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Incidence and Effect of the Copepod Mytilicola Orientalis Mori in the Pacific Oyster of British Columbia

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Incidence and Effect of the Copepod Mytilicola Orientalis Mori in the Pacific Oyster of British Columbia FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA MANUSCRIPT REPORT SERIES No. 993 Incidence and Effect of the Copepod ClOcr., Mytilicola orientalis Mori in the Pacific Oyster of British Columbia by F. R. Bernard Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C. August 1968 This series Includes unpublished preliminary reports and data records not Intended for general dlstrlbullon. They should not be referred 10 In publications with. outclEKIIOTlcefromlhelssulngBoardeslablishmentand without clear Indication of their manuscript status. FISHERIES RESEAR~H BOARD OF ~ANADA MANUSCRIPT REPORT SERIES No. 993 Incidence and Effect of the Copepod Mytilicola orientalis Mori in the Pacific Oyster of British Columbia by F. R. Bernard Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C. August 1968 Introduction Discussion has surrounded the occurrence of a small red copepod in the distal portion of the intestine of various commercial species of oysters and mussels. This organism has been considered a dangerous parasite causing mortality or loss of condition, while other workers put forward the view that it is nonpathogenic and has little effect upon the host. This report summarizes data from several years' study of the occur­ rence, seasonal infection pattern, and effect of Mytilicola orientalis upon the Pacific oyster. Mori (1935) described a new species of copepod, Mytilicola orientalis fromCrassostrea~(Thunberg)and~crassitestaLischkecollectedin the Inland Sea of Japan. Noting affinity to M.. intestinalis Steuer, Mori sep­ arated the new species on the basis of the more prominent lateral thoracic protuberances in the female and lack ofa protuberance on the first thoracic segment in the male. Wilson (1938), apparently overlooking Mori's work, redescribedthespeciesfromPugetSound,namingitM..~.Odlaug(1946) reported M.. orientalis in both Pacific and Native oysters from Washington, also in bay mussels (~edulis), little-neck clams (Pjotothaca llsmi.Q!l.2.) ~~~u~~:~~~ni~u~~e (g~~i~~~;~a fm~~~~~t(~:w c:ii ~~;n~;~~).first noted the There is some doubt concerning the commercial significance of M.vtil­ icola infestations of shellfish stock. Odlaug (1946) demonstrated that infec­ ted Q.. lurida had a lowered condition factor; however, he concluded that M.. edulis was the preferred host as mussels from the same locality invariably had consistently higher infection rates. Sparks (1962) claimed that certain metaplastic changes occurred in the gut epithelium of infected oysters with a tendency to fibrosis of underlying tissues, while in some cases the appendages of the copepod penetrated the gut wall. Sparks (1962) in a study to determine whether infection by M.. orientalis was a mortality factor in Pacific oysters, concluded that it was not. Sparks et al. (1964) demonstrated a below-average Condition Index for infected oysters. Wilson (1938) did not consider Mytilicola a true parasite as the mouth parts are not adapted for biting or sucking tissue fluids. Korringa (1950, 1952) attributed large losses of Dutch mussels (M.. edulis)toheavyinfestations·ofM..intestinalis. Later (1953) he concluded that the copepod interferes with the health and growth of the host. Dollfus (1951) considered the mortality of the Dutch mussels was caused by a virus or bacterium, conceding that infected bivalves may be weakened and more suscept­ ibletosecondaryinfection,butthatdeathcouldnotbedirectlyattrib',1ted to MytilicQla. Bolster (1954) recorded the devastation of mussel beds in Whitstable, England and attributed the cause to Mytilicola, remarking that infected mussels are apt to break away from the byssus. Cole and Savage (1951) reported 100% of mussels from Blyth, England were infested by M.. intestinalis and connected this with a pronounced loss in condition. M. orientalis is found in the recurrent intestine and rectum of the host; pressing the ventral surface in close contact with the gut wall, the dorsal processes aiding in maintaining position. Adults, especially females, are found with the head orientated towards the anterior portion of the host digestive system. No individuals have been collected in the style-sac or direct intestine, but occasionally very young stages «1 mm) have been found in the stomach, indicating means of access. Wilson (1938) states that M.. ostreae (= M.. orientalis) is attached to the inner wall of the stomach, with as many as twenty being taken from a single oyster. Little activity is displayed by Mytilicola while in the intact gut, but vigorous peristaltic contractions begin as soon as the animal is removed. Effect on host Spark (1962) demonstrated that the presence of Mytilicola caused metaplastic changes in the gut wall of the host. No evidence of this has been foundunderBritishColumbiaconditions.Instarvedoysters(Q..~),or individuals that have been held out of water for two or more days, the copepods are often found partially extruded from the rectum and it is likely that the thoracic protuberances may cause a mechanical lesion of the gut epithelium, but no fibrosis or epithelial changes have been noted inhistologicalprepara­ tions from recently gathered infected oysters or mussels. It has generally been reported in the literature that the presence of Mytilicola in lamellibranchs is associated with a lowered condition factor. ThishasnotbeendemonstrableforQ..~underBritishColumbianconditions. Calculation of the condition factor for 92 infected anduninfectedoysters from Ladysmith Harbour revealed no significant difference for the two groups (Table I). Condition factors of oysters from Ladysmith Harbour. Chew et al. (1965) consider that the presence of Mvtilicola appears tohavelittleeffectuponthedimensionalgrowthof~.~,butthatthe Condition Factor is loweredl however, no relationship between infection and mortality could be determined. Distribution on the British Columbia coast is sporadic and limited to areas where young oysters imported from Japan, or infected stock, have been introducedl natural spatted areas are free from infection. Figure 1 shows infected localities on the British Columbia coast. Figure 2 is a detailed distributional study of Ladysmith Harbour undertaken in 1965-1967. In all cases, centres of original plantings of infected oysters (see Fig. 1) contain numerous Mytilicola, while adjacent areas are free, though the oyster popu­ lation is continuous due to natural spawning. This wO'Jld indicate that the free-living infective stage is absent or very short. Over the three year dis­ tributionalsurvey, there have been no radical changes in the pattern of in­ fection in Ladysmith Harbour or in a selected control location, Hammond Bay. Seasonal infection rates Once established, Mytilicola maintains, in British Columbia situations; a steady population level with a peak period followed by a decline in numbers. Studies of per cent infection of Pacific oysters and bay mussels from Ladysmith Harbour for the period 1964-1966 (Fig. 3) reveal the July-August peaks in num­ bers of Mytilicola. For comparative purposes a similar study was undertaken in Hammond Bay, a shallow inlet 14 miles north of Ladysmith. Results are sum­ marized in Figure 4. Percentage infections are consistently higher for mussels thanoysters,b'Jtthecyclicperiodscoincide. While there are considerable seasonal variations, the annual mean remains remarkably constant. Data for the periods of maximum (May to July) and minimum (January to March) infestive rates are given in Figure 5. Host size and infestation rate Indications are that small and large oysters have a slightly lower level of infestation than medium-sized oysters, but differences are insignifi­ cant. Figure 6 summari zes information from infected oysters collected from Denman Island in June 1965. A high percentage of oysters were highly infected, onelOcmindividualharboring15copepods. to be no connection between the incidence of Denm3n of Mvtilicola. Table II summarizes the results of Per cent infestation by Mvtilicola of Henry Bay oysters. Host selectivity Examination of various intertidal bivalves from Ladysmith Harbour indicate that the bay mussel (~. edulis) is the most frequently selected host, followed by the oyster. This supports Odlaug's (1946) findings that~. orien­ kill incidences were higher in ~. edulis than in Q.. lurida. A number of nat­ ive oysters from various localities have been found harboring MvtUi.!<9l.2.. Chewet a1. (1964) report both Q.. lurida and the Californian mussel~. califor­ nianus as being hosts to the copepod. Examination of molluscs from Ladysmith Harbour for incidence of Mytilicola Species Number examined 9.linocardi~"D.uttalli 74 Y..€n~~~ 71 Ocenebrai~ 40 ~~ 50 M.v:tl.~~ 500 Crassostreaw.~ 700 Q.tl.I:ll~ 18 ~staminea 53 Tresus£.~ 12 M.v.e. s.r.'W.a_r.i..~ 24 Environmental factors Hepper (1955) has shown that there is a marked difference in percent­ age infection with regard to host position. Mussels raised from the sea bed are less infected than those on the substrate. In the case of mussels on floats the difference is even more marked. Figure 7 is a diagrammatic repre­ sentation of Kent's wharf, Ladysmith Harbour where detailed examination for ~bearingmusselswasundertaken.Thelowerportionofthefigure shows graphically the position/per cent infestation for mussels on the wharf. There appears to be little effect from host density. Beds with mussels and oysters far apart are as heavily infected as those where the hosts were close together. Raising mussels from the substrate dramatically lowers the incidence of~. Infestation of1transplanted oysters To obtain an indication of the infective rate and seasons of maximum spread
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