 283 throne crisis, 37; tactical changes, 54–5, 57–9, 61; war leadership, 86–7, Palikao, Count Charles, 140–1, 148, 162, 93, 95, 97, 107–8, 111, 119–20, 143, 187, 192–3, 201, 216, 232 145, 147, 149–50, 151–2, 160, 183, 193; Paris, siege of, 143–4, 167, 201, 203, war preparations, 80–2, 84 236–7, 238, 247–8, 249, 253–4, 265, Montaudon, General Jean-Baptiste, 115, 270–1, 274, 276–83, 290–2, 116 295–6 Pelle,´ General Jean, 121, 123 Napoleon I, 4, 8, 9–10, 11, 12, 21, 54, 57, Persigny, Jean, 28, 29 66, 144, 185, 239 Pietri, Franceschini, 28 Napoleon III: corruption, 25–6; coup of Pius IX, Pope, 6, 11 1851, 6–8, 20, 233; Crimean War aims, Plombieres,` meeting of (1858), 11 10–11, 20; demoralization in 1870, 69, Podewils riﬂe, 102, 126 78–9, 90; domestic opposition to his Prince Imperial, 28, 78, 90, 168, 224, 233, rule, 20, 24–30; downfall, 228–9, 233, 236, 245, 299, 309 234–5, 240, 299; early life and career, proclamation of the German Empire, 3–4; Franco-Austrian War aims, 282–3 11–12, 20; Liberal Empire, 27–9; provisional government, see military decisions in 1870, 67–8, 70, Government of National Defense 72–4, 85, 86, 91–2, 106–7, 136–7, 139, Prussia, 1–3, 16–17, 19; army reforms, 141–2, 143, 145–6, 148–9, 165, 167–8, 41–2, 47–8, 50–2, 56–63, 111; military 189, 190, 192–3, 203; military reforms, morale problems, 105–6, 112, 124, 127, 46, 49, 50, 52, 54; political ideas, 9–10, 129, 130, 156, 168, 183–4, 189, 217, 12, 20; reaction to Austro-Prussian 218–19, 253, 254; military treatment of War, 15, 16–18, 19–20, 21, 22, 26, 32; French civilians, 145, 202, 238, 254–5, rivalry with Bismarck, 12–13, 21, 263, 264–5, 279–80, 286–7, 309–10, 22–3, 31; Sedan campaign, 203, 205–6, 314

326 Index

railways, military use of, 48–9, 74, 80 total war, 140, 143, 233, 236, 251–2, 254, Raoult, General Noel, 123, 126, 130, 287–8, 289, 293, 303, 309–10 134 Tours government, 236, 243, 246, 256, Revolution of 1848, 6 263, 265, 271, 276, see also Revolution of 4 September 1870, 140, Government of National Defense 231–4 Treaty of Frankfurt and armistice, 296, Roon, General Albrecht von, 37, 160, 299–306, 310, 313, see also armistice 170, 202, 280, 304, 312 negotiations Rouher, Eugene,` 17, 28, 29, 192–3 Trochu, General Louis, 42–3, 143–4, 148, Russia, 36, 188, 190, 238–9, 246, 290, 189, 190; government of national 312, 313 defense, 167, 232, 233, 234, 237, 243, 247, 248, 252, 256, 263, 274, 276, 278, Saarbrucken,¨ battle of, 86–93, 95, 107, 282, 283, 296 110 St. Privat, battle of, see Gravelotte Verdy du Vernois, General Julius, 184, Schlieffen Plan, 313 209, 307 Sebastopol, battle of, 10 Verge,´ General Charles, 114, 115 Sedan, battle of, 167–8, 192–3, 195, 196, Villiers, battle of, see Champigny 198, 203, 209, 211–29, 230–1, 256, 297, Vinoy, General Joseph, 148, 201, 283 313 Vionville, battle of, see Mars-la-Tour Sheridan, General Philip, 170, 173, 184, Visconti-Venosta, Emilio, 187–8, 238, 186, 210, 224, 236, 265, 300 246 Solferino, battle of, 11, 12, 36, 57, 59, 70 Vittorio Emanuele II, King of Italy, 12, Spanish throne crisis, 34–8, see also Ems 239 telegram Voights-Rhetz, General Konstantin von, Spicheren, battle of, 85, 94, 95, 107–20, 155, 157, 198, 200, 271, 292 122, 123, 135, 137, 138, 141, 142, 308 Waldersee, Major Alfred von, 30, 35, 45, Steinmetz, General Karl von, 80, 86, 93, 48, 56, 110, 170, 203, 313 107–8, 110, 119, 145, 146, 159, 161, war plans in 1870, 47–8, 66–7, 72–4, 164, 168, 172–3, 178–9, 182, 183, 81–2, 93 194 Washburne, Elihu, 33, 138 Stoffel, Colonel Eugene,` 51, 58 Werder, General August von, 121, 123, 294 tactical lessons, 50–64, 87, 100, 101, 102, Werder riﬂe, 100 105–6, 111, 114, 115–17, 118, 124–5, Werther, Baron Karl von, 33, 35, 37 132–3, 135, 136, 142, 158, 161–2, Wilhelm I, King of Prussia, 56, 79, 108, 173–5, 216–17, 218, 226–7, 267, 275, 119, 147, 173, 183, 184–5, 202, 219, 285, 307–9, see also artillery and 221, 228, 230, 234, 280, 282–3, 291, cavalry 304, 308, 312; Kaiser-Titel Tann, General Ludwig von der, 102, controversy, 32, 34; Spanish throne 127–8, 213, 217, 256, 257, 260–1, 263, crisis, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 264–5, 266, 268, 269 Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany, Thiers, Adolphe, 17, 18, 29, 35, 39, 46, 302–3, 308, 312–13 140, 239, 244, 256, 301, 303, 304, 305, Wimpffen, General Emmanuel, 216–18, 310, 311 220, 221, 222, 224–5, 227–8

Index 327

Wissembourg, battle of, 85, 92, 93–4, Zastrow, General Dietrich von, 146, 172, 95–107, 120, 121, 122, 126, 137 182, 183 Woyna, General Wilhelm von, 114, 183, Zollparlament, 23 273 Zollverein, 2 Wurttemberg,¨ General August von, Zundnadelgewehr,¨ see “needle 176–7 riﬂe”