Chad A. Mirkin, Ph.D
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Chad A. Mirkin, Ph.D. Controlling the architecture of bio- or nonbio-materials in nanometer length scale and the application of such structures in the development of new technologies in diverse areas, such as chemical and biological sensing, gene regulation, lithography, catalysis, optics, and energy generation, storage, and conversion, are recognized to be one of the hottest research area. Chad Mirkin, who is a chemist, chemical engineer, and world-renowned expert in nanoscience, has contributed significantly in this field. He has pioneered the use of nanoparticle-biomolecule conjugates as synthons in materials science, their novel applications to extra- and intra-cellular diagnostic and therapeutic tools, and Dip-Pen Nanolithography. A common strategy used by Mirkin’s group is the use of the unique properties of spherical nucleic acids (SNAs), spherical arrangements of nucleic acids with or without organic or inorganic nanoparticle cores, to enable the synthesis of novel materials and development of highly sensitive probes for chemical and medical purposes. He is one of today’s most celebrated chemists for his discovery and development of SNAs and many medical diagnostic and therapeutic technologies, the invention of Dip-Pen Nanolithography (recognized by National Geographic as one of the top 100 scientific discoveries that changed the world), and significant contributions to supramolecular chemistry, nanoelectronics, and nanooptics. He is the author of over 700 manuscripts and over 1000 patents worldwide (over 300 issued), and the founder of six companies including Nanosphere, Nanolnk, AuraSense, Exicure, TERA-print, and CDJ, which are commercializing nanotechnology applications in the life science and semiconductor industries. He was an eight-year Member of the President’s Council of Advisors on Science & Technology (PCAST, Obama Administration), and the only chemist to be elected to all three US National Academies. Dr. Mirkin has served on the Editorial Advisory Boards of over twenty scholarly journals, including JACS, Angew. Chem., and Adv. Mater.; at present, he is an Associate Editor of JACS. He is also the founding editor of the journal Small, one of the premier international nanotechnology journal. Academic Achievement - Pioneered studies to put DNA on nanoparticles: Colorimetric detection of target DNA based on color change of gold nanoparticles by unique plasmon resonance shift - Innovative studies for spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) that are able to enter cells efficiently to induce gene regulation, detect biological targets in live cells, as well as enable a number of other important biological applications - Invention of Dip-Pen Nanolithography & cantilever-free nanolithography for large-area, low-cost, and arbitrary surface patterning. - Innovative studies to create tunable and responsive nanoparticle superlattices by employing the programmability of the DNA bond - Innovative studies to construct abiotic allosteric enzyme mimics using coordination-based assembly methodologies Education 1991 NSF Postdoctoral Fellow, Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA 1989 Ph.D. Organic Chemistry, Penn State Univ., PA 1986 B.S. Chemistry (Phi Beta Kappa), Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA Professional Experiences 1991 – 1997 Assistant Professor, Chemistry, Northwestern University 1997 – Present Professor, Chemistry, Northwestern University 2008 He founded Nanolnk, Inc. 2000 He co-founded Nanosphere, Inc. 2000 – 2013 Director of Nanosphere, Inc. Present Director of the International Institute for Nanotechnology Present George B. Rathmann Professor of Chemistry, Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, Professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University Honors & Awards 2017 William H. Nichols Medal Award 2017 Dickson Prize, Carnegie Mellon University 2016 Rusnano Prize 2016 Dan David Prize 2016 American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal 2015 American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering Fellow 2015 Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research of the National Academy of Sciences 2015 Royal Society of Chemistry Centenary Prize 2014 Honorary Degree, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, porto Alegre, Brazil 2014 Vittorio De Nora Award, Electrochemical Society 2014 Honorary Professor, Nanjing Tech University 2014 Honorary Fellow of the Chinese Chemical Society 2013 Chemistry World Entrepreneur of the Year 2013 Linus Pauling Award 2012 Lee Kuan Yew Distinguished Visitor to Singapore 2012 Honorary Doctorate of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 2012 Honorary Professor, Hunan University 2012 American Chemical Society Award for Creative Invention 2010 Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2010 Member of the Institute of Medicine 2010 Member of the National Academy of Sciences 2009 Member of the National Academy of Engineering 2009 Lemelson-MIT Prize 2007 Alumni Fellow, Pennsylvania State University 2004 NIH Director's Pioneer Award 2004 Collegiate Inventors Award, National Inventors Hall of Fame 2004 Outstanding Science Alumni Award, Pennsylvania State University 2004 Honorary Degree, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA 2004 American Chemical Society Nobel Laureate Signature Award 2003 Collegiate Inventors Award, National Inventors Hall of Fame 2003 Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize 2002 Feynman Prize 2001 Leo Hendrik Baekeland Award 2000 Appointed to chair endowed by George B. Rathmann 1999 ACS Award in Pure Chemistry 1992 Beckman Young Investigators Award Most cited papers [5] 1. Mirkin, C. A., Letsinger, R. L., Mucic, R. C., Storhoff J. J. “A DNA-based method for rationally assembling nanoparticles into macroscopic materials” Nature 1996. 382(6592), 607-609 (6109 citations) 2. Elghanian, R., Storhoff, J. J., Mucic, R. C., Letsinger, R. L., Mirkin, C. A. “Selective colorimetric detection of polynucleotides based on the distance-dependent optical properties of gold nanoparticles” Science 1997. 277(5329), 1078-1081 (4517 citations) 3. Rosi, N. L., Mirkin, C. A. “Nanostructures in biodiagnostics” Chem. Rev. 2005. 105(4), 1547-1562 (4415 citations) 4. Piner, R. D., Zhu, J., Xu, F., Hong, S., Mirkin, C. A. “Dip-pen nanolithography” Science 1999. 283(5402), 661-663 (3436 citations) 5. Jin, R., Cao, Y. W., Mirkin, C. A., Kelly, K. L., Schatz, G. C., Zheng, J. G. “Photoinduced conversion of silver nanospheres to nanoprisms” Science 2001. 294(5548), 1901-1903 (3330 citations) Recent research papers [6] 1. Banga, R. J., Krovi, S. A., Narayan, S. P., Sprangers, A. J., Liu, G., Mirkin, C. A., Nguyen, S. T. “Drug-Loaded Polymeric Spherical Nucleic Acids: Enhancing Colloidal Stability and Cellular Uptake of Polymeric Nanoparticles through DNA Surface-Functionalization” Biomacromolecules 2017, 18(2), 483-489. 2. Cabezas, M. D., Mirkin, C. A., Mrksich, M. “Nanopatterned Extracellular Matrices Enable Cell-Based Assays with a Mass Spectrometric Readout” Nano Lett. 2017, 17(3), 1373-1377. 3. McMillan, J. R., Brodin, J. D., Millan, J. A., Lee, B., Olvera de la Cruz, M., Mirkin, C. A. “Modulating Nanoparticle Superlattice Structure Using Proteins with Tunable Bond Distributions” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139(5), 1754-1757. 4. Seo, S. E., Li, T., Senesi, A. J., Mirkin, C. A., Lee, B. “The Role of Repulsion in Colloidal Crystal Engineering with DNA” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139(46), 16528-16535. 5. Park, D. J., Ku, J. C., Sun, L., Lethiec, C. M., Stern, N. P., Schatz, G. C., Mirkin, C. A. “Directional emission from dye-functionalized plasmonic DNA superlattice microcavities” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2017, 114(3), 457-461. 6. Wang, S., McGuirk, C. M., Ross, M. B., Wang, S., Chen, P., Xing, H., Liu, Y., Mirkin, C. A. “General and Direct Method for Preparing Oligonucleotide-Functionalized Metal–Organic Framework Nanoparticles” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139(29), 9827-9830. In this Nature paper, Mirkin group demonstrates that very slow cooling of solutions of complementary-DNA-modified nanoparticles through the melting temperature of the system gives the thermodynamic product with a specific and uniform crystal habit. They found that the nanoparticle assemblies have the Wulff equilibrium crystal structure that is predicted from theoretical considerations and molecular dynamic simulations, thus establishing that DNA hybridization can direct nanoparticle assembly along a pathway that mimics atomic crystallization. Auyeung, E., Li, T. I. N. G., Senesi, A. J., Schmucker, A. L., Pals, B. C., Cruz, M. O. de la, Mirkin, C. A. “DNA-mediated nanoparticle crystallization into Wulff polyhedral” Nature 2014. 505, 73-77. NanoFlares are a spherical nucleic acid constructs capable of detecting intracellular targets in live cells at the single-cell level. A NanoFlare typically consists of a spherical gold nanoparticle densely functionalized with a monolayer of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) for target. The ssDNA “recognition sequence” is pre-hybridized to a shorter DNA complement containing a fluorescent reporter (the “reporter flare”) whose fluorescence is quenched based on its proximity to the gold particle. When target binds to the recognition sequence, the flare strand is displaced, providing a fluorescent readout. (A) Scheme showing the design and detection process of the NanoFlare. (B) Fluorescence microscope images showing the detection of surviving mRNA in living cells using NanoFlares. From Mirkin group homepage (https://mirkin-group.northwestern.edu/) An ultrasensitive method for detecting protein analytes was developed by Mirkin’s group. The system relies