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Universidade Do Estado Do Rio De Janeiro Centro De Ciências Sociais Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Centro de Ciências Sociais Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Políticos Fernando Peres Peixoto Interpretando o Holocausto Rio de Janeiro 2013 Fernando Peres Peixoto Interpretando o Holocausto Tese apresentada, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor, ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política, da Univer- sidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Renato Lessa Rio de Janeiro 2013 CATALOGAÇÃO NA FONTE UERJ/REDE SIRIUS/ BIBLIOTECA IESP P377 Peixoto, Fernando Peres. Interpretando o holocausto / Fernando Peres Peixoto. – 2013. 140 f. Orientador: Renato Lessa. Tese (doutorado) – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Políticos. 1. Totalitarismo - Teses. 2. Holocausto judeu – Teses. 3. Ciência Política – Te- ses. I. Lessa, Renato. II. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Es- tudos Sociais e Políticos. III. Título. CDU 378.245 . Autorizo, apenas para fins acadêmicos e científicos, a reprodução total ou parcial desta tese, desde que citada a fonte. __________________________________ _______________________ Assinatura Data Fernando Peres Peixoto Interpretando o Holocausto Tese apresentada, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor, ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política, da Univer- sidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Aprovada em 18 de março de 2013. Banca Examinadora: _________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Renato Lessa (Orientador) Universidade Federal Fluminense _________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Cesar Guimarães Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Políticos – UERJ _________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Luiz Eduardo Soares Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – UERJ ___________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Maria Clara Bengemer Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro ____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Jacó César Piccolli Universidade Federal do Acre Rio de Janeiro 2013 RESUMO PEIXOTO, Fernando Peres. Interpretando o Holocausto. 2013. 140 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência Política) – Instituto de Estudos Políticos e Sociais, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2013. O Holocausto se tornou um tema acadêmico pelas mãos de Hannah Arendt; “As Origens do Totalitarismo”, publicado em 1951, delimitou a reflexão sobre o tema postulando a originalidade de uma ordem política desconhecida da tradição e do pensamento político clássico. O nazismo e o comunismo eram a evidência empírica de uma nova temporalidade, onde o passado, ou a história como mestra da vida no sentido dado ao termo por Maquiavel, era incapaz de lançar qualquer luz sobre o presente. A tragédia dos judeus ela analisou com os olhos de Alexis de Tocqueville e seu modelo de interpretação da revolução francesa, levando- a a arguir para Israel uma condição similar àquela dos aristocratas no Antigo Regime. A nobreza e a judiaria, como a maior parte das vítimas dos soviéticos, foram exterminadas apesar de efetivamente serem impotentes politicamente; o terror como meio de governar suprimiu a antiga distinção de amigo e inimigo e instaurou a ideologia como critério de escolha das vítimas. Curiosamente os críticos de Hannah Arendt e os estudiosos da Shoah – ou a solução final da questão judaica, o jargão nazista para o extermínio – desconheceram a apropriação do paradigma de Tocqueville pela filósofa alemã e a sua assertiva enfática em afirmar a condição única na história dos procedimentos insanos de bolcheviques e nacional- socialistas. Tentaremos aqui preencher este hiato pelo recurso aos estudos antropológicos mostrando ser o assassinato dos mais fracos e impotentes um recurso natural quando os interditos culturais se esboroam, quando a guerra de todos contra todos se torna uma realidade. Palavras-chave: Totalitarismo. Holocausto judeu. ABSTRACT PEIXOTO, Fernando Peres. Interpreting the Holocaust. 2013. 140 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência Política) – Instituto de Estudos Políticos e Sociais, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2013. In the hands of Hannah Arendt the Holocaust became an academic subject. In "The Origins of Totalitarianism" she defined Nazism and Communism as forms of domination unknown by tradition and classical political thought. Hitler and Stalin were empirical evidence of a new time, where the past, or the historical as the master of life in the sense given by Machiavelli, was unable to illuminate the present. She studied the tragedy of Israel with the eyes of Alexis de Tocqueville: the destruction of the Jews presents the same mechanism present in the suppression of the aristocracy of France. The nobility and the Jews, as well as the Soviet victims, were powerless politically. Totalitarian terror suppressed the old distinction between friend and foe, its ideologies defined who should die. But the great majority of scholars of the Final Solution (the Nazi jargon for the extermination of the Semites) is unaware of Tocqueville's relationship to the German philosopher's interpretation of the insane Bolshevik and National Socialist procedures. This text seeks to fill this gap using anthropological studies and historical analysis showing that the murder of the weak and powerless is a natural resource when cultural boundaries disappear and the war of all against all becomes a reality. Keywords: Totalitarianism. Holocaust jews. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO .......................................................................................................... 6 1 HANNAH ARENDT E ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE: FUNDANDO A NOVIDADE RADICAL DA REVOLUÇÃO E DO TOTALITARISMO .................................. 12 2 INTERPRETANDO A SUBJETIVIDADE TOTALITÁRIA : AS CATEGORIAS DO JUÍZO, DO MAL RADICAL E DA APARÊNCIA ................................................. 40 3 MITO E TOTALITARISMO: A LÒGICA SACRIFICIAL COMO NATUREZA DAS IDEOLOGIAS ........................................................................................................... 78 4 O ANTAGONISTA DAS IDEOLOGIAS: O CONCEITO DE INIMIGO OBJETIVO VERSUS A NOÇÃO DE INIMIZADA DA TRADIÇÃO ..................................... 108 REFERÊNCIAS ...................................................................................................... 135 6 INTRODUÇÃO A teoria da política ganhou um alento desconhecido após a primeira grande guerra mundial com o renascimento da experiência revolucionária no Velho Continente após mais de um século de paz entre as nações e de estabilidade dentro das sociedades. Do congresso de Viena, encerrando as guerras napoleônicas, até agosto de 1914, início da primeira conflagração mundial os conflitos europeus, guerras internacionais e civis, como a de 1848 e a comuna de Paris, ou as lutas da Prússia com a Áustria e a França, assim como a guerra da Crimeia ou a luta dos gregos por sua independência, foram episódios localizados e rapidamente resolvidos. A revolução americana de 1776 e a crise do Ancién Regime de 1789 já de há muito haviam sido incorporadas aos currículos escolares como eventos históricos e tanto os Estados Unidos quanto a França, apesar de suas diferenças, muitas vezes gritantes, haviam desembocado em sociedades relativamente abertas e democráticas marcadas pela universalização do mercado e da franquia plena na participação política. A instabilidade renasceu generalizada em 1917, ao fim da Primeira Guerra Mundial, produzindo uma nova onda revolucionária, dessa vez multifacetada em tonalidades distintas e antagônicas, a esquerda e a direita do espectro político; ambas se apresentaram como novidade quando comparadas com os experimentos políticos até então conhecidos e, em meados da primeira metade do século XX, ambas as vertentes já haviam se institucionalizado em Estados e se inserido no concerto das nações europeias e tanto a ordem nacional-socialista da Alemanha hitlerista quanto a União Soviética de Stalin, pareciam ser o futuro da Europa após a crise de 1929. A revolução bolchevique de outubro de 1917 fez do antigo império tzarista uma nova ordem social, assim diziam seus fundadores à opinião pública do mundo. Alardeando ter invertido a pirâmide de classes, a recém-criada república soviética apresentou-se ao mundo como o futuro natural da humanidade, na qual a aliança das classes produtoras, o proletariado e o campesinato, simbolizada na cruz(amento) da foice e do martelo, prometia acabar com a – tão antiga quanto o homem – exploração e a opressão do ser humano pelo seu semelhante e corrigir o equívoco histórico de uma produção coletiva e uma apropriação privada presentes para o marxismo em todas as formações sociais conhecidas até então, excetuadas é claro, o mundo primitivo com seu comunismo espontâneo, conforme imaginavam os arautos do socialismo científico, Marx e Engels. A única prova histórica, até então disponível, para pensar a exequibilidade de uma ordem sem classes veio graças ao descobrimento da América 7 e das suas comunidades indígenas, responsáveis por dar um mínimo de fundamento empírico e respeitabilidade teórica ao sonho de uma sociedade igualitária presentes nas esperanças utópicas do Velho Continente, independentemente das antigas expectativas niveladoras, alicerçadas na escatologia religiosa, presentes no grande surto nivelador das guerras camponesas do século XVI, filhas da Reforma protestante.1 O nazismo com sua cruz gamada, a suástica, compartilhou com o seu arqui-inimigo, o marxismo, o horizonte da igualdade, não aquela do status, do social, mas a da raça, da comunidade de sangue, ameaçada de
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