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Alba Perez Huertas T FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA COMUNICACIÓN REPRESENTACIÓN DE CONFLICTOS BÉLICOS EN EL CINE ESTADOUNIDENSE Grado en Comunicación Audiovisual Autor Alba Pérez Huertas Tutor Alicia Arroyo Morcillo Madrid, octubre 2013 Representación de conflictos bélicos en el cine estadounidense Índice CONTENIDO 1 Introducción ............................................................................................................................. 1 2 Planteamiento de la investigación .......................................................................................... 3 2.1 Objetivos de estudio ........................................................................................................ 3 2.1.1 Objetivo Principal .................................................................................................... 3 2.1.2 Objetivos Específicos .............................................................................................. 3 2.2 Justificación ....................................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Aportaciones esperadas ................................................................................................... 4 3 Marco de referencia ................................................................................................................. 5 3.1 Importancia del 11-S ........................................................................................................ 5 3.2 Cine y propaganda ............................................................................................................ 6 4 Hipótesis ................................................................................................................................... 8 4.1 Hipótesis Principal ........................................................................................................... 8 4.2 Hipótesis Secundarias ...................................................................................................... 8 5 Metodología .............................................................................................................................. 9 5.1 Descripción de las técnicas de análisis y su aplicación ................................................ 9 5.2 Definición del universo y la metodología ................................................................... 12 6 Análisis de los resultados ...................................................................................................... 14 6.1 Análisis de contenido descriptivo ................................................................................ 14 Universidad Rey Juan Carlos i Representación de conflictos bélicos en el cine estadounidense Índice 6.1.1 La Sombra del Reino ............................................................................................. 14 6.1.2 En Tierra Hostil ..................................................................................................... 30 6.1.3 El Mensajero ........................................................................................................... 43 6.1.4 La Noche más Oscura ........................................................................................... 53 6.2 Refutación de hipótesis ................................................................................................. 71 7 Conclusiones generales ......................................................................................................... 75 8 Bibliografía .............................................................................................................................. 78 9 Anexo....................................................................................................................................... 80 9.1 Fichas técnicas ................................................................................................................ 80 9.1.1 La Sombra del Reino (The Kingdom) ................................................................ 80 9.1.2 En Tierra Hostil (The Hard Locker) ................................................................... 82 9.1.3 El Mensajero (The Menssenger) .......................................................................... 84 9.1.4 La Noche más Oscura (Zero Dark Thirty) ........................................................ 86 9.2 Fichas de Personajes ...................................................................................................... 89 Universidad Rey Juan Carlos ii Representación de conflictos bélicos en el cine estadounidense Índice ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Tabla 6.1. Ficha de análisis de La Sombra del Reino ................................................................. 15 Tabla 6.2. Descripción de las variables aplicadas en La Sombra del Reino............................ 26 Tabla 6.3. Ficha de análisis de En Tierra Hostil ......................................................................... 30 Tabla 6.4. Descripción de las variables aplicadas en En Tierra Hostil .................................... 39 Tabla 6.5. Ficha de análisis de El Mensajero .............................................................................. 43 Tabla 6.6. Descripción de las variables aplicadas en El Mensajero ......................................... 50 Tabla 6.7. Ficha de análisis de La Noche más Oscura .............................................................. 53 Tabla 6.8. Descripción de las variables aplicadas en La Noche más Oscura ......................... 65 Tabla 6.9. Descripción de las variables aplicadas en la muestra ............................................... 68 Tabla 9.1. Ficha de personajes de La Sombra del Reino ........................................................... 89 Tabla 9.2. Ficha de personajes de En Tierra Hostil ................................................................... 90 Tabla 9.3. Ficha de personajes de El Mensajero ........................................................................ 90 Tabla 9.4. Ficha de personajes de La Noche más Oscura ........................................................ 91 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1.1 Evolución en el tiempo de los films bélicos estrenados en el mundo y en EE.UU (Elaboración propia) ......................................................................................................................... 1 Figura 6.1. Segmentación lineal de La Sombra del Reino ......................................................... 14 Figura 6.2. Segmentación línea de En Tierra Hostil .................................................................. 30 Figura 6.3. Segmentación lineal de El Mensajero ....................................................................... 43 Figura 6.4. Segmentación lineal de La Noche más Oscura ....................................................... 53 Universidad Rey Juan Carlos iii Representación de conflictos bélicos en el cine estadounidense 1. Introducción 1 INTRODUCCIÓN La presente investigación tratará de analizar la relación entre los conflictos bélicos que han sucedido a lo largo de nuestra historia y su posterior representación en el cine. Para ello nos centraremos en el estudio de las películas producidas en Estados Unidos centradas en conflictos bélicos reales de la época contemporánea. Por cine bélico o cine de guerras se entiende aquellas películas que centran su historia en guerras ya sean ficticias o reales. Como ya sabemos la historia y la ficción están unidas desde siempre, siendo la ficción la que se nutre de la historia. Durante el siglo XX hemos sido testigos del incremento de representaciones bélicas en la gran pantalla, tanto de conflictos basados en hechos reales como de ficción. Siendo Estados Unidos la mayor potencia en este sector como demuestra la Figura 1.1. 25 Mundo 20 EE.UU 15 10 Nº de filmes 5 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Años Figura 1.1 Evolución en el tiempo de los films bélicos estrenados en el mundo y en EE.UU (Elaboración propia) Las representaciones de conflictos se han hecho desde el comienzo de la industria del cine, pero como se ha citado anteriormente ha sido la industria cinematográfica de Estados Unidos la que más filmaciones de este estilo ha realizado, especialmente después del 11-S. En la Figura 1.1 se puede apreciar que posteriormente al 11-S, en el año 2001, aumenta ligeramente el número de producciones bélicas estadounidenses comparado con el resto de años anteriores al 2001. Pero hay que decir que los años posteriores a ese año la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Página 1 Representación de conflictos bélicos en el cine estadounidense 1. Introducción producción bajó respecto a 2001, donde encontramos un total de ocho filmaciones estrenadas pero aún así siguió siendo un número mayor que en los años 90, ya que la sociedad estadounidense seguía conmocionada por el atentado. Probablemente la industria cinematográfica decidió dejar esos años para asimilar la tragedia y en 2006 comenzaron a repuntar el número de films bélicos incluyendo alguno sobre el atentado y la Guerra de Irak. Durante los años 90 la media de films bélicos estrenados en EE.UU fue de dos por año mientras que desde el 11-S la media ha subido a seis películas estrenadas al año. Usando dichos films como propaganda para dar a conocer no sólo la historia como ellos desean que sea vista sino como un vehículo para dar a conocer sus ideas políticas y exaltar su patriotismo. En la Figura 1.1 también se puede apreciar que el número de
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