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Minority Rights Group International R E P O R T The Palestinians ALESTINIANS THE P • 97/5 T TIONAL REPOR AN MRG INTERNA BY DAVID McDOWALL THE PALESTINIANS Acknowledgements Minority Rights Group International gratefully acknowl- © Minority Rights Group 1998 edges the support of all the organizations and individuals British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data who gave financial and other assistance for this Report. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 1 897693 12 5 This Report has been commissioned and is published by ISSN 0305 6252 MRG as a contribution to public understanding of the Published July 1998 issue which forms its subject. The text and views of the Typeset by Texture author do not necessarily represent, in every detail and in Printed in the UK on bleach-free paper all its aspects, the collective view of MRG. THE AUTHOR DAVID McDOWALL is a specialist on Middle East affairs and author of the MRG Reports Lebanon: A Conflict of Minorities, 1983 and The Kurds, 1996; in addition to Pales- tine and Israel: The Uprising and Beyond, I.B. Tauris, 1989; Europe and the Arabs: Discord or Symbiosis?, Chatham House Special Paper, 1992; A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris, 1996; and the Middle East section of the World Directory of Minorities, MRG, 1997. MINORITY RIGHTS GROUP THE PROCESS INTERNATIONAL As part of its methodology, MRG conducts regional Minority Rights Group International works to secure rights research, identifies issues and commissions Reports based and justice for ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities. It on its findings. Each author is carefully chosen and all scripts is dedicated to the cause of cooperation and understanding are read by no less than eight independent experts who are between communities. knowledgeable about the subject matter. These experts are drawn from the minorities about whom the Reports are writ- Founded in the 1960s, MRG is a small international non-gov- ten, and from journalists, academics, researchers and other ernmental organization that informs and warns governments, human rights agencies. Authors are asked to incorporate the international community, non-governmental organiza- comments made by these parties. In this way, MRG aims to tions and the wider public about the situation of minorities publish accurate, authoritative, well-balanced Reports. around the world. This work is based on the publication of well-researched Reports, Books and Papers; direct advocacy on behalf of minority rights in international fora; the devel- opment of a global network of like-minded organizations and minority communities to collaborate on these issues; and the challenging of prejudice and promotion of public understanding through information and education projects. MRG believes that the best hope for a peaceful world lies in identifying and monitoring conflict between communities, advocating preventive measures to avoid the escalation of conflict and encouraging positive action to build trust between majority and minority communities. MRG has consultative status with the United Nations Eco- nomic and Social Council and has a worldwide network of partners. Its international headquarters are in London. Legally it is registered both as a charity and as a limited com- pany under English law with an International Governing Council. Palestinian woman, Ramallah, West Bank CARLOS REYES-MANZO/ ANDES PRESS AGENCY The Palestinians CONTENTS 3 Preface 4 Background 7 Palestinians inside Israel 10 Palestinians in exile 12 Incorporating the Occupied Territories 15 The 1990s peace process 23 Characteristics, problems and prospects for Palestinian society 26 Challenges for the international community 29 Recommendations 30 Notes 32 Bibliography BY DAVID McDOWALL Declaration on the Rights of Persons belonging to 4. States should, where appropriate, take measures in the field of National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minori- education, in order to encourage knowledge of the history, ties traditions, language and culture of the minorities existing within their territory. Persons belonging to minorities should (Adopted by the UN General Assembly; Resolution 47/135 of 18 have adequate opportunities to gain knowledge of the society December 1992). as a whole. Article 1 5. States should consider appropriate measures so that persons 1. States shall protect the existence and the national or ethnic, belonging to minorities may participate fully in the economic cultural, religious and linguistic identity of minorities within progress and development in their country. their respective territories, and shall encourage conditions for Article 5 the promotion of that identity. 1. National policies and programmes shall be planned and 2. States shall adopt appropriate legislative and other measures to implemented with due regard for the legitimate interests of achieve those ends. persons belonging to minorities. Article 2 2. Programmes of co-operation and assistance among States 1. Persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic should be planned and implemented with due regard for the minorities (hereinafter referred to as persons belonging to legitimate interests of persons belonging to minorities. minorities) have the right to enjoy their own culture, to profess Article 6 and practise their own religion, and to use their own language, in private and in public, freely and without interference or any States should cooperate on questions relating to persons form of discrimination. belonging to minorities, inter alia exchanging of information and experiences, in order to promote mutual understanding 2. Persons belonging to minorities have the right to participate and confidence. effectively in cultural, religious, social, economic and public life. Article 7 3. Persons belonging to minorities have the right to participate States should cooperate in order to promote respect for the effectively in decisions on the national and, where appropriate, rights as set forth in the present Declaration. regional level concerning the minority to which they belong or Article 8 the regions in which they live, in a manner not incompatible with national legislation. 1. Nothing in this Declaration shall prevent the fulfilment of international obligations of States in relation to persons 4. Persons belonging to minorities have the right to establish and belonging to minorities. In particular, States shall fulfil in good maintain their own associations. faith the obligations and commitments they have assumed 5. Persons belonging to minorities have the right to establish and under international treaties and agreements to which they are maintain, without any discrimination, free and peaceful parties. contacts with other members of their group, with persons 2. The exercise of the rights as set forth in the present belonging to other minorities, as well as contacts across Declaration shall not prejudice the enjoyment by all persons of frontiers with citizens of other States to whom they are related universally recognised human rights and fundamental by national or ethnic, religious or linguistic ties. freedoms. Article 3 3. Measures taken by States in order to ensure the effective 1. Persons belonging to minorities may exercise their rights enjoyment of the rights as set forth in the present Declaration including those as set forth in this Declaration individually as shall not prima facie be considered contrary to the principle of well as in community with other members of their group, equality contained in the Universal Declaration of Human without any discrimination. Rights. 2. No disadvantage shall result for any person belonging to a 4. Nothing in the present Declaration may be construed as minority as the consequence of the exercise or non-exercise of permitting any activity contrary to the purposes and principles the rights as set forth in this Declaration. of the United Nations, including sovereign equality, territorial integrity and political independence of States. Article 4 Article 9 1. States shall take measures where required to ensure that persons belonging to minorities may exercise fully and The specialised agencies and other organisations of the United effectively all their human rights and fundamental freedoms Nations system shall contribute to the full realisation of the without any discrimination and in full equality before the law. rights and principles as set forth in the present Declaration, within their respective fields of competence. 2. States shall take measures to create favourable conditions to enable persons belonging to minorities to express their characteristics and to develop their culture, language, religion, traditions and customs, except where specific practices are in violation of national law and contrary to international standards. 3. States should take appropriate measures so that, wherever possible, persons belonging to minorities have adequate opportunities to learn their mother tongue or to have instruction in their mother tongue. 2 Preface he 1993 Declaration of Principles and subse- the state of Israel involved the mass eviction of Palestin- quent 1994 Oslo Accord between the Pales- ians from land they had lived in and worked on for gener- tine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the ations, of the process by which Israel became an Israeli government facilitated the establish- occupying force in 1967, of the important role of popular ment of areas of autonomy or self-rule movements – most notably the intifada – in the Palestin- Tadministered
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