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Molecular Analyses Used in Genetic Diversity Studies of Bioactive Plants of Verbenaceae and Lamiaceae: a Review

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Molecular Analyses Used in Genetic Diversity Studies of Bioactive Plants of Verbenaceae and Lamiaceae: a Review Annals of Reviews and Research Research Article Ann Rev Resear Volume 3 Issue 2 - August 2018 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Arie Fitzgerald Blank Molecular Analyses used in Genetic Diversity Studies of Bioactive Plants of Verbenaceae and Lamiaceae: A Review Fabiany de Andrade Brito, Renata Silva-Mann, Daniela Aparecida de Castro Nizio, Maria de Fátima Arrigoni- Blank and Arie Fitzgerald Blank* Department of Agronomic Engineering, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil Submission:July 28, 2018; Published: August 27, 2018 *Corresponding author: Arie Fitzgerald Blank, Department of Agronomic Engineering, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Tel: ; Email: Abstract Morphological traits used to be employed to differentiate plant genotypes within breeding programs. With the advancement of biotechnology, biochemical markers and DNA molecular markers have become the primary tools used in the differentiation of individuals, because these markers are not influenced by the environment, as it occurs with morphological traits. Consequently, these new techniques provide faster and more precise results. The isoenzymes and the DNA molecular markers RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, and SSR stand out among the biochemical and molecular markers. Each molecular marker presents advantages and limitations, which increases the applicability to different species and laboratory conditions, presenting more reliable results when used in association. Given the increase in the number of works related to bioactive plant species, this review seeks to present the panorama of the use of biochemical and molecular markers in studies on the genetic diversity involving theKeywords: families Verbenaceae and Lamiaceae, which encompass a large number of medicinal and aromatic speciess of economic importance. Abbreviations: Medicinal and aromatic plants; Genetic resources; Germplasm; Isoenzymes; Genetic markers Length Polymorphisms; RFLP: RestrictionPCR: Polymerase Fragment Chain Length Reaction Polymorphism (RFLP); RAPD: Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD); SCAR: Sequence Characterized Amplified Region; SSR: Simple Sequence Repeats; ISSR: Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat; AFLP: Amplified Fragment Introduction individuals [4]. There are several types of molecular markers, each one with its advantages and restrictions. They are indicated for evaluation of morphological and physiological traits, denominated The identification of plant individuals is usually based on the specific cases, always considering the available infrastructure. descriptors [1]. These descriptors are usually influenced by abiotic discriminate genotypically distinct individuals [2]. Among the DNA markers available, the Restriction Fragment factors, hindering the identification of sufficient characteristics to Length Polymorphism (RFLP), Random Amplified Polymorphic Biochemical and molecular markers, which are Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat DNA (RAPD), Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR), are the most frequently used. methodologically more specific, have been used in studies on (ISSR), and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLP) providing high-accuracy information [3]. The automation of human beings and can also be applied to forensic genetics for The association of molecular markers with other types of genetic markers is useful for allowing the characterization of methodology of in vitro molecular techniques, provided by the development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), led to molecular markers related amplification of the genetic material by various biological materials, generating a potential tool for the characterization of plant germplasm. The families Verbenaceae to the genomic DNA. These markers allow the identification of different sizes, depending on the technique employed. Therefore, and Lamiaceae, which hold a large number of species of economic polymorphism from the amplification of DNA sequences with and medicinal importance, can be characterized by markers. These families are made up of bioactive species with several these tools provide more efficient discrimination, mainly between the drug, food, perfume, and cosmetic industries [5]. Much of this biological properties and are used both in folk medicine and in morphologically identical but genetically different individuals. present in an organism to detect genetic variations. Among Molecular markers can be defined as tools that utilize molecules bioactivity is related to the presence of secondary metabolites, such as the essential oils. Essential oils are constituted by a variety these molecules, markers based on variations at the DNA level of compounds, mostly mono and sesquiterpenes. Biotic and abiotic present greater polymorphism between morphologically-related factors can influence their composition. These metabolites can be Ann Rev Resear 3(2): ARR.MS.ID.555607 (2018) 0029 Annals of Reviews and Research Family Lamiaceae used to distinguish individuals belonging to the same botanical The family Lamiaceae is the largest of the order Lamiales, an family due to the ability of a given group to synthesize a particular set of substances absent in another genus. However, they are not morphology, chemistry, and molecular phylogeny have changed order that includes between 20 and 30 families. Studies on the sufficient to genetically differentiate individuals with the same chemical profile within the same species. Morphologically-similar genotypic constitution. Thus, the essential oils can assist studies the classification of this family, resulting in the addition of a large plants with the same chemical profile may not present the same on the genetic diversity of populations of the same species. number of genera that had originally been classified in the family 7,200 species, occurring in tropical and temperate areas around Verbenaceae. As a result, the family has about 240 genera and Nevertheless, these metabolites are the result of genetic and this sense, molecular markers are an essential tool to complement the world. Currently, 32 genera and approximately 496 species are environmental factors and/or the interaction between them. In studies related to these families since they allow the direct native to Brazil, although this number is constantly changing due of which occur in South America. The main genera of the family to new discoveries. Seven subfamilies have been recognized, five Lamiaceae native to Brazil include Vitex, Aegiphila, Amasonia, genomes, providing more precise information. assessment of variations in the level of nitrogenous bases in plant Rotheca, Clerodendrum, Volkameria, Scutellaria, Leonurus, Leucas, Family Verbenaceae Leonotis, Ocimum, Marsypianthes, Hypenia, Eriope, Hyptidendron, Hyptis, and Heltodon [17,18,19]. The family Verbenaceae J.St.-Hil. comprises approximately occurring mostly in in tropical and temperate zones [6-7]. Brazil that contain essential oil secretory glands. The plants present 36 genera and 1000 species. It has a pantropical distribution, This family consists mainly aromatic herbs and shrubs of glandular trichomes, which produce essential oils of great have raceme aspect [20]. holds approximately 16 genera and 250 species [8]. The presence quadrangular stems and opposite leaves, and the inflorescences medicinal importance, is a marked characteristic of this family. This family is one of the most diverse and generalized regarding Some genera have stood out owing to their medicinal uses, such as ethnomedicine, and its medicinal value is due to the concentration Lantana, Stachytarpheta, and Lippia [9-10]. of volatile oils, which are important for the pharmaceutical, Lantana in an analysis of 15 species, revealing (E)-caryophyllene Medicinal plants have socio-cultural, spiritual, and medicinal The use of chemical markers has been reported for the genus perfumery, cosmetics, pesticides, and flavoring industries [4,21]. E)-caryophyllene was not as the major compound and phellandrene, cubebene, and elixene value in rural and tribal lives of developing countries [22]. People detected as the major compound in the genus Lippia. Instead, medicinal purposes [23]. as minor compounds. However, ( from all over the world use between 50,000 and 80,000 plants for Lippia contain limonene, citral, carvacrol, -myrcene, camphor, and Isoenzymatic Molecular Markers studies suggested that species belonging to the genus thymol as their main chemical markers. In addition to essential β Isoenzymatic markers were the first ones to be used in pioneering nature, these markers are usually employed to oils, other secondary metabolites can be used to distinguish molecular differentiation between individuals. Despite their Lippia, Lantana, Aloysia, and Phyla) proposed the genera or families. A taxonomic study of four genera of the family populations [24]. Verbenaceae ( family [11-12]. obtain information related to genetic variability levels in natural presence of iridoid glycosides as a taxonomic descriptor for this From the information contained in the genomic DNA, with the The genus Lippia translation process, reading of the sequence of messenger RNA (mRNA) for protein synthesis occurs, using polymerization in contains approximately 200 taxa and 160 species of herbs, shrubs, and small trees, many of which are rich in essential oils [10,13-14]. These plants are widely distributed amino acids peptide bonds. Among the proteins formed, those with in Tropical Africa, Mexico, Central America, Paraguay, Argentina, Many of the Brazilian species are endemic and are
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