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Anti-Inflammatory Activity, of Galectin-1 Expression With Nodavirus Infection of Sea Bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax) Induces Up-Regulation of Galectin-1 Expression with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity, This information is current as of October 1, 2021. Laura Poisa-Beiro, Sonia Dios, Hafiz Ahmed, Gerardo R. Vasta, Alicia Martínez-López, Amparo Estepa, Jorge Alonso-Gutiérrez, Antonio Figueras and Beatriz Novoa J Immunol published online 21 October 2009 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/early/2009/10/21/jimmuno Downloaded from l.0801726 Supplementary http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2009/10/21/jimmunol.080172 Material 6.DC1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists by guest on October 1, 2021 • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2009 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. Published October 21, 2009, doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0801726 The Journal of Immunology Nodavirus Infection of Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Induces Up-Regulation of Galectin-1 Expression with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity1,2 Laura Poisa-Beiro,* Sonia Dios,* Hafiz Ahmed,† Gerardo R. Vasta,† Alicia Martínez-Lo´pez,‡ Amparo Estepa,‡ Jorge Alonso-Gutie´rrez,* Antonio Figueras,* and Beatriz Novoa3* Sea bass nervous necrosis virus is the causative agent of viral nervous necrosis, a disease responsible of high economic losses in larval and juvenile stages of cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). To identify genes potentially involved in antiviral immune defense, gene expression profiles in response to nodavirus infection were investigated in sea bass head kidney using the suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) technique. A total of 8.7% of the expressed sequence tags found in the SSH library showed significant similarities with immune genes, of which a prototype galectin (Sbgalectin-1), two C-type lectins (SbCLA and SbCLB) from groups II and VII, respectively, and a short pentraxin (Sbpentraxin) were selected for further characterization. Results of Downloaded from SSH were validated by in vivo up-regulation of expression of Sbgalectin-1, SbCLA, and SbCLB in response to nodavirus infection. To examine the potential role(s) of Sbgalectin-1 in response to nodavirus infection in further detail, the recombinant protein (rSbgalectin-1) was produced, and selected functional assays were conducted. A dose-dependent decrease of respiratory burst was observed in sea bass head kidney leukocytes after incubation with increasing concentrations of rSbgalectin-1. A decrease in IL-1␤, TNF-␣, and Mx expression was observed in the brain of sea bass simultaneously injected with nodavirus and rSbgalectin-1 compared with those infected with nodavirus alone. Moreover, the protein was detected in the brain from infected fish, which is http://www.jimmunol.org/ the main target of the virus. These results suggest a potential anti-inflammatory, protective role of Sbgalectin-1 during viral infection. The Journal of Immunology, 2009, 183: 0000–0000. ea bass nervous necrosis virus (SBNNV)4 is a nonenvel- the nervous system tissues (brain, retina, and spinal cord) leading oped, positive-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Bet- to a high mortality in larval and juvenile stages of affected fish S anodavirus genus, within the Nodaviridae family, and the (1–3). The mechanism(s) of SBNNV infectivity and pathogenesis causative agent of the viral nervous necrosis. This disease, re- are largely unknown, and it remains to be determined whether the ported in a wide range of teleost fish, is characterized by lethargy, virus evades, actively blocks, or uses the molecular recognition by guest on October 1, 2021 abnormal behavior, loss of equilibrium, and spiral swimming and, factors of the host’s immune system. histopathologically, by the development of vacuoles in cells from The innate immune response is the first line of defense against microbial pathogens and consists of a complex network of diverse *Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científi- humoral and cellular recognition and effector components, whose cas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain; †Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland tight regulation contributes to activate or deactivate specific anti- ‡ Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD 21202; and Instituto de Biología Molec- microbial pathways (4). Among these components, lectins are car- ular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Herna´ndez, Elche (Alicante), Spain bohydrate-binding proteins involved in pathogen recognition and Received for publication May 28, 2008. Accepted for publication September 8, 2009. neutralization that can also trigger effector mechanisms leading to The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance pathogen destruction and instruction of the adaptive immune with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. mechanisms (5–8). Most animal lectins can be classified into dis- 1 This research was supported by the European Union project (SSP8-CT-2003- tinct families characterized by unique sequence motifs and struc- 501984), the project CSD2007-00002 Aquagenomics funded by the program Con- tural folds: S-type lectins (galectins), C-type lectins (including se- solider-Ingenio 2010 from the Spanish Ministerio de Educacio´n y Ciencia and Xunta de Galicia (PGIDIT04PXIC40203PM). L.P.-B. and J.A.-G. were supported by For- lectins, collectins, and hyalectans), F-type lectins, I-type lectins, mación de personal universitario fellowships from Ministerio de Educacio´n y Ciencia P-type lectins, pentraxins, ficolins, and cytokine lectins (Refs. 9 (Spain). Work at the Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Bio- technology Institute, was supported by grants R01 GM070589-01 from the National and 10; see also www.imperial.ac.uk/research/animallectins). Institutes of Health, and IOS-0822257 from the National Science Foundation (to Although lectins from the various families differ greatly in the G.R.V.). domain architecture, they are all characterized by a carbohy- 2 The sequences presented in this article have been submitted to GenBank (www.ncbi. drate-recognition domain (CRD), which confers the protein its nlm.nih.gov/Genbank) under accession numbers as follows: Genomic Sbgalectin-1, 2ϩ EU660934; Sbgalectin-1, EU660937; SbCLA, EU660935; SbCLB, EU660936; Sbpen- carbohydrate-binding activity (11). Galectins are Ca -indepen- traxin, EU660933; and ESTs, from FF578829 to FF579034. dent soluble lectins, widely distributed in vertebrates, invertebrates 3 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Beatriz Novoa, Instituto de (sponges, worms, and insects), and protists (protozoa and fungi) Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), ␤ Eduardo Cabello, 6. 36208 Vigo, Spain. E-mail address: [email protected] (5, 10, 12, 13), characterized by their affinity for -galactosides (5, 12, 14). The mammalian galectins have been structurally classified 4 Abbreviations used in this paper: SBNNV, Sea bass nervous necrosis virus; CRD, carbohydrate-recognition domain; CTLD, C-type-like domain; EST, expressed se- into proto-, chimera-, and tandem-repeat types (15). The proto- quence tag; ORF, open reading frame; RLU, relative luminescence unit; SSH, sup- type galectins exhibit a single CRD per subunit and, in most cases, pression subtractive hybridization; qPCR, quantitative PCR. form noncovalently bound dimers. In addition to the CRD at the C Copyright © 2009 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/09/$2.00 terminus, the chimera-type galectins have an N terminus region www.jimmunol.org/cgi/doi/10.4049/jimmunol.0801726 2 NODAVIRUS INDUCED GALECTIN-1 IN SEA BASS consisting of in a short domain, followed by an intervening pro- tein sequences. Protein sequence alignments were evaluated using Clust- line/glycine/tyrosine-rich domain with short repetitive sequences. alW program (http://align.genome.jp/) and specific conserved domains Tandem-repeat-type galectins consist of two homologous CRDs were searched with several programs: Blastp from National Center for Biotechnology Information (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/Blast.cgi), PROS- tandemly arrayed in a single polypeptide, joined by a short gly- ITE (www.expasy.ch/prosite) and Simple Modular Architecture Research cine-rich region (9, 15). Furthermore, a novel tandem-repeat-type Tool (http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/); Compute pI/Mw (www.expasy. galectin with four CRDs has been described recently (16). In con- ch/tools/pi_tool.html) for Mw detection; Signal IP (www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/ trast, C-type lectins, a group of highly diversified soluble or inte- SignalP) for signal peptide detection; TMpred (www.ch.embnet. 2ϩ org/software/TMPRED_form.html),TMHMM(www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/ gral membrane lectins, require Ca for ligand binding and their
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