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Shainool Jiwa Phd University of Edinburgh 1989 A STUDY OF THE REIGN OF THE FIFTH FATIMID IMAM/CALIPH AL-CAZIZ BILLAH Shainool Jiwa PhD University of Edinburgh 1989 DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and is of my own composition. Qv% Shainool Jiwa To my family - in love and gratitude iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS f I owe a special debt of gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Carole Hillenbrand. I am deeply grateful to her for expert guidance and for her continual support and assistance in the preparation of this thesis. Besides being an excellent supervisor, however, Carole has also been a good friend. Her cheerful countenance, her understanding nature and her willingness to give sound advice on all matters - academic and non-academic alike - have been a constant source of encouragement to me. The Institute of Ismaili Studies, London, deserve a special vote of thanks. Without their generous financial support, this thesis could not have been undertaken. Among the academic staff at the department, I would like to thank Dr. I. K. A. Howard for offering advice and recommending a number of useful books for my research. The departmental secretary, Miss Irene Crawford, certainly deserves my gratitude. She has been most helpful and co-operative in every possible way. Among my colleagues, I would like to thank Mr. Bustami Khir particularly. He has been extremely helpful throughout my research, in ways little and large. I would also like to thank Dr. Arzeena Lalani, who has always been very supportive of my endeavours. My thanks are also due to Dr. Shona Wardrop for the V animated discussions we have shared on our respective research projects. The efficiency and the friendliness of the staff at the Inter-Library Loans section of the Main Library in procuring material from universities and libraries, has made the arduous task of research much more pleasant. I would also like to record my thanks to the library staff of the Institute of Ismaili Studies for granting me access to their wonderful Ismaili collection. To Mrs Barnes, of the English Language Department, I owe gratitude for typing this thesis at such short notice. Finally, each and every member of my family has played a part in helping me bring this piece of research to fruition. To them all - especially my mother-in-law and my husband -I am greatly indebted. Had it not been for their patience and their constant encouragement, this thesis would not have seen the light of day. vi ABSTRACT The fifth Fä. imid Imam/Caliph, al-cAziz billäh, is viewed in a number of primary sources as being the best of the Fätimid sovereigns. Yet, this Fa imid has hitherto particular , ruler received little attention either from scholars in the Arab world, or in the West. This thesis seeks to remedy this neglect and aims to conduct a thorough study of the reign of al cAziz billäh. After an initial survey of sources and a political overview of the reign of al-CAziz, the thesis undertakes an analysis of his religious policies vis-ä-vis his Muslim subjects and the ahl al-Kitäb. The relations of al-CAziz with his three powerful neighbours - the Büyids and the cAbbäsids at Baghdad, the Byzantine Empire and the Umayyads of Andalusia - are then examined. As a result of these investigations, al-"-Aziz billäh emerges as an extremely competent, yet humane sovereign with whom even the most powerful potentates of his time, including the great cAcüd al-Dawla, sought to establish diplomatic relations. vii NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION The system of transliteration of Arabic that has been adopted throughout this work is the one employed by the Encyclopaedia of Islam with the following modifications. j instead of dj for 11 11 kh It 91 11 ý 11 1ý (3 ý ai it to ay it v'" ly II it iyy n viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements iv Abstract vi Notes on Transliteration vii Table of Contents viii Abbreviations xii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1 Survey of the Sources Ii Primary Ismaili sources 3 Ii1 contemporary treatises 3 Ii2 later writings 6 7 Ii3 supplementary sources I ii Non IsmäCill sources 9 I ii 1 eleventh century writers 9 I ii 2 historians of the fourteenth 11 century I iii Review of Research Literature 13 I iii 1 introduction 13 I iii 2 published works 14 I iii 3 unpublished research 15 II Political Overview of al-cAziz's Reign 18 Notes to Chapter 1 23 CHAFFER 2: THE LIFE OF AL--cAZIZ BILLAH 28 I: Birth and formative years 28 II : The issue of succession: Tamim, CAbd Allah or 29 Nizär 35 III : Nizär - the next Fätimid sovereign IV : Marriage and offspring 38 V: A1-Ijakim's appointment as Wall cAhd 41 VI : Illness and death 43 VII : Personality 45 VII i forgiving nature 46 VII ii sense of justice 49 VII iii humane disposition 53 VII iv pastimes 53 VII v poetry 55 VII vi patron of architecture 56 VIII : Prosperity 57 IX : Evaluation of sources on al-CAzlz's Biography 58 Notes to Chapter 2.61 ix CHAPTER 3: THE RELIGIOUS POLICY OF AL-CAZIZ: THE ISMACILIS 69 Isma'llism 71 Ii rank and role of the ImS.m 71 I ii manifestations of the Im5n's authority 72 I ii 1 leading of prayers 72 I ii 2 processions 73 I ii 3 celebration of '--Id al-fit and 73 '--Id al-adliä I ii 4 relationship between prayer and 75 procession I ii 5 'hid 75 I ii 6 bý 7,6 I ii 7 building of religious structures 79 I ii 8 regnal titles and other royal 80 trappings II Daiwa . 82 II i Patronage of the da'wa by al-c: Aziz 84 II ii The Azhar mosque -a centre for the 85 dissemination of the dal--wa II iii The Royal Palace -a repository of 87 knowledge II iv Provincial dads 92 II v Ismädill dadwa in non-Fätimid 95 territories II v1 Yemen 96 II v2 Sind 98 II v3 Kirmän and Khwärazm 102 III : The promotion of Fätimid rites and law 103 IV : Conversion to Ismä9ilism 108 Notes to Chapter 3 111 CHAPTER4: THE RELIGIOUS POLICIES OF AL-CAZIZ VIS-A-VIS 120 THE NON-ISMAcILI MUSLIMS AND THE AHL AL-KITAB The Shiva 122 Ii Celebrations of Rajab and Sha'bän 123 I ii cId al-GhadIr 123 I iii cAshurä. ' 125 II The Ahl al-Sunna 127 II i al-cAzlz's leadership of the Muslim Umma 128 II ii al-cAziz's policies concerning the ahl 129 al-Sunna II ii 1 the Mälilcis 130 III The Ahl al-Kitab 133 III i al-Mu'izz's attitude towards the ahl 135 al-Kitäb III ii al-cAzlz and the ahl al-Kitäb 137 III iii the personal touch of al-cAziz 140 X 'Isä III iv a Christian vizier - the case of b. Nestorius III v limitations of the ahl al-Kitäb Notes to Chapter 4 CHAPTER 5: FATIMID DIPLOMACY WITH THE cABBASIDS AND BUYIDS IN THE REIGN OF AL-CAZIZ I: Büyid Origins and History up to the Takeover of Baghdad by Wud al-Dawla II : Fätimid-Büyid diplomacy in the Reigns of al-CAzlz billah and CA4ud al-Dawla II i Exchange of embassies II ii Proposed confrontation and subsequent breakdown of relations II iii The issue of genealogy EI iv Büyid acceptance of cAlid descent of the Fd imids , II v Historiographical aspects III : The Interest and Activities of cAdud al-Dawla in al-Sham vis-A-vis the Fätimids IV : Balance of Power V: The Byzantine Angle The defeat Bardas Skleros ,Vi of Notes to Chapter 5 CHAPTER 6: FATIMID POLICIES IN THE MAGHRIB UNDER AL-cAZIZ BILLAH: ANIMOSITY WITH THE UMAYYADS I: Al-cAziz's Interest in the Maghrib Ii Recruitment of the Kutäma soldiers I ii Revenues from taxation and trade I iii Gold II : Fä. imid-Umayyad Animosity II i The Zirid succession II ii Umayyad policies in the Maghrib III : Al-Manýür's Bid for Independence IV : The Kutäma Rebellion V: Fätimid-Zirid Relations after the Defeat of the Kutäma VI : Conclusion Notes to Chapter 6 xi CHAPTER 7: FATIMID-BYZANTINE RELATIONS DURING THE REIGN 213 OF AL-CAZIZ BILLAH 213 I: Causes of Fätimid-Byzantine Conflict in al-Sham 215 II : Struggle over al-Sham II i Prelude 215 II ii The first decade 365-375/975-985 218 II iii Frontier skirmishes between Fätimid 219 and Byzantine forces III : Fätimid-Byzantine Accord 221 225 IV : Aleppo - the Coveted City IV i The Fätimid-Byzantine confrontation 227 over Aleppo IV ii Fätimid campaigns against Aleppo 229 382-386/992-996 V Basil II's Campaign in Syria in 385/995 236 VI Tripoli -a Fä, imid Stronghold and Naval Base 238 VII Fatimid Response - Massive War Preparations 240 VII i The burning of the fleet and its 242 aftermath 244 VIII : The Death of al-cAzlz Evaluation Fätimid-Byzantine Relations in 245 IX . of a1-CAziz's time Notes to Chapter 7 247 BIBLIOGRAPHY 256 Primary Sources 256 Ii Non-Ismädill Arabic sources 256 I ii Ismä9ili sources 259 II Secondary Sources 261 II i Books in Arabic and Urdu 261 II ii Books in European languages 262 II iii Articles 266 II iv Unpublished research 274 APPENDIX A 277 APPENDIX B 279 At ABBREVIATIONS I ABBREVIATED TITLES OF THE PRIMARY SOURCES MOST OFTEN CITED IN THE THESIS A1-Antaki, Ta'rikh = A1-Anjak3, Yal?yä b. Sa=id al-Antalci. Ed. J. Kratchkovsky and A. Vasiliev, Patrologia Orientalis, XVIII, 5 (1924), 701-833; XXIII, 3 (1932), 349-520.
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