UNODC ( Office on Drugs and Crime)

President: Felipe Santamaría U. ​ Vice President: Valeria Ostrovsky T. ​

Topic A: The Deep Web: The Black Market of Cybercrime ​ Topic B: The financing and expansion of narcoterrorism ​

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Index 1. Letters from the presidents 1.1. Letter from president 1.2. Letter from vice-president 2. Introduction to the committee 2.1. History 2.2. Purpose 2.3. Problems it has solved 2.4. Important data about the committee 3. Development of first topic: The Deep Web: The Black Market of Cybercrime 3.1. Introduction to the topic 3.2. Key concepts 3.3. Deepening of the subject 3.3.1. Historical background 3.3.2. Present situation 3.3.3. Measures implemented to solve the issue 3.3.4. Expectations to the future 3.3.5. Other Aids 3.3.6. QARMAS 4. Development of second topic: The Financing and Expansion of Narcoterrorism 4.1. Introduction to the topic 4.2. Key concepts 4.3. Deepening of the subject 4.3.1. Historical background 4.3.2. Present situation 4.3.3. Measures implemented to solve the issue 4.3.4. Expectations to the future 4.3.5. Other Aids 4.3.6. QARMAS 5. Information of the delegate 5.1. Useful links 6. Bibliography

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1. Letter from the Presidents 1.1 Letter from the President

Dear Delegates,

My name is Felipe Santa Maria and I will be your president in UNODC, for COSMUN 2019. I feel privileged to be able to preside this exciting committee, even more so to do it along with Valeria. We have done a great effort to give you the best possible experience, and we will continue to assure we can make this a terrific United Nations model. As we strive to make this the best committee, we also count on the effort of each delegate to make the debate as interesting and compelling as it can be. I am sure that with thorough preparation and enthusiasm from your part we can make this your best experience in MUN. I am eager to see how the very complex and meaningful topics we have chosen will be resolved. It will definitely be a hard task as the UNODC is a very important office in the UN, however I know every delegate will be up to the task. As such, I expect all of you to be the best delegates you can be, giving the best of you, and attempting to reach solutions for the benefit of the world. Most importantly, never doubt your ability as a delegate; if you have prepared yourself you will be up to the task ahead and remember that the only way to improve is by trying. Even though the MUN is an arduous task which may seem as a lot of work it is still a great opportunity to enjoy and have fun. Take advantage of this great opportunity, as I am sure you will enjoy even more than you thought you would.

Sincerely, Felipe Santa Maria UNODC President

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1.2 Letter from the Vice-President Dearest Delegates,

It is my pleasure to introduce you to the Columbus School’s United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) for 2019. My name is Valeria Ostrovsky and I am honored to serve as your vice-president for this year’s UNODC of COSMUN. I am currently a 15 year old sophomore at The Columbus School who has participated in previous Models of the United Nations as a delegate for the past 4 years. Throughout these experiences I’ve developed a passion for MUNs, which is why my purpose for this year is to help you grow as global citizens and find your voice. I hope that I, along with my president, can guide you to a great experience in this year’s model. We've worked really hard during the past few months to ensure that COSMUN 2019 will be a great challenge for your academic and personal abilities. Both Felipe and I have great expectations for your performance in this model, and hope that it will be a place full of academic development. I hope that each delegate can remember these experiences as positive, and as a gain in your learning and social skills.Consequently, it is crucial for you to be well prepared, so that every delegate can reach their maximum potential in the sessions, and have a successful, high level committee. If you have any questions or concerns do not hesitate to contact us through [email protected]. ​ ​

Sincerely, Valeria Ostrovsky UNODC vice-president

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2. Introduction to the committee 2.1 History The United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime began in 1997, when the United Nations Drug Control Program and the Centre for International Crime Prevention were merged in ; since then, it has been committed with assisting its member states in the fight against illicit drugs, crime and terrorism. Some of the most memorable efforts made by the organization were the campaigns such as the World Drug Campaign, the International Anti-Corruption Campaign, the World AIDS campaign, and the Blue Heart Campaign Against . The UN was created to “help Governments react to the instability and insecurity caused by crimes like the smuggling of illicit drugs, weapons, natural resources, counterfeit goods and human beings between countries and continents.” In regards to drugs, they’re guided by three international treaties which provide the legal basis for taking action against drug-related crimes. These are: 1) 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961. 2) Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971 (amended 1972). 3) United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1988.

2.2 Purpose The fundamental pillars in which the UNODC has based its efforts to carry out their missions are: field-based cooperation projects; research and analytical work; and normative work to assist States in the ratification and implementation of the relevant international treaties. Their main objective is to support governments in the fight against drugs, crimes, and terrorism. UNODC acts as a Technical Secretariat of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the ​ Commission on Criminal Justice and Crime Prevention. Their work is based on: 1) Fight against narcotic drugs and following the law. 2) Prevention and treatment of drug abuse. 3) Collaborate with producing countries to develop sustainable alternative livelihoods for farmers and others involved in the production of drugs. 4)

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Produces annual crop studies in the main drug producing countries. 5) Promote the development of anti-money laundering policies.

2.3 Problems it has solved UNODC has solved a great amount of issues. Overall, the office has been able to mitigate the drug problem, and implement drug control policies for Member States. For instance, the illicit drug use has decreased to 5% in the adult population. Another study shows that there are no more that 25 million problematic drug users worldwide which is less than 0.5% of the population of the world. In addition, the drug related deaths have decreased to 200.000 a year. Also, it has worked on1: 1. “World-wide, drug cultivation has been slashed (with the obvious exception of Afghanistan where the issue is insurgency, more than narcotics)”. 2. “Adherence to the international drug control regime is practically universal, with the principle of shared responsibility unanimously accepted.” 3. “The regulatory system of production, distribution and use of drugs for medical purposes, functions well.” 4. “UNODC provides countries with statistical expertise that enables them to collect, process, analyse and disseminate data on drugs and crime.” 5. “We develop criteria and metrics for establishing baselines and measuring and tracking trends.” 6. “UNODC performs global drugs and crime threat assessments and monitors specific transnational drugs and crime problems.” 7. “We analyse quantitative and qualitative trends and conduct cross-sectoral studies on emerging problems and priority topics.” 8. “UNODC supports States in prosecuting traffickers and other criminals by providing, for example, legislative assistance to encourage investigation and prosecution, and training, handbooks and other tools for law enforcement and criminal justice officials.”

1 https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/press/releases/2008-03-10.html ​

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2.4 Important data about the committee UNODC leads the global campaign to raise awareness about what illicit drugs represent to society. The campaign gives a brief description of some of the most common drugs, what their consequences are, and encourages people - mostly adolescents - to avoid them. Likewise, it is the guardian of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, which is the first legally binding global anti-corruption instrument. The UNODC is a member of the United Nations Development group and is headed by its executive director Yury Fedotov. Currently the division counts with a budget of US$ 700 million which in part is used to employ between 1,500 and 2,000 people worldwide in its 21 field division offices. A subdivision of the UNODC is the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) which in part oversees the enforcement of agreements held.

3. Development of first topic: The Deep Web: The Black Market of Cybercrime

3.1 Introduction to the topic In today’s world, 96 percent of the internet is not indexed by platforms such as Google or Bing; it can instead be found in the deep web. Basically, The Deep Web is everything anyone has ever done or stored in some kind of platform, and consists of all the internet that cannot be found by regular search engines since the information is not indexed. It is actually any place without a permanent URL behind a paywall, password protected or dynamically generated site. Websites can also specifically tell the search engines that they don’t want to be indexed, making them relatively “invisible” to the average user. This browser is also convenient for users to stay anonymous and untraceable, which is why these are mostly used for illicit activities such as buying and selling drugs, stolen credit card numbers, IDs, money laundering, etc. via black markets only accessible through the Dark Web.

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The Dark Web is not the same as the Deep Web; it is only a minor portion of the Deep Web. The Dark Web refers specifically to a collection of websites that exist on an encrypted network and cannot be found by using traditional search engines or visited by using traditional browsers. On the contrary, the Deep Web is most often used for illicit activities, and for users to stay anonymous.

3.2 Key concepts Deep Web: is a part of the web that is only accessible by means of special software, allowing ​ users to remain anonymous, and is where all of the information everyone has ever searched or uploaded is stored.

Dark Web: conforms a small section of the Deep Web. ​

Web crawlers / web spiders: are search engines like Google, which crawl the world wide web ​ to find web pages.

Encrypted network: is when a network has encoded data and messages transmitted or ​ ​ communicated over a computer network.

Indexed Pages: These pages are ones that have been documented by search engines and ​ therefore are made available to show up in web searches. In simpler terms are in google’s or other search engine’s library and therefore they receive organic traffic.

Non indexed pages: Pages that search engines had not yet analyzed and therefore have not been ​ added to the engines database making them unavailable to reach through these types of websites.

World Wide Web: information space in which resources are available through the internet. ​

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Organic traffic: Is the opposite of paid traffic, web visitors who reach the page without clicking ​ ​ ​ on ads or being referred by other websites.

3.3 Deepening of the subject 3.3.1 Historical background The deep web is as old as the internet itself. ARPANET, the precursor for the modern internet, was developed in 1969. It was capable of sending the first computer to computer electronic messages. Shortly after, people developed “darknets”, which enabled them to use the network (ARPANET) without revealing their address and allowing them to use the network anonymously. Hence the name “darknets,” as users could remain in the “dark,” or hidden. The development of “darknets” introduced the one of the first forms of cybercrime, as people took advantage of the anonymity provided to contact sellers and buyer for illicit drugs such as marijuana. During the 1980s the difficulty of storing sensitive or illicit data increased, and in response users developed “data heavens” where information could be concealed from authorities and other users. For many, it wasn’t enough to conceal the information digitally and therefore moved their data’s physical storage to islands in the Caribbean, such as Anguilla. These functioned exactly as tax havens as different laws applied and users could avoid certain laws. Another key event that made the deep web and all of its attachments more popular, especially the illicit activities, was the development of web browsers that allowed users to interact in the dark web anonymously. In 2000 Freenet was released; its main focus was to turn users untraceable and make them completely anonymous. Also it indexed several websites from the dark web which would be undiscoverable in mainstream web browsers. The government also developed its own browser that made the user's IP address invisible; its purpose was to make law enforcement and undercover operatives less traceable. However, the public quickly realized that only the government used the network, making its purpose unachievable. Therefore, the government released it to the public for use and it quickly became the most used browser to reach the deep and dark web.

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As the internet became more widespread, the opportunities for cyber crime developed vastly. Bitcoin for example appeared in 2009 and offered the first cryptocurrency that actually worked, however it quickly attracted criminals who took advantage to the currency’s anonymity. It quickly became a standard to carry activities in the dark web since it facilitated illicit trades, money laundering and many more crimes much easier to carry out. In 2013 the United States Intelligence found out that Al Qaeda used a sophisticated version of the dark web to coordinate attacks. It was a clear example of how a belligerent group could take advantage of this interfaces to disrupt international stability. In the same year one of the most famous Dark Web marketplaces called the Silk Road, was shut down by the FBI. Although the site’s founder, Ross Ulbricht, was sentenced to life in prison without possibility of parole, it is said the website is operating again. The dangers of cybercrime and the dark web were already clear when a criminal was caught and left free due to lack of international cooperation. “Love Bug”, a computer virus developed in the Philippines, infected million of computers worldwide. Although the culprits of the ‘worm’ were found, they were not correctly penalized as at the time there was no legislation against computer hacking and development of malicious software in the Philippines. In 2002, the Commonwealth took actions to prevent such incompatibility of legislation, and they developed similar legislations to have more efficient laws against such actions. The has taken similar steps but these still remain regional assimilations of legislations, and regional solutions, that are not enough to solve a global issue. 3.3.2 Present situation One of the most imposing problems today is the selling of Medical records of deceased patients through the Deep Web. According to a vendor selling medical database, there is a tremendous amount of 140 million medical data records available on the black market section of the dark web which include the individual’s name, SSN, their address, ZIP, phone number, birth date, sex, and insurance. The vendor lists the price for the packages from $2.00 per record for 100 sets to a $0.60 per record for 10000 set, which is a total of $280 million for the whole set. Bitcoin prices are also listed, as it is often used for the complete anonymous transactions.

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Apart from financial fraud, patient health data can be used to obtain medical supplies, or even enroll in health insurance. When committing the fraud, the ideal victims are the ones can’t file complaints, those who are dead, since the fraud could fly under the radar for some time. An AARP bulletin claims that criminals use identities of around 2.5 million deceased Americans each year. Furthermore, the Deep Web nowadays is being used by drug dealers to manage their jobs, and stay anonymous. A group of University of Manchester students have been jailed for trafficking drugs worth hundreds of thousands of pounds on the dark web; the students sent almost 17 kilograms of liquid ecstasy, the equivalent to 240,000 tablets. The dark web has a wide

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range of uses the most prominent being; trafficking of drugs, weapons, and exotic animals, selling stolen goods and information, arranging murder, recruiting arranging and financing terrorism, hacktivism, illegal finance transactions, heists; gambling and pedophilia. The deep web and the dark web are so vast it would be impossible to shut them down without compromising the right to privacy. This leaves countries trying to find the correct equilibrium to privacy and protection. Countries divide themselves on what the correct balance is but the truth is anonymity is a double edged sword.

3.3.3 Measures implemented to solve the issue The black market of cybercrime, as most technology related offenses, is a challenge to solve. Due to constant change and development in the method used to commit these crimes it is hard for authorities to keep up. The result of such a fast change is that law enforcement will lag

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in the skills and technology necessary to apprehend the criminals. Furthermore, authorities may lack legislation to prosecute these types of activities as there could missing laws against new types of misconducts. Nevertheless, the UNODC believes that in a joint action, these types of crimes can be greatly reduced. To counter the risks of a cyber threat the UNODC has recommended a four point approach based on “prevention, partnerships, protection and investigation.” (These actions have only taken form as a proposal to nations, but the UNODC has yet to pass such a resolution) 1. Prevention: To raise awareness and to properly capacitate investigators ​ and officials on the subject 2. Partnerships: The UNODC has repeatedly emphasized the need of ​ assimilating the legislations against cybercrime 3. Protection: To develop better network security resources, to protect ​ internet of things. 4. Investigation: Bringing together the capable prosecutors to collaborate ​ with the capable cyber crime investigators.

Some of the resolutions mandated by the United Nations are; the General Assembly resolution 65/230 and Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice resolutions 22/7 and 22/8, which in summary dictate the Global Programme on Cybercrime to assist member states to capacitate themselves to counter cybercrime. There has been yet a country to completely solve this issue. 3.3.4 Expectations to the future UNODC has taken some measures to stop, or at least minimize illicit activities through the Deep Web. Thus, it is expected to be able to harmonize legislation in a more international fashion, as the technology that makes cybercrimes possible is the same in all the world. Nevertheless, so far there have been no efforts made to symphonize international legislation despite the transnational dimension of cybercrime. Another relevant issue that should be addressed in the near future are the safe heavens that provide protection to cybercriminals. Safe

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havens pose a threat to justice as cyber criminals could avoid deserved penalties. It is also important to take into consideration the important role of developing nations in the area of cybercrime as their citizens make 60% of the internet users, yet these are the ones that lack the most legislation and are the least prepared to prevent such crimes. The UNODC is committed to helping them and expects a decline in the usage of the deep web in the future through these joint efforts.

3.3.5 Other Aids https://www.unodc.org/documents/crime-congress/12th-Crime-Congress/Documents/A_CONF.2 13_9/V1050382e.pdf https://www.unodc.org/documents/organized-crime/UNODC_CCPCJ_EG.4_2013/CYBERCRIM E_STUDY_210213.pdf https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/gcig_paper_no6.pdf https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23738871.2017.1298643

3.3.6 QARMAS 1. Does your country regulate the internet?

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2. Is your country well prepared to respond to cyber crimes or attacks? 3. Does your country incline more to strict internet usage or to free anonymous use of the internet?

4. ​How involved is your country with the topics? What has my country contributed to either cause or solve the problems?

5. ​In your country, what is the dark web used for the most? Which internal problem of your country has become worse because of the dark web? 6. What is the general approach of your country to the case of anonymity? 7. What kind of legislation does my country have against cybercrimes? 8. Are there any belligerent groups in your country that may benefit from having an anonymous platform? If not, are there groups that pose a risk to your country that could benefit? 9. Have there been any cases of cybercrime in my country? How has the government reacted? 4. Development of second topic: The Financing and Expansion of Narcoterrorism

3.1 Introduction to the topic Narco-terrorism has become a major international problem in the last decades. Cooperation between drug distributors and violent radical groups has grown, therefore increasing the threat to undermine national security, public health and personal liberties. Narco-terrorism is truly a global problem, drug trafficking is the largest global illegal market, and terrorism is generally marked as highest security threat of current time. Transnational organized crime will be one of the major problems facing policy makers in the 21st century besides terrorism. “Terrorism” and “organized crime” not only cause death of thousands of innocent people worldwide, but also cause emotional, moral, losses, and lead the community to desperacy. “The

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total monetary quantity of the drug trade is estimated to occupy 1.5–4.5% of the world’s gross product.”2 The term Narco-terrorism refers to one of two types of terrorism; international drug dealers who use terrorist tactics to maximize their profits or terrorists who use drugs to fund their organization and operations. Latin America is the birthplace of narcoterrorism and the region has become synonymous with the term. The groups in Latin America that use narco terrorism have been the focus of much drug related public policy, efforts at drug eradication and intervention by external actors, normally, unsuccessful. However, this issue is not solely confined to Latin America, it is a global problem. Other examples of prominent narco-terrorist alliances are based in the Middle East, and West Africa. Also, it important to underline that although developing nations are the homes of these groups, more developed nations hold most of the consumers that fuel drug trade and are also vulnerable to violent attacks.

3.2 Key concepts Narco-terrorism: can be seen in different ways: the use of systematic violence or threats by part ​ of narcotic traffickers to influence government and people, or assistance and participation in drug trafficking to fund terrorist activities. However, this issue is not black and white as the main focus of organized groups can lean more towards drug trafficking or political protest. Also, the term is used to refer to organizations with different objectives who collaborate to fulfill each others’ needs.

Terrorism: use of violence and intimidation in order to achieve political aims. ​

Money laundering: Making illegally obtained money look like it came from a legitimate source. ​

2 WTO, A. “WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION.” ​WTO | Trade Statistics - World Trade Statistical Review 2017​, ​ www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres18_e/pr820_e.htm.

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Organized crime: criminal activity done by an organized group of professional criminals or ​ extensive group of people (illicit drugs, money-laundering, illegal arms-trafficking, and illegal movement of nuclear, chemical, biological and other potentially deadly materials)

Drug trafficking: global illicit trade of banned substances. ​

Transnational Organized Crime: organized crime coordinated across national borders to ​ execute business ventures.

3.3 Deepening of the subject

3.3.1 Historical background Narco-terrorism has existed for decades, however international focus on solving the ‘war on drugs’ and the ‘war on terrorism’ as one issue has only been rising lately. Traditionally the concept of narco-terrorism was an issue of significant importance only in south America, but in current affairs this issue has been rising in regions of Central and Southeast Asia (Golden Crescent/Golden Triangle) and West Africa. At first the term was used to describe the use of terror by part of drug lords to influence the government. Such issues were first clearly seen in South America in Colombia and in Peru. A famous example is Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar who promoted fear through the use of terrorist –styled violence with car bombs and assassinations. The purpose of these attacks was to pressure politicians to override certain laws or face more attacks. In Pablo Escobar’s case he was seeking to stop extradition from becoming a law. Through the years the narco – terrorism began to appear in another way, as terrorism was put in the spotlight after September 11 2001, it was found organized belligerent groups in the middle east and central Asia started to fund their acts of terrorism through narcotics traffic. Their involvement with drug trafficking went from facilitating this crime or doing it themselves. As terrorism and drug trafficking have had a surge in internationalization and started working transnationally it was a common occurrence that these types of organizations started

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collaborating more deeply. Both types of organizations are seen as criminals in international law and they both realize the need to hide. Their similarities in operation and potential mutual benefit have grown them together creating a much more complex international problem. An example in which mutual interest drew them together was the rise in weapons in the black market after the collapse of the USSR, in which they cooperated closely to take advantage of the surge in small arms available to them. Yet another example took place in 1993 when Pablo Escobar hired National Liberation Army (ELN) to create car bombs as no one in Escobar’s organization was capable of doing so. The line between narcotics traffics and terrorism has been becoming more blurred as it has already been seen that some organizations have even changed their whole main motive for another. “For example, a change in leadership…In this case the Namangani [leader of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)] advocated ideological reasons for the use of violence yet after his death these were to a large extent abandoned in favor of financial motivational factors.”3 Many other groups that started as a Marxist socialist organizations but then swerved to drug trafficking after the fall of the USSR include, Hezbollah, Ḥamās, the Shining Path in Peru, the Kurdistan Workers’ Party, FARC in Colombia, and ETA in Spain. 3.3.2 Present situation “Attorney General Jeff Sessions announced the creation of the HFNT (Hezbollah Financing and Narco Terrorism Team), a group of experienced international narcotic trafficking, terrorism, organized crime, and money laundering prosecutors. HTFN prosecutors and investigators are tasked with investigating individuals and networks providing support to Hezbollah and pursuing prosecutions in any appropriate cases. The HFNT will begin by assessing the evidence in existing investigations, including cases stemming from Project Cassandra, a law enforcement initiative targeting Hezbollah’s drug trafficking and related operations.”4

3 https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/drogue-terreur.pdf ​ 4 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/attorney-general-sessions-announces-hezbollah-financing-and-narcoterrori sm-team

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The wars on drugs and al-Qaeda are being jointly prosecuted in an American courtroom for the first time, following last month’s arrest of three Malians charged with “narco-terrorism” by the US Attorney’s Office. “The first such prosecution of accused associates of al-Qaeda was launched last month against three men who allegedly conspired to transport cocaine with the intent of supporting al-Qaeda and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC).” “US$500 billion-US$1.5 trillion . Of this total revenue the Executive Director of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Antonio Maria Costa stated in February 2004 that approximately US$2.3 billion end up in the hands of organisations like al-Qaeda”.

In Colombia, there are three groups designated as terrorist organizations: the FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia); the ELN (National Liberation Army); and a paramilitary group, the AUC (United Self-Defenses of Colombia). At least two of those, are heavily engaged in drug trafficking, receiving enormous funds from drug trafficking: the AUC and the FARC.

World wide there are many known belligerent groups that are involved with narco terrorism such as FARC, Taliban of Afghanistan, al Qaeda and Hezbollah, however there are many more less known and less prominent groups that are involved but are still dangerous. The main hotspots for these activities are the Middle East, Latin America, and West and North Africa, however these types of groups are not confined to these areas and are attracted to many other lawless states. Although the core of these groups reside in the less developed world, more developed nations are still vulnerable as groups can carry out attacks and recruit people in these areas. This issue can be partly attributed to immigration of extremists to developed nations. It is not a new issue that extremists groups that are financed through illicit narcotics carry out violent attacks on developed nations. Even more, developed nations can also be attributed to being the ones of financing the terrorist actions through their drug addiction. With the narcotics trade receiving a revenue of approximately $400Bn USD it is concerning how much of the profits end up to be used in terrorism.

3.3.3 Measures implemented to solve the issue

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Since the September 11 2001 attack the effort to solve narco-terrorism as a whole has been much greater. After the attacks in the World Trade Center the UN Security Council passed resolution 1373, the resolution highlighted the growing connection between “terrorism and transnational organized crime, illicit drugs, money-laundering, illegal arms-trafficking, and illegal movement of nuclear, chemical, biological and other potentially deadly materials”5. Also it urged the “need to enhance coordination of efforts on national, sub regional, regional and international levels in order to strengthen a global response to this serious challenge and threat to international security.” Individual government organizations have been recommended to work together with other nations and other division inside each country to solve this issue that has never been so global nor complex. The United Nations also launched the Terrorism Prevention Branch6 in 2003 since then it has helped prosecute international terrorism and create informal intelligence networks. A greater portion of the fight against narcotics and terrorism is based on information gathering therefore institutions have increased their cooperation to share intelligence making the fight against this issues much more efficient. For example, the US passed the Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (PATRIOT) Act of 2001 which gave the authorities the right to investigate the connections of certain individuals to drug trafficking and terrorism, also it facilitated the process of indictments for people who were found to connect drugs with terrorism. The fight against narco-terrorism is not as straightforward as it may be seen. For example, the war on drugs would vastly benefit by eradicating huge plantations of poppy fields however this would make supply fall and increase the profits for terrorist groups drastically which in the end would hurt the war on terror. Another approach to solve drug trafficking has been put in place in Netherlands, Germany, Canada and Spain which focuses more on lowering the demand by helping addicts. In theory if there was no demand there would be no drug

5 https://news.un.org/en/story/2011/09/389732-terrorists-linked-organized-crime-traffic-nuclear-biological-m aterials-un 6 http://www.un.org/en/counterterrorism/ ​

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trafficking and no profit for terrorist organizations, however this type of approach has not received as much attention. 3.3.4 Expectations to the future Many countries have suffered from Narco terrorism, mostly in the last decade, and some of them are doing their best to end it. Nevertheless, not everything has been effective, and if this continues, countries will have severe consequences. A comprehensive sustainable rural and overall economic development is critical for Afghanistan’s future, including for its ability to reduce the drug cultivation and trade in the country. Martha Brill Olcott of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace writes that ​ ​ “unless we move quickly to help the Central Asian states better protect themselves from the dangers emanating from Afghanistan-both directly through massively increased assistance to these countries drug interdiction efforts, and indirectly through efforts to end the cultivation of opium poppies in Afghanistan-then these countries could become the breeding grounds for future terrorist networks of global reach in much the same way Afghanistan did.” 7 To date, the United States has prosecuted four cases under the 2006 narco terrorism law. It is likely that the rate of these prosecutions will increase dramatically in the near future. 3.3.5 Other Aids https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/drogue-terreur.pdf https://www.heritage.org/homeland-security/report/narco-terror-the-international-connection-bet ween-drugs-and-terror http://www.eurad.net/en/news/supply_reduction/The+narco-terrorism+connection.9UFRjY0z.ip s https://www.swansea.ac.uk/media/Demistifying%20narcoterrorism%20FINAL.pdf

3.3.6 QARMAS

7 Smith, Alexander. Warns​ Against Medical Marijuana - Eurad​, ​ www.eurad.net/en/news/supply_reduction/The+narco-terrorism+connection.9UFRjY0z.ips.

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1. The war on drugs differs for every country depending what parts of the drug cycle the country takes part in. Is it a producer, transit, or consumer country? 2. Where does you country stand in this topic? 3. What has been implemented to solve or generate conflict in your country? How effective are the measures that have been taken to solve these issue? 4. What consequences has Narco terrorism brought to your country? 5. What further consequences can Narco terrorism bring?

6. Bibliography

Alexander.sauer. “United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.” Integrity in the Criminal Justice ​ System, www.unodc.org/unodc/en/press/releases/2008-03-10.html. ​ “Attorney General Sessions Announces Hezbollah Financing and Narcoterrorism Team.” The ​ United States Department of Justice, 11 Jan. 2018, ​ www.justice.gov/opa/pr/attorney-general-sessions-announces-hezbollah-financing-and-nar coterrorism-team. “Curious about the 'Deep Web'? Here's What You Should Know.” WTOP, WTOP, 26 Nov. ​ ​ 2017, wtop.com/cyber-security/2017/11/curious-deep-web-heres-know/. “Deep Web What Is It and How to Access It (Ultimate Guide 2018).” Dark Web News, ​ ​ darkwebnews.com/deep-web/. “First 'Narco-Terrorism' Case against Al-Qaeda to Be Tried in US.” International Centre on ​ Human Rights and Drugs Policy, www.hr-dp.org/contents/44. ​ Hutchinson, Asa. “Narco-Terror: The International Connection Between Drugs and Terror.” The ​ Heritage Foundation, ​ www.heritage.org/homeland-security/report/narco-terror-the-international-connection-bet ween-drugs-and-terror. Observatorio de Drogas de Colombia. “Política Internacional.” Observatorio De Drogas De ​ Colombia, ​ www.odc.gov.co/politica-drogas/politica-internacional/UNODC#cbp=mediaid630.

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Spitzer, Julie. “Hackers Steal, Sell Dead Patients' Health Data on the Dark Web.” Becker's ​ Hospital Review, ​ www.beckershospitalreview.com/cybersecurity/hackers-steal-sell-dead-patients-health-dat a-on-the-dark-web.html. “What's the Deep Web and How Do You Get There in 2019?” Cloudwards, 27 Sept. 2018, ​ ​ www.cloudwards.net/the-deep-web/. “Dark Web.” The Independent, Independent Digital News and Media, ​ ​ www.independent.co.uk/topic/dark-web. https://www.osce.org/atu/25180?download=true http://law2.wlu.edu/deptimages/Law%20Review/66-4ThomasNote.pdf