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Geochemie Porifera-Reicher Mud Mounds Und Mikrobialithe Des Mittel- Und Oberdevons (Westaustralien, Nordfrankreich)

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Geochemie Porifera-Reicher Mud Mounds Und Mikrobialithe Des Mittel- Und Oberdevons (Westaustralien, Nordfrankreich) Geochemie Porifera-reicher Mud Mounds und Mikrobialithe des Mittel- und Oberdevons (Westaustralien, Nordfrankreich) Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen vorgelegt von Cathrin Hühne aus Kassel Göttingen 2005 D7 Referent: Prof. Dr. Joachim Reitner Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Josef Paul Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 07. November 2005 Zusammenfassung Mud Mounds und Mikrobialithe aus dem Boulonnais (Nordfrankreich) und der Riffhangfazies des oberdevonischen Riffkomplexes im Canning Basin (Westaustralien) wurden mittels geo- chemischer und biogeochemischer Analysemethoden untersucht. Unter besonderer Berück- sichtigung standen Organomineralisate, die durch Degradationsprozesse von Schwammfaunen entstanden sind. Ziele der vorliegenden Arbeit waren die bio- und geochemische Charak- terisierung von Organismengruppen, die bei der Bildung der Mud Mounds und Mikrobialithe be- teiligt waren und die nähere Spezifizierung der Paläo-Umweltbedingungen, insbesondere im Hinblick auf das Frasne/Famenne-Grenzintervall. Mitteldevonische Rothpletzella -Mud Mounds aus dem Steinbruch Banc Noir bei Ferque (Nordfrankreich) weisen eine für das Mitteldevon (Givet) moderne, autochthone Porifera-Fauna aus halichondriden/axinelliden Demospongiae auf. Anhand von Biomarkeranalysen wurde der Nachweis von Sesquiterpenen erbracht, wodurch diese Organsimengruppe biogeochemisch be- stätigt wird. Negative δ13 C-Werte dokumentieren den Einfluss sulfatreduzierender Bakterien auf die Lithifizierung und Bildung der Mud Mounds. Aus oberdevonischen Mud Mounds und Mikrobialithen des Frasne/Famenne-Grenzbereichs der South Lawford Range im Canning Basin (Westaustralien) werden 8 unterschiedliche Mikrobia- lithtypen, darunter 14 Lithotypen, differenziert. Zwei der Mikrobialithtypen sind durch Degrada- tionsprozesse lyssacinosider Hexactinellida entstanden und dokumentieren die Bedeutung dieser Kieselschwämme für die frühe Stabilisierung des Riffhanges. In Stromatolith-Thrombolith-Mounds der Lokalität Waggon Pass wurde eine moderne Fauna lithistider Demospongiae mit tetracrepiden Desmen nachgewiesen. Stromatolithische, stromatolithisch-thrombolithische und dendrolithische Mikrobialithkörper von den Lokalitäten Casey Falls und Waggon Pass weisen z.T. Fe/Mn-Krusten auf und sind nach dem Geländebefund mit Neptunian Dykes und Lagen von radiaxial-fibrösen Zementen assozi- iert. Diese werden als mögliche Aufstiegsbahnen für hydrothermale Fluide diskutiert. Isotopengeochemische Untersuchungen sowie die Analyse Seltener Erden Elemente (Lantha- nide) an mikrobiell-induziert ausgefällten Mikriten (authochthone Mikrite), Fe/Mn-Krusten und radiaxial-fibrösen Zementen dokumentieren die Genese unter normalmarinen, oxischen Be- dingungen. δ13 C-Werte > +2,3‰ von autochthonen Mikriten und radiaxial-fibrösen Zementen des Famennes dokumentieren einen Anstieg der δ13 C-Werte an der Frasne/Famenne-Grenze wie er bereits in der bestehenden Literatur diskutiert wird. Abstract Mud mounds and microbialites of the Boulonnais (Northern France) and from the reefal slope facies of Upper Devonian reef complexes (Western Australia) were investigated by geochemical and biogeochemical methods. In particular, organomineralization, formed by degradation processes of sponges was taken into consideration. The present thesis aims at the bio- and geochemical characterization of different organisms, which were involved in the genesis of mud mounds and microbialites and at a closer specification of paleoenvironmental conditions, particularly with regard to the Frasnian-Famennian boundary interval. Middle Devonian Rothpletzella mud mounds from the quarry Banc Noir near Ferque (Northern France) contain an autochthonous sponge fauna of halichondrid/axinellid demosponges, which seems very modern for Middle Devonian (Givetian) time. Biomarker analyses provide the evidence of sesquiterpenes, thus confirming the presence of this sponge fauna by biogeochemical means. Negative δ13C values show the influence of sulphate reducing bacteria on mud mound development. Upper Devonian mud mounds and microbialites of the Frasnian-Famennian boundary interval from the South Lawford Range (Canning Basin, Western Australia) were differentiated in 8 various types of microbialites and 14 lithotypes. Two microbialite types were formed by degra- dation processes of lyssacinosid hexactinellids and document the importance of these silicious sponges for the early stabilization of the reef slope. A modern fauna of lithistid demosponges with tetracrepid desmas were proven in stromatolite- thrombolite mounds from the Waggon Pass locality. Stromatolitic, stromatolitic-thrombolitic, and dendrolitic microbialites from the Casey Falls and Waggon Pass localities, show Fe-Mn crusts and, according to field evidence, are associated with neptunian dykes and radiaxial fibrous calcite cements. Their role as possible pathways for ascen- ding hydrothermal fluids is discussed. Isotopic geochemical investigations and analyses of rare earth elements document the bacterially induced precipitation of microcrystalline calcite (autochthonous micrite), Fe-Mn crusts, and radiaxial fibrous calcite cements under normal marine, oxidative conditions. Famennian autochthonous micrite and radiaxial fibrous cements with δ13C values > +2.3 ‰ show a rise of δ13C at the Frasnian-Famennian boundary as previously discussed in the literature. Inhalt I Inhalt 1. Einleitung...................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Zielsetzung und Fragestellung ..............................................................................................1 1.2 Evolution mittel- und jungpaläozoischer Riff- und Mud Mound-Vergesellschaftungen .....6 1.2.1 Silur ................................................................................................................................6 1.2.2 Devon .............................................................................................................................6 1.2.3 Karbon............................................................................................................................8 1.2.4 Perm ...............................................................................................................................9 1.3 Entstehung von Mikrobialithen...........................................................................................10 1.4 Mikrobiell-induzierte Karbonatfällung ...............................................................................11 1.5 Karbonatgleichgewicht........................................................................................................14 2. Methodik ..................................................................................................................................17 2.1 Durchlichtmikroskopie........................................................................................................17 2.2 Kathodenlumineszenzmikroskopie .....................................................................................17 2.3 Röntgendiffraktometrie .......................................................................................................17 2.4 Elektronenstrahlen-Mikrosonde..........................................................................................18 2.5 Massenspektrometrien.........................................................................................................18 2.5.1 Stabile Isotope ( δ18 O und δ13 C) ...................................................................................18 2.5.2 Radiogene Isotope ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr).......................................................................................19 2.5.3 Spurenelemente und Seltene Erden Elemente..............................................................19 2.5.4 Biomarker.....................................................................................................................20 3. Geologische Beschreibung der Arbeitsgebiete......................................................................23 3.1 Canning Basin, Westaustralien ...........................................................................................23 3.2 Boulonnais, Nordfrankreich................................................................................................26 4. Sedimentologie und Mikrofazies (Canning Basin, Westaustralien) ...................................29 4.1 Profilbeschreibung ..............................................................................................................29 4.1.1 Profil Wapet C..............................................................................................................29 4.1.2 Profil Casey Falls .........................................................................................................33 4.1.3 Profil 371 B ..................................................................................................................37 4.1.4 Profil Waggon Pass ......................................................................................................40 4.2 Beschreibung der Mikrobialithtypen...................................................................................43 4.2.1 Mikrobialithtyp 1 (M1): Grobkörnig-agglutinierter Stromatolith................................43 4.2.2 Mikrobialithtyp 2 (M2): Feinkörnig-agglutinierter Stromatolith.................................44 4.2.3 Mikrobialithtyp 3
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