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“Homo-Hunting” in the Early Cold War: Senator Kenneth Wherry and the Homophobic Side of Mccarthyism

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“Homo-Hunting” in the Early Cold War: Senator Kenneth Wherry and the Homophobic Side of Mccarthyism Nebraska History posts materials online for your personal use. Please remember that the contents of Nebraska History are copyrighted by the Nebraska State Historical Society (except for materials credited to other institutions). The NSHS retains its copyrights even to materials it posts on the web. For permission to re-use materials or for photo ordering information, please see: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/magazine/permission.htm Nebraska State Historical Society members receive four issues of Nebraska History and four issues of Nebraska History News annually. For membership information, see: http://nebraskahistory.org/admin/members/index.htm Article Title: “Homo-Hunting” in the Early Cold War: Senator Kenneth Wherry and the Homophobic Side of McCarthyism Full Citation: Randolph W Baxter, “Homo-Hunting’ in the Early Cold War: Senator Kenneth Wherry and the Homophobic Side of McCarthyism,” Nebraska History 84 (2003): 119-132. URL of Article: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/full-text/2003-Homo_Hunting.pdf Date: 1/20/2010 Article Summary: During the 1940s, as the medical-psychological establishment changed and fears of sexual “perversions” in America grew markedly. These fears spilled over into the political realm as the anti- Communist, anti-liberal, and anti-new Deal factions in Congress incorporated aspects of America’s existing homophobic culture into their rhetoric and platforms. Joseph McCarthy and his fellow Nebraska Republican Kenneth Wherry figured prominently in this historic movement. Errata: Page 123: In the photo, the man standing at the far right beside President Harry S Truman is not George C Marshall, but Averell W Harriman, in 1949 a special assistant to the president. Page 129: Kenneth Wherry’s cause of death is misstated. Wherry did not smoke, and he died of colon cancer, not lung cancer. Cataloging Information: Surnames: Sevareid; Hunt; Bridges; Clinton; Blick; Gabrielson; Dewey; St George; McCarthy; Truman; Wherry; Roosevelt; Mundt; Nixon; Vandenburg; Taft; Eisenhower; Freur; Henry; Walsh; Welles; Brewster; Hoover; Acheson; Marshall; Hiss: Chambers; Hill; Hobson; Schlesinger; Offie: Peurifoy; Rooney; Clevenger; Miller; Tydings; Hoey; Vaughan; Berryman; Taft; Buchanan Place Names: Pawnee City; Buchenwald; Turkey Creek Keywords: “Internal Security Act” “New Deal” “Young Turks” “Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Small Business” “pink tea efforts” “socialist medicine” “Marshall Plan” “Black Triangle” “Rose Triangle” “homosexual” “homophobic” “Newport scandal” “perversion” “deviance” “Kinsey Report” “communist” “Five Percenters” “Gay Rights” “Presidential Succession Act” “Amerasia” “Executive Order 9835" “E.O. 9835" “Pumpkin Papers” “Part of Treason” “Wherry-Hill Subcommittee” “Hoey Committee” “pervert purge” “Defense of Marriage” Photographs: Wherry Bros Pawnee County Store; Omaha World-Herald photo with Wherry and his father at their Turkey Creek Farm; Wherry with Lincoln Statue at State Capitol; Senators Margaret Chase Smith, Wherry, Arthur Vandenberg with Harry S Truman and George C Marshall in 1949; Alan Dunn cartoon published in the New Yorker, 1950; Washington Sunday Star cartoon of Secretary of State Dean Acheson, 1950; Alan Dunn cartoon from the New Yorker, 1950, personnel interview; the official United States Senate portrait of Senator Kenneth S Wherry - -.-.,-C':.,· "Homo-Hunting" in the Early Cold War Throughout the 1940s, as analysis employment safeguards eventually rules that enabled Senate debate to more .1 by the medical-psychological estab­ became an embarrassment to the easily overcome minority filibusters.3 lishment changed, and as the upheavals Truman administration at a time when Wherry's assumption of the role of of the D~pression and Second World rising fears of domestic subversion majority whip in 1947-a first for a fresh­ War began to be felt in society, fears of provided a powerful political brickbat man senator-reflected his prime sexual "perversion" in America grew against the Democrats. position in the conservative bloc, which markedly. These fears spilled over into the political realm as anti-Communist, anti-liberal, and anti-New Deal factions in Congress incorporated aspects of America's existing homophobic culture into their rhetoric and their platforms. A widely perceived notion that political subversion was paralleled by sexual subversion laid the groundwork for anti-homosexual purges of civilian federal workers, which began in earnest in the winter of 1950 and continued throughout the Cold War. The era's link­ age of conventional masculinity with national security became a model that socially conservative politicians contin­ ued to employ against perceived threats to American society well into the 1990s. 1 Who would save the nation from the homosexual threat? Joseph McCarthy may come first to mind for his highly publi­ cized early-Cold-War anti-Communism, :' .' "- .. -:": ~ ~ - '. '. ". - -. but rumors of his own homosexuality ~~~.:;-~.,~--:-:~_~, --', -:--O--:;::..~.:..:.:~~-,~~ may have prevented him from directly The Wherrys had been Pawnee County residents since before the turn of the twentieth attacking gays in the State Department century. Family businesses included hardware, furniture, a dry-goods.store, a mortuary, and other federal agencies.2 Leader of and an automobire dealership, as well as several farms. NSH.S-RG3559-7 the charge to rid the federal government of homosexual security risks, an event Who was Senator Wherry and how increased in both houses of Congress in soon labeled the "pervert purge," was did he come to complement McCarthy's 1946, and included younger newcomers another U.S. senator: McCarthy's fellow anti-Communist crusade? Kenneth including Joseph McCarthy (1908-57), Midwestern Republican, Kenneth Spicer Wherry was born in 1892 on a Karl Mundt (1900-74), and Richard Wherry of Nebraska. Wherry's persistent farm in Pawnee County, Nebraska. He Nixon (1913-94). After 1949 Wherry inquiries into loopholes in federal joined his family's business in the farm­ continued his leadership in another ing town of Pawnee City and eventually demanding post, minority floor leader, Randolph Baxter is a lecturer in American took over the Wherry mortuary, car one he would hold for the rest of his Studies at Califomia State University, Fullerton. dealership, and dry-goods store. life. He is currently preparing for publication his dissertation, "'Eradicating This Menace': Angered by the big-government Senator Wherry was known for his Homophobia and Anti-Communism in Congress, policies of Roosevelt's New Deal, he feisty spirit, friendly debate tactics, and 1947-1954" (Univ. of Calif. at Irvine, 1999). entered politics in the 1930s. A popular partisan, masculinist joking. He berated champion of small business, he quickly As master of ceremonies at the Nebraska as "pink-tea efforts," for example, the Republican Founders Day celebration in became one of the new Republican failed attempts of Northern Democrats 1938, Kenneth Wherry of Pawnee City, "Young Turks," rising to become state to override a Southern filibuster. The Nebraska, was described by the Omaha GOP chairman in 1939 and U.S. chain-smoking Nebraskan was liked for World-Herald as "young, enthusiastic, and Senator in 1943. His best known political his disarming, jovial wit but feared for unhampered by too much respect for his elders." He entered politics in the 1930s, legacies include the creation of a his excited, hyperactive bravado. Even and was elected to the U.S. Senate in Senate Permanent Subcommittee on fellow Republican Senator Arthur 1942. NSHS-RG3559-9 Small Business, and a revision of cloture Vandenberg admitted, "The Senator 119 Nebraska History - Fall 2003 Apparently taken just after Wherry's election to the Senate in 1942, this Omaha World-Herald photograph shows Wherry (right) and his father, David E. Wherry, looking over steers at their Turkey Creek Farm. The Wherrys had agricultural properties in Nebraska, Kansas, California, and Alberta. NSHS-RG3559-1 from Nebraska can even say 'good speeches, the fonner Presbyterian Sunday the high cost of the Ma'rshall Plan and morning' so vehemently as to make me school teacher warned that the "Godless supported NATO only if Congress-not quail." Wherry's lack of diplomacy, subversion" of Russian Communism and the president-agreed to each assign­ however, led one Senate historian "alien-minded doctrines" had beguiled ment of U.S. ground forces to Europe. to remark that the Nebraskan's "out­ the Truman administration. In 1946 Wherry's suspicion of the State standing characteristic" was "a flatly Wherry unsuccessfully pushed a Department first rose when then-Assistant uncompromising attitude and a brand resolution to have the State Department Secretary of State Dean Acheson had of Midwestern, small-town, Lions Club investigated for possible "sympathy with opposed a militant stance against the Republicanism so intolerant as some­ Communist ideology," and in early 1948 Chinese Communists in 1945; despite his times to repel even the redoubtable Wherry's legislative efforts predated by a lack of enthusiasm for the Nationalist [Robert A.] Taft. "4 few days the better-known bill of Senator Chinese regime, Wherry supported On matters of government and Karl Mundt (R-SD) and Congressman the inclusion of $75 million to ann non­ foreign policy, Wherry distrusted almost Richard Nixon (R-CA) to effectively Communist China in 1949. Like many anything "foreign." He loathed British outlaw the American Communist Party. American anti-Communists, he fumed
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